python标准库-builtin 模块之compile,execfile
eval函数仅仅允许执行简单的表达式。对于更大的代码块时,使用compile和exec函数。
例子:使用 compile函数验证语法
NAME = "script.py"
BODY = """
prnt 'owl-stretching time'
"""
try:
compile(BODY, NAME, "exec")
except SyntaxError, v:
print "syntax error:", v, "in", NAME
结果如下:
syntax error: invalid syntax in script.py
当成功时,compile函数返回一个代码对象,你能够使用exec来执行他。
BODY = """
print 'the ant, an introduction'
"""
code = compile(BODY, "<script>", "exec")
print code
exec code
结果如下:
<code object ? at 8c6be0, file "<script>", line 0>
the ant, an introduction
为了能够快速的生成代码,你可以使用下面例子中的类。使用write方法来添加状态,indent和**dedent **来添加结构,这个类能够方便的让其他类进行调用。
import sys, string
class CodeGeneratorBackend:
"Simple code generator for Python"
def begin(self, tab="\t"):
self.code = []
self.tab = tab
self.level = 0
def end(self):
self.code.append("") # make sure there's a newline at the end
return compile(string.join(self.code, "\n"), "<code>", "exec")
def write(self, string):
self.code.append(self.tab * self.level + string)
def indent(self):
self.level += 1
# in Python 1.5.2 and earlier, use this instead:
# self.level = self.level + 1
def dedent(self):
if self.level == 0:
raise SyntaxError, "internal error in code generator"
self.level -= 1
# in Python 1.5.2 and earlier, use this instead:
# self.level = self.level - 1
#
# try it out!
c = CodeGeneratorBackend()
c.begin()
c.write("for i in range(5):")
c.indent()
c.write("print 'code generation made easy!'")
c.dedent()
exec c.end()
结果如下:
code generation made easy!
code generation made easy!
code generation made easy!
code generation made easy!
code generation made easy!
python也提供了execfile的函数,他能够方便的从文件中加载代码,并编译和执行。如下的例子是如何使用这个函数。
execfile("hello.py")
def EXECFILE(filename, locals=None, globals=None):
exec compile(open(filename).read(), filename, "exec") in locals, globals
EXECFILE("hello.py")
结果如下:
hello again, and welcome to the show
hello again, and welcome to the show
在这个例子中 hello.py的代码如下:
print "hello again, and welcome to the show"
从__builtin__ 的模块中重载函数。
因为python是在验证局部和模块名称空间后才进行查看内建函数,在这种情况下你需要特别的引用__builtin__ 模块。在如下的例子脚本中,重载open一个版本函数,这个版本中能够打开一个普通文件验证是不是以一个“特殊”的字符串开始。为了能够使用原始的open函数,需要明确的引用模块名称。
def open(filename, mode="rb"):
import __builtin__
file = __builtin__.open(filename, mode)
if file.read(5) not in("GIF87", "GIF89"):
raise IOError, "not a GIF file"
file.seek(0)
return file
fp = open("samples/sample.gif")
print len(fp.read()), "bytes"
fp = open("samples/sample.jpg")
print len(fp.read()), "bytes"
结果如下:
3565 bytes
Traceback (innermost last):
File "builtin-open-example-1.py", line 12, in ?
File "builtin-open-example-1.py", line 5, in open
IOError: not a GIF file
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