后台：Django项目创建
环境
"""
为luffy项目创建一个虚拟环境
>: mkvirtualenv luffy
"""
"""
按照基础环境依赖
>: pip install django==2.0.7
>: pip install djangorestframework
>: pip install pymysql
"""
创建项目
"""
前提：在目标目录新建luffy文件夹
>: cd 建立的luffy文件夹
>: django-admin startproject luffyapi
开发：用pycharm打开项目，并选择提前备好的虚拟环境
"""
重构项目目录
"""
├── luffyapi
├── logs/ # 项目运行时/开发时日志目录 - 包
├── manage.py # 脚本文件
├── luffyapi/ # 项目主应用，开发时的代码保存 - 包
├── apps/ # 开发者的代码保存目录，以模块[子应用]为目录保存 - 包
├── libs/ # 第三方类库的保存目录[第三方组件、模块] - 包
├── settings/ # 配置目录 - 包
├── dev.py # 项目开发时的本地配置
└── prod.py # 项目上线时的运行配置
├── urls.py # 总路由
└── utils/ # 多个模块[子应用]的公共函数类库[自己开发的组件]
└── scripts/ # 保存项目运营时的脚本文件 - 文件夹
"""
配置开发环境
"""
1.修改 wsgi.py 与 manage.py 两个文件：
# manage.py
os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'luffyapi.settings.dev')
# wsgi.py
os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'luffyapi.settings.prod')
# manage_prod.py
os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'luffyapi.settings.prod')
2.将settings.py删除或改名，内容拷贝到settings/dev.py中
3.修改dev.py文件内容
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_TZ = False
4.修改启动配置：见插图
5.在任何一个__init__.py文件中测试默认配置文件是否是dev.py文件
from django.conf import settings
print(settings)
"""
环境变量
dev.py
# 环境变量操作：小luffyapiBASE_DIR与apps文件夹都要添加到环境变量
import sys
sys.path.insert(0, BASE_DIR)
APPS_DIR = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'apps')
sys.path.insert(1, APPS_DIR)
在写项目直接导入utils文件夹也不’’错误提示’’
封装logger
dev.py
# 真实项目上线后，日志文件打印级别不能过低，因为一次日志记录就是一次文件io操作
LOGGING = {
'version': 1,
'disable_existing_loggers': False,
'formatters': {
'verbose': {
'format': '%(levelname)s %(asctime)s %(module)s %(lineno)d %(message)s'
},
'simple': {
'format': '%(levelname)s %(module)s %(lineno)d %(message)s'
},
},
'filters': {
'require_debug_true': {
'()': 'django.utils.log.RequireDebugTrue',
},
},
'handlers': {
'console': {
# 实际开发建议使用WARNING
'level': 'DEBUG',
'filters': ['require_debug_true'],
'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
'formatter': 'simple'
},
'file': {
# 实际开发建议使用ERROR
'level': 'INFO',
'class': 'logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler',
# 日志位置,日志文件名,日志保存目录必须手动创建，注：这里的文件路径要注意BASE_DIR代表的是小luffyapi
'filename': os.path.join(os.path.dirname(BASE_DIR), "logs", "luffy.log"),
# 日志文件的最大值,这里我们设置300M
'maxBytes': 300 * 1024 * 1024,
# 日志文件的数量,设置最大日志数量为10
'backupCount': 10,
# 日志格式:详细格式
'formatter': 'verbose',
# 文件内容编码
'encoding': 'utf-8'
},
},
# 日志对象
'loggers': {
'django': {
'handlers': ['console', 'file'],
'propagate': True, # 是否让日志信息继续冒泡给其他的日志处理系统
},
}
}
utils/logging.py
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger('django')
封装项目异常处理
utils/exception.py
from rest_framework.views import exception_handler as drf_exception_handler
from rest_framework.views import Response
from rest_framework import status
from utils.logging import logger
import logging
logging.getLogger('django')
def exception_handler(exc, context):
response = drf_exception_handler(exc, context)
if response is None:
# 记录服务器异常
logger.critical('%s' % exc)
response = Response({'detail': '服务器异常，请重试...'}, status=status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
return response
settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'utils.exception.exception_handler',
}
二次封装Response模块
utils/response.py
from rest_framework.response import Response
class APIResponse(Response):
def __init__(self, status=0, msg='ok', http_status=None, headers=None, exception=False, **kwargs):
data = {
'status': status,
'msg': msg,
}
if kwargs:
data.update(kwargs)
super().__init__(data=data, status=http_status, headers=headers, exception=exception)
路由组件配置
utils/router.py
from rest_framework.routers import Route, DynamicRoute, SimpleRouter as DRFSimpleRouter
class SimpleRouter(DRFSimpleRouter):
routes = [
# List route. /资源s/
Route(
url=r'^{prefix}{trailing_slash}$',
mapping={
'get': 'list', # 群查
'post': 'create', # 单增、群增
'put': 'multiple_update', # 群整改
'patch': 'multiple_partial_update', # 群局改
'delete': 'multiple_destroy', # 群删
},
name='{basename}-list',
detail=False,
initkwargs={'suffix': 'List'}
),
# Dynamically generated list routes. Generated using
# @action(detail=False) decorator on methods of the viewset.
DynamicRoute(
url=r'^{prefix}/{url_path}{trailing_slash}$',
name='{basename}-{url_name}',
detail=False,
initkwargs={}
),
# Detail route. /资源s/(pk)/
Route(
url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}{trailing_slash}$',
mapping={
'get': 'retrieve', # 单查
'put': 'update', # 单整改
'patch': 'partial_update', # 单局改
'delete': 'destroy' # 单删
},
name='{basename}-detail',
detail=True,
initkwargs={'suffix': 'Instance'}
),
# Dynamically generated detail routes. Generated using
# @action(detail=True) decorator on methods of the viewset.
DynamicRoute(
url=r'^{prefix}/{lookup}/{url_path}{trailing_slash}$',
name='{basename}-{url_name}',
detail=True,
initkwargs={}
),
]
# 对外提供十大接口的router对象
router = SimpleRouter()
# eg: router.register('users', UserModelViewSet, basename='user')
"""
/users/
'get': 'list', # 群查
'post': 'create', # 单增、群增
'put': 'multiple_update', # 群整改
'patch': 'multiple_partial_update', # 群局改
'delete': 'multiple_destroy', # 群删
/users/(pk)/
'get': 'retrieve', # 单查
'put': 'update', # 单整改
'patch': 'partial_update', # 单局改
'delete': 'destroy' # 单删
"""
View Code数据库配置
创建数据库
"""
1.管理员连接数据库
>: mysql -uroot -proot
2.创建数据库
>: create database luffy default charset=utf8;
3.查看用户
>: select user,host,password from mysql.user;
# 5.7往后的版本
>: select user,host,authentication_string from mysql.user;
"""
为指定数据库配置指定账户
"""
设置权限账号密码
# 授权账号命令：grant 权限(create, update) on 库.表 to '账号'@'host' identified by '密码'
1.配置任意ip都可以连入数据库的账户
>: grant all privileges on luffy.* to 'luffy'@'%' identified by 'Luffy123?';
2.由于数据库版本的问题，可能本地还连接不上，就给本地用户单独配置
>: grant all privileges on luffy.* to 'luffy'@'localhost' identified by 'Luffy123?';
3.刷新一下权限
>: flush privileges;
只能操作luffy数据库的账户
账号：luffy
密码：Luffy123?
"""
配置文件配置
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'luffy',
'USER': 'luffy',
'PASSWORD': 'Luffy123?',
'HOST': 'localhost',
'PORT': 3306
}
}
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
Django 2.x 一些版本pymysql兼容问题
Django不采用2.0.7版本很可能出现以下问题，需要修改源代码
user模块User表
创建user模块
前提：在 luffy 虚拟环境下
1.终端从项目根目录进入apps目录
>: cd luffyapi & cd apps
2.创建app
>: python ../../manage.py startapp user
创建User表对应的model：user/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
class User(AbstractUser):
mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, unique=True)
# 需要pillow包的支持
icon = models.ImageField(upload_to='icon', default='icon/default.png')
class Meta:
db_table = 'luffy_user'
verbose_name = '用户表'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return self.username
注册user模块，配置User表：dev.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# ...
'user',
]
# 自定义User表
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'user.User'
MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
"""
├── luffyapi
└── luffyapi/
└── media/
└── icon
└── default.png
"""
主路由：luffyapi/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, re_path, include
from django.views.static import serve
from django.conf import settings
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('user/', include('user.urls')),
re_path('^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT})
]
主路由：luffyapi/urls.py
子路由：user/urls.py
from django.urls import path, include
from utils.router import router
# 注册ViewSet的路由
# router.register()
urlpatterns = [
path('', include(router.urls)),
]
子路由：user/urls.py
数据库迁移
"""
1）去向大luffyapi所在目录的终端
2）安装pillow模块
pip install pillow
3）数据库迁移
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
"""
后台主页模块设计
home模块
创建home模块
前提：在 luffy 虚拟环境下
1.终端从项目根目录进入apps目录
>: cd luffyapi & cd apps
2.创建app
>: python ../../manage.py startapp home
路由分发
主路由：luffyapi/urls.py
from django.urls import path, re_path, include
urlpatterns = [
# ...
path('home/', include('home.urls')),
# ...
]
子路由：home/urls.py
from django.urls import path, re_path
urlpatterns = [
]
Banner数据表model设计
utils/model.py
from django.db import models
class BaseModel(models.Model):
created_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name='创建时间')
updated_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True, verbose_name='最后更新时间')
is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name='是否删除')
is_show = models.BooleanField(default=True, verbose_name='是否上架')
orders = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='优先级')
class Meta:
abstract = True
home/models.py
from django.db import models
from utils.model import BaseModel
class Banner(BaseModel):
title = models.CharField(max_length=16, unique=True, verbose_name='名称')
image = models.ImageField(upload_to='banner', verbose_name='图片')
link = models.CharField(max_length=64, verbose_name='跳转链接')
info = models.TextField(verbose_name='详情') # 也可以用详情表，宽高出处
class Meta:
db_table = 'luffy_banner'
verbose_name_plural = '轮播图表'
def __str__(self):
return self.title
数据迁移：在大luffyapi路径下的终端
>: python manage.py makemigrations
>: python manage.py migrate
注册home模块：dev.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# ...
'rest_framework',
'home',
]
设计Banner数据接口
home/serializers.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from . import models
class BannerSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.Banner
fields = ['title', 'image', 'link']
home/views.py
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import mixins
from . import models, serializers
class BannerViewSet(ModelViewSet, mixins.ListModelMixin):
queryset = models.Banner.objects.filter(is_delete=False, is_show=True).all()
serializer_class = serializers.BannerSerializer
home/urls.py
from django.urls import path, include
from utils.router import router
from . import views
# 注册ViewSet的路由
router.register('banners', views.BannerViewSet, 'banner')
urlpatterns = [
path('', include(router.urls)),
]
接口
http://localhost:8000/home/banners/
xadmin后台管理
安装：luffy虚拟环境下
>: pip install https://codeload.github.com/sshwsfc/xadmin/zip/django2
注册app：dev.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# ...
# xadmin主体模块
'xadmin',
# 渲染表格模块
'crispy_forms',
# 为模型通过版本控制，可以回滚数据
'reversion',
]
xadmin：需要自己的数据库模型类，完成数据库迁移
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
设置主路由替换掉admin：主urls.py
# xadmin的依赖
import xadmin
xadmin.autodiscover()
# xversion模块自动注册需要版本控制的 Model
from xadmin.plugins import xversion
xversion.register_models()
urlpatterns = [
# ...
path(r'xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls),
]
创建超级用户：大luffyapi路径终端
# 在项目根目录下的终端
python manage.py createsuperuser
# 账号密码设置：admin | Admin123
完成xadmin全局配置：新建home/adminx.py
# home/adminx.py
# xadmin全局配置
import xadmin
from xadmin import views
class GlobalSettings(object):
"""xadmin的全局配置"""
site_title = "路飞学城" # 设置站点标题
site_footer = "路飞学城有限公司" # 设置站点的页脚
menu_style = "accordion" # 设置菜单折叠
xadmin.site.register(views.CommAdminView, GlobalSettings)
在adminx.py中注册model：home/adminx.py
from . import models
# 注册
xadmin.site.register(models.Banner)
分离的前后台交互
后台处理跨域
安装插件
>: pip install django-cors-headers
插件参考地址：https://github.com/ottoyiu/django-cors-headers/
项目配置：dev.py
# 注册app
INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
'corsheaders',
]
# 添加中间件
MIDDLEWARE = [
...
'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
]
# 允许跨域源
CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True
# 允许的请求头
CORS_ALLOW_HEADERS = (
"accept",
"accept-encoding",
"authorization",
"content-type",
"dnt",
"origin",
"user-agent",
"x-csrftoken",
"x-requested-with",
# 额外允许的请求头
'token',
)
项目配置：dev.py
前台请求Banner数据
修订Banner.vue
<template>
<div class="banner">
<!-- <el-carousel height="400px">-->
<!-- <el-carousel-item v-for="item in 4" :key="item">-->
<!-- <img src="../assets/img/banner1.png" alt="">-->
<!-- </el-carousel-item>-->
<!-- </el-carousel>-->
<el-carousel height="400px">
<el-carousel-item v-for="banner in banner_list" :key="banner.title">
<router-link :to="banner.link">
<img :src="banner.image" alt="">
</router-link>
</el-carousel-item>
</el-carousel>
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
name: "Banner",
data() {
return {
banner_list: []
}
},
// 在created钩子中
created() {
this.$axios({
url: this.$settings.base_url + '/home/banners/',
headers: { // 测试前台给后台提交请求头
// authorization: 'jwt abc.def.xyz',
// token: 'jwt abc.def.xyz',
}
}).then(response => {
console.log(response.data);
this.banner_list = response.data;
}).catch(error => {
console.log(">>>", error);
})
}
}
</script>
<style scoped>
.el-carousel__item {
height: 400px;
min-width: 1200px;
}
.el-carousel__item img {
height: 400px;
margin-left: calc(50% - 1920px / 2);
}
</style>
修订Banner.vue
自定义常量配置文件：settings/const.py
# 自定义的常量配置文件，在settings中 from 该文件 import *，将名字全部丢给settings
BANNER_COUNT = 4
加载自定义配置名称空间：settings/dev.py
# 加载自定义配置名称空间
from .const import *
在轮播图接口中应用：banner/views.py
class BannerViewSet(ModelViewSet, mixins.ListModelMixin):
queryset = models.Banner.objects.filter(is_delete=False, is_show=True).order_by('-orders')[:settings.BANNER_COUNT]
serializer_class = serializers.BannerSerializer
