Swift语言概览
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基本概念
注:这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。
Hello, world
类似于脚本语言。以下的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
- println("Hello, world")
变量与常量
Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。
- var myVariable = 42
- myVariable = 50
- let myConstant = 42
类型推导
Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference)。所以上面的代码不需指定类型,假设须要指定类型:
- let explicitDouble : Double = 70
Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting)。所以以下的代码须要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):
- let label = "The width is "
- let width = 94
- let width = label + String(width)
字符串格式化
Swift使用\(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:
- let apples = 3
- let oranges = 5
- let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
- let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
数组和字典
Swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):
- var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
- shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
- var occupations = [
- "Malcolm": "Captain",
- "Kaylee": "Mechanic",
- ]
- occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:
- let emptyArray = String[]()
- let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
假设类型信息已知。则能够使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。
控制流
概览
Swift的条件语句包括if和switch,循环语句包括for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/推断条件不须要括号,但循环/推断体(body)必需括号:
- let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
- var teamScore = 0
- for score in individualScores {
- if score > 50 {
- teamScore += 3
- } else {
- teamScore += 1
- }
- }
可空类型
结合if和let,能够方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值。须要在类型声明后加入?显式标明该类型可空。
- var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
- optionalString == nil
- var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
- var gretting = "Hello!"
- if let name = optionalName {
- gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
- }
灵活的switch
Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比較操作:
- let vegetable = "red pepper"
- switch vegetable {
- case "celery":
- let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
- case "cucumber", "watercress":
- let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
- case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
- let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
- default:
- let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
- }
其他循环
for-in除了遍历数组也能够用来遍历字典:
- let interestingNumbers = [
- "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
- "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
- "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
- ]
- var largest = 0
- for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
- for number in numbers {
- if number > largest {
- largest = number
- }
- }
- }
- largest
while循环和do-while循环:
- var n = 2
- while n < 100 {
- n = n * 2
- }
- n
- var m = 2
- do {
- m = m * 2
- } while m < 100
- m
Swift支持传统的for循环。此外也能够通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现相同的逻辑。
- var firstForLoop = 0
- for i in 0..3 {
- firstForLoop += i
- }
- firstForLoop
- var secondForLoop = 0
- for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
- secondForLoop += 1
- }
- secondForLoop
注意:Swift除了..还有...:..生成前闭后开的区间,而...生成前闭后闭的区间。
函数和闭包
函数
Swift使用funckeyword声明函数:
- func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
- return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
- }
- greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:
- func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
- return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
- }
- getGasPrices()
支持带有变长參数的函数:
- func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
- var sum = 0
- for number in numbers {
- sum += number
- }
- return sum
- }
- sumOf()
- sumOf(42, 597, 12)
函数也能够嵌套函数:
- func returnFifteen() -> Int {
- var y = 10
- func add() {
- y += 5
- }
- add()
- return y
- }
- returnFifteen()
作为头等对象,函数既能够作为返回值,也能够作为參数传递:
- func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
- func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
- return 1 + number
- }
- return addOne
- }
- var increment = makeIncrementer()
- increment(7)
- func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {
- for item in list {
- if condition(item) {
- return true
- }
- }
- return false
- }
- func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
- return number < 10
- }
- var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
- hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)
闭包
本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中能够利用{}声明匿名闭包:
- numbers.map({
- (number: Int) -> Int in
- let result = 3 * number
- return result
- })
当闭包的类型已知时,能够使用以下的简化写法:
- numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
此外还能够通过參数的位置来使用參数,当函数最后一个參数是闭包时,能够使用以下的语法:
- sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }
类和对象
创建和使用类
Swift使用class创建一个类,类能够包括字段和方法:
- class Shape {
- var numberOfSides = 0
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
- }
- }
创建Shape类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。
- var shape = Shape()
- shape.numberOfSides = 7
- var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
通过init构建对象。既能够使用self显式引用成员字段(name)。也能够隐式引用(numberOfSides)。
- class NamedShape {
- var numberOfSides: Int = 0
- var name: String
- init(name: String) {
- self.name = name
- }
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
- }
- }
使用deinit进行清理工作。
继承和多态
Swift支持继承和多态(override父类方法):
- class Square: NamedShape {
- var sideLength: Double
- init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
- self.sideLength = sideLength
- super.init(name: name)
- numberOfSides = 4
- }
- func area() -> Double {
- return sideLength * sideLength
- }
- override func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
- }
- }
- let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
- test.area()
- test.simpleDescription()
注意:假设这里的simpleDescription方法没有被标识为override,则会引发编译错误。
属性
为了简化代码。Swift引入了属性(property)。见以下的perimeter字段:
- class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
- var sideLength: Double = 0.0
- init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
- self.sideLength = sideLength
- super.init(name: name)
- numberOfSides = 3
- }
- var perimeter: Double {
- get {
- return 3.0 * sideLength
- }
- set {
- sideLength = newValue / 3.0
- }
- }
- override func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
- }
- }
- var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
- triangle.perimeter
- triangle.perimeter = 9.9
- triangle.sideLength
注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自己主动命名为newValue。
willSet和didSet
EquilateralTriangle的构造器进行了例如以下操作:
1.为子类型的属性赋值。
2.调用父类型的构造器。
3.改动父类型的属性。
假设不须要计算属性的值。但须要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSet和didSet:
- class TriangleAndSquare {
- var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
- willSet {
- square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
- }
- }
- var square: Square {
- willSet {
- triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
- }
- }
- init(size: Double, name: String) {
- square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
- triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
- }
- }
- var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
- triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength
- triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
- triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength
从而保证triangle和square拥有相等的sideLength。
调用方法
Swift中。函数的參数名称仅仅能在函数内部使用。但方法的參数名称除了在内部使用外还能够在外部使用(第一个參数除外),比如:
- class Counter {
- var count: Int = 0
- func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {
- count += amount * times
- }
- }
- var counter = Counter()
- counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7)
注意Swift支持为方法參数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes面向外部。times面向内部。
?的还有一种用途
使用可空值时,?能够出如今方法、属性或下标前面。
假设?前的值为nil。那么?后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil。比如:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional
- square")
- let sideLength = optionalSquare?
.sideLength
当optionalSquare为nil时。sideLength属性调用会被忽略。
枚举和结构
枚举
使用enum创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举能够关联方法:
- enum Rank: Int {
- case Ace = 1
- case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
- case Jack, Queen, King
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- switch self {
- case .Ace:
- return "ace"
- case .Jack:
- return "jack"
- case .Queen:
- return "queen"
- case .King:
- return "king"
- default:
- return String(self.toRaw())
- }
- }
- }
- let ace = Rank.Ace
- let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw()
使用toRaw和fromRaw在原始(raw)数值和枚举值之间进行转换:
- if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) {
- let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
- }
注意:枚举中的成员值(member value)是实际的值(actual value),和原始值(raw value)没有必定关联。
一些情况下枚举不存在有意义的原始值,这时能够直接忽略原始值:
- enum Suit {
- case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- switch self {
- case .Spades:
- return "spades"
- case .Hearts:
- return "hearts"
- case .Diamonds:
- return "diamonds"
- case .Clubs:
- return "clubs"
- }
- }
- }
- let hearts = Suit.Hearts
- let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription()
除了能够关联方法,枚举还支持在其成员上关联值,同一枚举的不同成员能够有不同的关联的值:
- enum ServerResponse {
- case Result(String, String)
- case Error(String)
- }
- let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
- let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.")
- switch success {
- case let .Result(sunrise, sunset):
- let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."
- case let .Error(error):
- let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)"
- }
结构
Swift使用structkeyword创建结构。
结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。
结构和类的最大差别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。
- struct Card {
- var rank: Rank
- var suit: Suit
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
- }
- }
- let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)
- let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()
协议(protocol)和扩展(extension)
协议
Swift使用protocol定义协议:
- protocol ExampleProtocol {
- var simpleDescription: String { get }
- mutating func adjust()
- }
类型、枚举和结构都能够实现(adopt)协议:
- class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
- var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
- var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
- func adjust() {
- simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."
- }
- }
- var a = SimpleClass()
- a.adjust()
- let aDescription = a.simpleDescription
- struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
- var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
- mutating func adjust() {
- simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
- }
- }
- var b = SimpleStructure()
- b.adjust()
- let bDescription = b.simpleDescription
扩展
扩展用于在已有的类型上添加新的功能(比方新的方法或属性),Swift使用extension声明扩展:
- extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
- var simpleDescription: String {
- return "The number \(self)"
- }
- mutating func adjust() {
- self += 42
- }
- }
- 7.simpleDescription
泛型(generics)
Swift使用<>来声明泛型函数或泛型类型:
- func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] {
- var result = ItemType[]()
- for i in 0..times {
- result += item
- }
- return result
- }
- repeat("knock", 4)
Swift也支持在类、枚举和结构中使用泛型:
- // Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
- enum OptionalValue<T> {
- case None
- case Some(T)
- }
- var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None
- possibleInteger = .Some(100)
有时须要对泛型做一些需求(requirements),比方需求某个泛型类型实现某个接口或继承自某个特定类型、两个泛型类型属于同一个类型等等,Swift通过where描写叙述这些需求:
- func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool {
- for lhsItem in lhs {
- for rhsItem in rhs {
- if lhsItem == rhsItem {
- return true
- }
- }
- }
- return false
- }
- anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])
Swift语言概览就到这里。有兴趣的朋友请进一步阅读The Swift Programming Language。