python之路第二篇

 

python语言介绍

 

编译型和解释型

静态语言和动态语言

强类型定义语言和弱类型语言

python数据类型介绍

 

 python数据类型分:数字、布尔型、字符串、列表、元组、字典

1、整数

例如:1,2,33,44等

整数的功能如下:

  1 class int(object):
  2     """
  3     int(x=0) -> int or long
  4     int(x, base=10) -> int or long
  5     
  6     Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
  7     are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
  8     If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
  9     
 10     If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
 11     Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
 12     literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
 13     The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
 14     interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 15     >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 16     """
 17     def bit_length(self): 
 18         """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
 19         """
 20         int.bit_length() -> int
 21         
 22         Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 23         >>> bin(37)
 24         '0b100101'
 25         >>> (37).bit_length()
 26         """
 27         return 0
 28 
 29     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 30         """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
 31         """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
 32         pass
 33 
 34     def __abs__(self):
 35         """ 返回绝对值 """
 36         """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
 37         pass
 38 
 39     def __add__(self, y):
 40         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 41         pass
 42 
 43     def __and__(self, y):
 44         """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
 45         pass
 46 
 47     def __cmp__(self, y): 
 48         """ 比较两个数大小 """
 49         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
 50         pass
 51 
 52     def __coerce__(self, y):
 53         """ 强制生成一个元组 """ 
 54         """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
 55         pass
 56 
 57     def __divmod__(self, y): 
 58         """ 相除,得到商和余数组成的元组 """ 
 59         """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
 60         pass
 61 
 62     def __div__(self, y): 
 63         """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
 64         pass
 65 
 66     def __float__(self): 
 67         """ 转换为浮点类型 """ 
 68         """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
 69         pass
 70 
 71     def __floordiv__(self, y): 
 72         """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
 73         pass
 74 
 75     def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 76         pass
 77 
 78     def __getattribute__(self, name): 
 79         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
 80         pass
 81 
 82     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 83         """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ 
 84         pass
 85 
 86     def __hash__(self): 
 87         """如果对象object为哈希表类型,返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中,哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等,则哈希值也相等。"""
 88         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
 89         pass
 90 
 91     def __hex__(self): 
 92         """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ 
 93         """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
 94         pass
 95 
 96     def __index__(self): 
 97         """ 用于切片,数字无意义 """
 98         """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
 99         pass
100 
101     def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
102         """ 构造方法,执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时,自动调用,暂时忽略 """ 
103         """
104         int(x=0) -> int or long
105         int(x, base=10) -> int or long
106         
107         Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
108         are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
109         If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
110         
111         If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
112         Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
113         literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
114         The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
115         interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
116         >>> int('0b100', base=0)
117         # (copied from class doc)
118         """
119         pass
120 
121     def __int__(self): 
122         """ 转换为整数 """ 
123         """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
124         pass
125 
126     def __invert__(self): 
127         """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
128         pass
129 
130     def __long__(self): 
131         """ 转换为长整数 """ 
132         """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
133         pass
134 
135     def __lshift__(self, y): 
136         """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
137         pass
138 
139     def __mod__(self, y): 
140         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
141         pass
142 
143     def __mul__(self, y): 
144         """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
145         pass
146 
147     def __neg__(self): 
148         """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
149         pass
150 
151     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
152     def __new__(S, *more): 
153         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
154         pass
155 
156     def __nonzero__(self): 
157         """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
158         pass
159 
160     def __oct__(self): 
161         """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """ 
162         """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
163         pass
164 
165     def __or__(self, y): 
166         """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
167         pass
168 
169     def __pos__(self): 
170         """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
171         pass
172 
173     def __pow__(self, y, z=None): 
174         """ 幂,次方 """ 
175         """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
176         pass
177 
178     def __radd__(self, y): 
179         """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
180         pass
181 
182     def __rand__(self, y): 
183         """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
184         pass
185 
186     def __rdivmod__(self, y): 
187         """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
188         pass
189 
190     def __rdiv__(self, y): 
191         """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
192         pass
193 
194     def __repr__(self): 
195         """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
196         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
197         pass
198 
199     def __str__(self): 
200         """转换为人阅读的形式,如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话,则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
201         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
202         pass
203 
204     def __rfloordiv__(self, y): 
205         """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
206         pass
207 
208     def __rlshift__(self, y): 
209         """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
210         pass
211 
212     def __rmod__(self, y): 
213         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
214         pass
215 
216     def __rmul__(self, y): 
217         """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
218         pass
219 
220     def __ror__(self, y): 
221         """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
222         pass
223 
224     def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): 
225         """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
226         pass
227 
228     def __rrshift__(self, y): 
229         """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
230         pass
231 
232     def __rshift__(self, y): 
233         """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
234         pass
235 
236     def __rsub__(self, y): 
237         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
238         pass
239 
240     def __rtruediv__(self, y): 
241         """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
242         pass
243 
244     def __rxor__(self, y): 
245         """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
246         pass
247 
248     def __sub__(self, y): 
249         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
250         pass
251 
252     def __truediv__(self, y): 
253         """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
254         pass
255 
256     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): 
257         """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值,在整形中无意义 """
258         pass
259 
260     def __xor__(self, y): 
261         """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
262         pass
263 
264     denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
265     """ 分母 = 1 """
266     """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
267 
268     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
269     """ 虚数,无意义 """
270     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
271 
272     numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
273     """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
274     """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
275 
276     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
277     """ 实属,无意义 """
278     """the real part of a complex number"""
int

2、长整型

例如:21474836938、9223372036854863086

每个长整型都具备如下功能:

  1 class long(object):
  2     """
  3     long(x=0) -> long
  4     long(x, base=10) -> long
  5     
  6     Convert a number or string to a long integer, or return 0L if no arguments
  7     are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
  8     
  9     If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
 10     Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
 11     literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
 12     The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
 13     interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
 14     >>> int('0b100', base=0)
 15     4L
 16     """
 17     def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 18         """
 19         long.bit_length() -> int or long
 20         
 21         Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
 22         >>> bin(37L)
 23         '0b100101'
 24         >>> (37L).bit_length()
 25         """
 26         return 0
 27 
 28     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 29         """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long. """
 30         pass
 31 
 32     def __abs__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 33         """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
 34         pass
 35 
 36     def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 37         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 38         pass
 39 
 40     def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 41         """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
 42         pass
 43 
 44     def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 45         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
 46         pass
 47 
 48     def __coerce__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 49         """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
 50         pass
 51 
 52     def __divmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 53         """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
 54         pass
 55 
 56     def __div__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 57         """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
 58         pass
 59 
 60     def __float__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 61         """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
 62         pass
 63 
 64     def __floordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 65         """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
 66         pass
 67 
 68     def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 69         pass
 70 
 71     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 72         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
 73         pass
 74 
 75     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 76         pass
 77 
 78     def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 79         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
 80         pass
 81 
 82     def __hex__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 83         """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
 84         pass
 85 
 86     def __index__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 87         """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
 88         pass
 89 
 90     def __init__(self, x=0): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 91         pass
 92 
 93     def __int__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 94         """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
 95         pass
 96 
 97     def __invert__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 98         """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
 99         pass
100 
101     def __long__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
102         """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
103         pass
104 
105     def __lshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
106         """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
107         pass
108 
109     def __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
110         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
111         pass
112 
113     def __mul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
114         """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
115         pass
116 
117     def __neg__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
118         """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
119         pass
120 
121     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
122     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
123         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
124         pass
125 
126     def __nonzero__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
127         """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
128         pass
129 
130     def __oct__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
131         """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
132         pass
133 
134     def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
135         """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
136         pass
137 
138     def __pos__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
139         """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
140         pass
141 
142     def __pow__(self, y, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
143         """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
144         pass
145 
146     def __radd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
147         """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
148         pass
149 
150     def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
151         """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
152         pass
153 
154     def __rdivmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
155         """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
156         pass
157 
158     def __rdiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
159         """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
160         pass
161 
162     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
163         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
164         pass
165 
166     def __rfloordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
167         """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
168         pass
169 
170     def __rlshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
171         """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
172         pass
173 
174     def __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
175         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
176         pass
177 
178     def __rmul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
179         """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
180         pass
181 
182     def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
183         """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
184         pass
185 
186     def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
187         """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
188         pass
189 
190     def __rrshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
191         """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
192         pass
193 
194     def __rshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
195         """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
196         pass
197 
198     def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
199         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
200         pass
201 
202     def __rtruediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
203         """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
204         pass
205 
206     def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
207         """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
208         pass
209 
210     def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
211         """ Returns size in memory, in bytes """
212         pass
213 
214     def __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
215         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
216         pass
217 
218     def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
219         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
220         pass
221 
222     def __truediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
223         """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
224         pass
225 
226     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
227         """ Truncating an Integral returns itself. """
228         pass
229 
230     def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
231         """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
232         pass
233 
234     denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
235     """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
236 
237     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
238     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
239 
240     numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
241     """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""
242 
243     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
244     """the real part of a complex number"""
long

3、浮点型

如:3.14、6.88

每个浮点型都具备如下功能:

  1 class float(object):
  2     """
  3     float(x) -> floating point number
  4     
  5     Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.
  6     """
  7     def as_integer_ratio(self):   
  8         """ 获取改值的最简比 """
  9         """
 10         float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)
 11 
 12         Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original
 13         float and with a positive denominator.
 14         Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.
 15 
 16         >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
 17         (10, 1)
 18         >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
 19         (0, 1)
 20         >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
 21         (-1, 4)
 22         """
 23         pass
 24 
 25     def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 26         """ Return self, the complex conjugate of any float. """
 27         pass
 28 
 29     def fromhex(self, string):   
 30         """ 将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型 """
 31         """
 32         float.fromhex(string) -> float
 33         
 34         Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
 35         >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
 36         2047.984375
 37         >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
 38         -4.9406564584124654e-324
 39         """
 40         return 0.0
 41 
 42     def hex(self):   
 43         """ 返回当前值的 16 进制表示 """
 44         """
 45         float.hex() -> string
 46         
 47         Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
 48         >>> (-0.1).hex()
 49         '-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
 50         >>> 3.14159.hex()
 51         '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1'
 52         """
 53         return ""
 54 
 55     def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 56         """ Return True if the float is an integer. """
 57         pass
 58 
 59     def __abs__(self):   
 60         """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
 61         pass
 62 
 63     def __add__(self, y):   
 64         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 65         pass
 66 
 67     def __coerce__(self, y):   
 68         """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
 69         pass
 70 
 71     def __divmod__(self, y):   
 72         """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
 73         pass
 74 
 75     def __div__(self, y):   
 76         """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
 77         pass
 78 
 79     def __eq__(self, y):   
 80         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
 81         pass
 82 
 83     def __float__(self):   
 84         """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
 85         pass
 86 
 87     def __floordiv__(self, y):   
 88         """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
 89         pass
 90 
 91     def __format__(self, format_spec):   
 92         """
 93         float.__format__(format_spec) -> string
 94         
 95         Formats the float according to format_spec.
 96         """
 97         return ""
 98 
 99     def __getattribute__(self, name):   
100         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
101         pass
102 
103     def __getformat__(self, typestr):   
104         """
105         float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string
106         
107         You probably don't want to use this function.  It exists mainly to be
108         used in Python's test suite.
109         
110         typestr must be 'double' or 'float'.  This function returns whichever of
111         'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the
112         format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr.
113         """
114         return ""
115 
116     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
117         pass
118 
119     def __ge__(self, y):   
120         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
121         pass
122 
123     def __gt__(self, y):   
124         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
125         pass
126 
127     def __hash__(self):   
128         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
129         pass
130 
131     def __init__(self, x):   
132         pass
133 
134     def __int__(self):   
135         """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
136         pass
137 
138     def __le__(self, y):   
139         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
140         pass
141 
142     def __long__(self):   
143         """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
144         pass
145 
146     def __lt__(self, y):   
147         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
148         pass
149 
150     def __mod__(self, y):   
151         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
152         pass
153 
154     def __mul__(self, y):   
155         """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
156         pass
157 
158     def __neg__(self):   
159         """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
160         pass
161 
162     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
163     def __new__(S, *more):   
164         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
165         pass
166 
167     def __ne__(self, y):   
168         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
169         pass
170 
171     def __nonzero__(self):   
172         """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
173         pass
174 
175     def __pos__(self):   
176         """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
177         pass
178 
179     def __pow__(self, y, z=None):   
180         """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
181         pass
182 
183     def __radd__(self, y):   
184         """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
185         pass
186 
187     def __rdivmod__(self, y):   
188         """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
189         pass
190 
191     def __rdiv__(self, y):   
192         """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
193         pass
194 
195     def __repr__(self):   
196         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
197         pass
198 
199     def __rfloordiv__(self, y):   
200         """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
201         pass
202 
203     def __rmod__(self, y):   
204         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
205         pass
206 
207     def __rmul__(self, y):   
208         """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
209         pass
210 
211     def __rpow__(self, x, z=None):   
212         """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
213         pass
214 
215     def __rsub__(self, y):   
216         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
217         pass
218 
219     def __rtruediv__(self, y):   
220         """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
221         pass
222 
223     def __setformat__(self, typestr, fmt):   
224         """
225         float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None
226         
227         You probably don't want to use this function.  It exists mainly to be
228         used in Python's test suite.
229         
230         typestr must be 'double' or 'float'.  fmt must be one of 'unknown',
231         'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only be
232         one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality.
233         
234         Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type.
235         This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings.
236         """
237         pass
238 
239     def __str__(self):   
240         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
241         pass
242 
243     def __sub__(self, y):   
244         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
245         pass
246 
247     def __truediv__(self, y):   
248         """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
249         pass
250 
251     def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
252         """ Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x. """
253         pass
254 
255     imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
256     """the imaginary part of a complex number"""
257 
258     real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
259     """the real part of a complex number"""
260 
261 float
262 
263 float
float

4、字符串

如:'jerry'、'good'

每个字符串都具备如下功能:

  1 class str(basestring):
  2     """
  3     str(object='') -> string
  4     
  5     Return a nice string representation of the object.
  6     If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
  7     """
  8     def capitalize(self):  
  9         """ 首字母变大写 """
 10         """
 11         S.capitalize() -> string
 12         
 13         Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
 14         capitalized.
 15         """
 16         return ""
 17 
 18     def center(self, width, fillchar=None):  
 19         """ 内容居中,width:总长度;fillchar:空白处填充内容,默认无 """
 20         """
 21         S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
 22         
 23         Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
 24         done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
 25         """
 26         return ""
 27 
 28     def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
 29         """ 子序列个数 """
 30         """
 31         S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
 32         
 33         Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
 34         string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
 35         as in slice notation.
 36         """
 37         return 0
 38 
 39     def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  
 40         """ 解码 """
 41         """
 42         S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 43         
 44         Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
 45         to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
 46         handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
 47         a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
 48         as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
 49         able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
 50         """
 51         return object()
 52 
 53     def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):  
 54         """ 编码,针对unicode """
 55         """
 56         S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
 57         
 58         Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
 59         to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
 60         handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
 61         a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
 62         'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
 63         codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
 64         """
 65         return object()
 66 
 67     def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):  
 68         """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """
 69         """
 70         S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
 71         
 72         Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
 73         With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
 74         With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
 75         suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
 76         """
 77         return False
 78 
 79     def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):  
 80         """ 将tab转换成空格,默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
 81         """
 82         S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
 83         
 84         Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
 85         If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
 86         """
 87         return ""
 88 
 89     def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
 90         """ 寻找子序列位置,如果没找到,则异常 """
 91         """
 92         S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
 93         
 94         Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
 95         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
 96         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
 97         
 98         Return -1 on failure.
 99         """
100         return 0
101 
102     def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
103         """ 字符串格式化,动态参数,将函数式编程时细说 """
104         """
105         S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
106         
107         Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
108         The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
109         """
110         pass
111 
112     def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
113         """ 子序列位置,如果没找到,则返回-1  """
114         S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
115         
116         Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
117         """
118         return 0
119 
120     def isalnum(self):  
121         """ 是否是字母和数字 """
122         """
123         S.isalnum() -> bool
124         
125         Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
126         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
127         """
128         return False
129 
130     def isalpha(self):  
131         """ 是否是字母 """
132         """
133         S.isalpha() -> bool
134         
135         Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
136         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
137         """
138         return False
139 
140     def isdigit(self):  
141         """ 是否是数字 """
142         """
143         S.isdigit() -> bool
144         
145         Return True if all characters in S are digits
146         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
147         """
148         return False
149 
150     def islower(self):  
151         """ 是否小写 """
152         """
153         S.islower() -> bool
154         
155         Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
156         at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
157         """
158         return False
159 
160     def isspace(self):  
161         """
162         S.isspace() -> bool
163         
164         Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
165         and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
166         """
167         return False
168 
169     def istitle(self):  
170         """
171         S.istitle() -> bool
172         
173         Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
174         character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
175         characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
176         otherwise.
177         """
178         return False
179 
180     def isupper(self):  
181         """
182         S.isupper() -> bool
183         
184         Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
185         at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
186         """
187         return False
188 
189     def join(self, iterable):  
190         """ 连接 """
191         """
192         S.join(iterable) -> string
193         
194         Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
195         iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
196         """
197         return ""
198 
199     def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):  
200         """ 内容左对齐,右侧填充 """
201         """
202         S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
203         
204         Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
205         done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
206         """
207         return ""
208 
209     def lower(self):  
210         """ 变小写 """
211         """
212         S.lower() -> string
213         
214         Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
215         """
216         return ""
217 
218     def lstrip(self, chars=None):  
219         """ 移除左侧空白 """
220         """
221         S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
222         
223         Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
224         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
225         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
226         """
227         return ""
228 
229     def partition(self, sep):  
230         """ 分割,前,中,后三部分 """
231         """
232         S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
233         
234         Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
235         the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
236         found, return S and two empty strings.
237         """
238         pass
239 
240     def replace(self, old, new, count=None):  
241         """ 替换 """
242         """
243         S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
244         
245         Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
246         old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
247         given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
248         """
249         return ""
250 
251     def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
252         """
253         S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
254         
255         Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
256         such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
257         arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
258         
259         Return -1 on failure.
260         """
261         return 0
262 
263     def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):  
264         """
265         S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
266         
267         Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
268         """
269         return 0
270 
271     def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):  
272         """
273         S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
274         
275         Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
276         done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
277         """
278         return ""
279 
280     def rpartition(self, sep):  
281         """
282         S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
283         
284         Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
285         the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
286         separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
287         """
288         pass
289 
290     def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):  
291         """
292         S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
293         
294         Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
295         delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
296         to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
297         done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
298         is a separator.
299         """
300         return []
301 
302     def rstrip(self, chars=None):  
303         """
304         S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
305         
306         Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
307         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
308         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
309         """
310         return ""
311 
312     def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):  
313         """ 分割, maxsplit最多分割几次 """
314         """
315         S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
316         
317         Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
318         delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
319         splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
320         whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
321         from the result.
322         """
323         return []
324 
325     def splitlines(self, keepends=False):  
326         """ 根据换行分割 """
327         """
328         S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings
329         
330         Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
331         Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
332         is given and true.
333         """
334         return []
335 
336     def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):  
337         """ 是否起始 """
338         """
339         S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
340         
341         Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
342         With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
343         With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
344         prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
345         """
346         return False
347 
348     def strip(self, chars=None):  
349         """ 移除两段空白 """
350         """
351         S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
352         
353         Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
354         whitespace removed.
355         If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
356         If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
357         """
358         return ""
359 
360     def swapcase(self):  
361         """ 大写变小写,小写变大写 """
362         """
363         S.swapcase() -> string
364         
365         Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
366         converted to lowercase and vice versa.
367         """
368         return ""
369 
370     def title(self):  
371         """
372         S.title() -> string
373         
374         Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
375         characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
376         """
377         return ""
378 
379     def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):  
380         """
381         转换,需要先做一个对应表,最后一个表示删除字符集合
382         intab = "aeiou"
383         outtab = "12345"
384         trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
385         str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
386         print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
387         """
388 
389         """
390         S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
391         
392         Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
393         in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
394         remaining characters have been mapped through the given
395         translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
396         If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
397         the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
398         """
399         return ""
400 
401     def upper(self):  
402         """
403         S.upper() -> string
404         
405         Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
406         """
407         return ""
408 
409     def zfill(self, width):  
410         """方法返回指定长度的字符串,原字符串右对齐,前面填充0。"""
411         """
412         S.zfill(width) -> string
413         
414         Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
415         of the specified width.  The string S is never truncated.
416         """
417         return ""
418 
419     def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
420         pass
421 
422     def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
423         pass
424 
425     def __add__(self, y):  
426         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
427         pass
428 
429     def __contains__(self, y):  
430         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
431         pass
432 
433     def __eq__(self, y):  
434         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
435         pass
436 
437     def __format__(self, format_spec):  
438         """
439         S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
440         
441         Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
442         """
443         return ""
444 
445     def __getattribute__(self, name):  
446         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
447         pass
448 
449     def __getitem__(self, y):  
450         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
451         pass
452 
453     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
454         pass
455 
456     def __getslice__(self, i, j):  
457         """
458         x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
459                    
460                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
461         """
462         pass
463 
464     def __ge__(self, y):  
465         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
466         pass
467 
468     def __gt__(self, y):  
469         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
470         pass
471 
472     def __hash__(self):  
473         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
474         pass
475 
476     def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
477         """
478         str(object='') -> string
479         
480         Return a nice string representation of the object.
481         If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
482         # (copied from class doc)
483         """
484         pass
485 
486     def __len__(self):  
487         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
488         pass
489 
490     def __le__(self, y):  
491         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
492         pass
493 
494     def __lt__(self, y):  
495         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
496         pass
497 
498     def __mod__(self, y):  
499         """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
500         pass
501 
502     def __mul__(self, n):  
503         """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
504         pass
505 
506     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
507     def __new__(S, *more):  
508         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
509         pass
510 
511     def __ne__(self, y):  
512         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
513         pass
514 
515     def __repr__(self):  
516         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
517         pass
518 
519     def __rmod__(self, y):  
520         """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
521         pass
522 
523     def __rmul__(self, n):  
524         """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
525         pass
526 
527     def __sizeof__(self):  
528         """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
529         pass
530 
531     def __str__(self):  
532         """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
533         pass
str

练习代码如下:

  1 name = 'alex' # str类的对象
  2 1. capitalize 字符串首字母大写
  3 自身不变,会生成一个新的值
  4 v = name.capitalize() # 自动找到name关联的str类,执行其中的capitalize技能
  5 print(name)
  6 print(v)
  7 
  8 2. 将所有大小变小写,casefold牛逼,德语...
  9 name = 'AleX'
 10 v = name.casefold() # 跟牛逼,德语...
 11 print(name)
 12 print(v)
 13 
 14 3. 将所有大小变小写
 15 name = 'AleX'
 16 v = name.lower()
 17 print(v)
 18 
 19 4. 文本居中
 20 参数1: 表示总长度
 21 参数2:空白处填充的字符(长度为1)
 22 name = 'alex'
 23 v = name.center(20)
 24 print(v)
 25 v = name.center(20,'')
 26 print(v)
 27 
 28 5. 表示传入之在字符串中出现的次数
 29 参数1: 要查找的值(子序列)
 30 参数2: 起始位置(索引)
 31 参数3: 结束位置(索引)
 32 name = "alexasdfdsafsdfasdfaaaaaaaa"
 33 v = name.count('a')
 34 print(v)
 35 v = name.count('df')
 36 print(v)
 37 
 38 v = name.count('df',12)
 39 print(v)
 40 v = name.count('df',0,15)
 41 print(v)
 42 
 43 6. 是否以xx结尾
 44 name = 'alex'
 45 v1 = name.endswith('ex')
 46 print(v1)
 47 
 48 7. 是否以xx开头
 49 name = 'alex'
 50 v2 = name.startswith('al')
 51 print(v2)
 52 
 53 8. encode欠
 54 
 55 9. 找到制表符\t,进行替换(包含前面的值)
 56 PS: \n
 57 name = "al\te\tx\nalex\tuu\tkkk"
 58 v = name.expandtabs(20)
 59 print(v)
 60 
 61 10. 找到指定子序列的索引位置:不存在返回-1
 62 name = 'alex'
 63 v = name.find('o')
 64 print(v)
 65 v = name.index('o')
 66 print(v)
 67 
 68 11.字符串格式化
 69 
 70 tpl = "我是:%s;年龄:%s;性别:%s"
 71 
 72 tpl = "我是:{0};年龄:{1};性别:{2}"
 73 v = tpl.format("李杰",19,'都行')
 74 print(v)
 75 
 76 tpl = "我是:{name};年龄:{age};性别:{gender}"
 77 v = tpl.format(name='李杰',age=19,gender='随意')
 78 print(v)
 79 
 80 tpl = "我是:{name};年龄:{age};性别:{gender}"
 81 v = tpl.format_map({'name':"李杰",'age':19,'gender':''})
 82 print(v)
 83 
 84 
 85 12. 是否是数字、汉子.
 86 name  = 'alex8汉子'
 87 v = name.isalnum() # 字,数字
 88 print(v) # True
 89 v2 = name.isalpha()#
 90 print(v2)# False
 91 
 92 13. 判断是否是数字
 93 num = ''
 94 v1 = num.isdecimal() # '123'
 95 v2 = num.isdigit()   # '123','②'
 96 v3 = num.isnumeric() # '123','二','②'
 97 print(v1,v2,v3)
 98 
 99 
100 14. 是否是表示符
101 n = 'name'
102 v = n.isidentifier()
103 print(v)
104 
105 15.是否全部是小写
106 name = "ALEX"
107 v = name.islower()
108 print(v)
109 v = name.isupper()
110 print(v)
111 
112 16,.全部变大写,
113 name = 'alex'
114 v = name.upper()  # lower()
115 print(v)
116 
117 17.是否包含隐含的xx
118 name = "钓鱼要钓刀鱼,\n刀鱼要到岛上钓"
119 v = name.isprintable()
120 print(v)
121 
122 
123 18.是否全部是空格
124 name = '    '
125 v = name.isspace()
126 print(v)
127 
128 
129 
130 19.元素拼接(元素字符串) *****
131 name = 'alex'
132 
133 v = "_".join(name) # 内部循环每个元素
134 print(v)
135 
136 name_list = ['海峰','杠娘','李杰','李泉']
137 v = "".join(name_list)
138 print(v)
139 
140 20. 左右填充
141 center,rjust,ljust
142 name = 'alex'
143 v = name.rjust(20,'*')
144 print(v)
145 
146 
147 21. 对应关系 + 翻译
148 m = str.maketrans('aeiou','12345') # 对应关系
149 
150 name = "akpsojfasdufasdlkfj8ausdfakjsdfl;kjer09asdf"
151 v = name.translate(m)
152 print(v)
153 
154 22. 分割,保留分割的元素
155 content = "李泉SB刘康SB刘一"
156 v = content.partition('SB') # partition
157 print(v)
158 
159 23. 替换
160 content = "李泉SB刘康SB刘浩SB刘一"
161 v = content.replace('SB','Love')
162 print(v)
163 v = content.replace('SB','Love',1)
164 print(v)
165 
166 24,移除空白,\n,\t,自定义
167 name = 'alex\t'
168 v = name.strip() # 空白,\n,\t
169 print(v)
170 
171 25. 大小写转换
172 name = "Alex"
173 v = name.swapcase()
174 print(v)
175 
176 26. 填充0
177 name = "alex"
178 v = name.zfill(20)
179 print(v)
180 
181 v1 = 'alex'
182 v2 = 'eric'
183 
184 v = v1 + v2 # 执行v1的__add__功能
185 print(v)
常用字符串的语法操作
 1 ##### 字符串功能总结:
 2 name = 'alex'
 3 name.upper()
 4 name.lower()
 5 name.split()
 6 name.find()
 7 name.strip()
 8 name.startswith()
 9 name.format()
10 name.replace()
11 "alex".join(["aa",'bb'])
12 
13 
14 ##### 额外功能:
15 name = "alex"
16 name[0]
17 name[0:3]
18 name[0:3:2]
19 len(name)
20 for循环,每个元素是字符

 

5、列表

如:['good','ok']、['apple', 'orange',11]

每个列表都具备如下功能:

  1 class list(object):
  2     """
  3     list() -> new empty list
  4     list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
  5     """
  6     def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  7         """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """
  8         pass
  9 
 10     def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 11         """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
 12         return 0
 13 
 14     def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 15         """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
 16         pass
 17 
 18     def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 19         """
 20         L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
 21         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 22         """
 23         return 0
 24 
 25     def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 26         """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
 27         pass
 28 
 29     def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 30         """
 31         L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
 32         Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
 33         """
 34         pass
 35 
 36     def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 37         """
 38         L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
 39         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 40         """
 41         pass
 42 
 43     def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 44         """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
 45         pass
 46 
 47     def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 48         """
 49         L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
 50         cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
 51         """
 52         pass
 53 
 54     def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 55         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 56         pass
 57 
 58     def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 59         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
 60         pass
 61 
 62     def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 63         """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
 64         pass
 65 
 66     def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 67         """
 68         x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
 69                    
 70                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
 71         """
 72         pass
 73 
 74     def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 75         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
 76         pass
 77 
 78     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 79         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
 80         pass
 81 
 82     def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 83         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
 84         pass
 85 
 86     def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 87         """
 88         x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 89                    
 90                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
 91         """
 92         pass
 93 
 94     def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 95         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
 96         pass
 97 
 98     def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 99         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
100         pass
101 
102     def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
103         """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
104         pass
105 
106     def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
107         """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
108         pass
109 
110     def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
111         """
112         list() -> new empty list
113         list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
114         # (copied from class doc)
115         """
116         pass
117 
118     def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
119         """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
120         pass
121 
122     def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
123         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
124         pass
125 
126     def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
127         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
128         pass
129 
130     def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
131         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
132         pass
133 
134     def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
135         """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
136         pass
137 
138     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
139     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
140         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
141         pass
142 
143     def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
144         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
145         pass
146 
147     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
148         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
149         pass
150 
151     def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
152         """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
153         pass
154 
155     def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
156         """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
157         pass
158 
159     def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
160         """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
161         pass
162 
163     def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
164         """
165         x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
166                    
167                    Use  of negative indices is not supported.
168         """
169         pass
170 
171     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
172         """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
173         pass
174 
175     __hash__ = None
176 
177 list
list
 1 ########################################## list 列表 ##########################################
 2 ## int=xx; str='xxx'  list='xx'
 3 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
 4 PS:
 5     name = 'alex'
 6 执行功能;
 7 1.追加
 8 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
 9 user_list.append('刘铭')
10 print(user_list)
11 2. 清空
12 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
13 user_list.clear()
14 print(user_list)
15 
16 3. 拷贝(浅拷贝)
17 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
18 v = user_list.copy()
19 print(v)
20 print(user_list)
21 
22 4. 计数
23 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','李泉','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
24 v = user_list.count('李泉')
25 print(v)
26 
27 5. 扩展原列表
28 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','李泉','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
29 user_list.extend(['郭少龙','郭少霞'])
30 print(user_list)
31 
32 6. 查找元素索引,没有报错
33 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','李泉','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
34 v = user_list.index('李海')
35 print(v)
36 
37 7. 删除并且获取元素 - 索引
38 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','李泉','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
39 v = user_list.pop(1)
40 print(v)
41 print(user_list)
42 
43 8. 删除 -44 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','李泉','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
45 user_list.remove('刘一')
46 print(user_list)
47 
48 9. 翻转
49 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','李泉','刘康','豆豆','小龙'] # 可变类型
50 user_list.reverse()
51 print(user_list)
52 
53 10. 排序: 欠参数
54 nums = [11,22,3,3,9,88]
55 print(nums)
56 排序,从小到大
57 nums.sort()
58 print(nums)
59 从大到小
60 nums.sort(reverse=True)
61 print(nums)
62 
63 #####  额外:
64 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','李泉','刘康','豆豆','小龙']
65 user_list[0]
66 user_list[1:5:2]
67 del user_list[3]
68 for i in user_list:
69     print(i)
70 user_list[1] = '姜日天'
71 user_list = ['李泉','刘一','李泉','刘康','豆豆',['日天','日地','泰迪'],'小龙']
字符串常用语法

 

6、元组

元祖是不可被修改的。

如:('good','hello',123)、('ziwei', 'qinger','xiaoyanzi')

每个元组都具备如下功能:

  1 class tuple(object):
  2     """
  3     tuple() -> empty tuple
  4     tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
  5     
  6     If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
  7     """
  8     def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  9         """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
 10         return 0
 11 
 12     def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 13         """
 14         T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
 15         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 16         """
 17         return 0
 18 
 19     def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 20         """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 21         pass
 22 
 23     def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 24         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
 25         pass
 26 
 27     def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 28         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
 29         pass
 30 
 31     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 32         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
 33         pass
 34 
 35     def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 36         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
 37         pass
 38 
 39     def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 40         pass
 41 
 42     def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 43         """
 44         x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 45                    
 46                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
 47         """
 48         pass
 49 
 50     def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 51         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
 52         pass
 53 
 54     def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 55         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
 56         pass
 57 
 58     def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 59         """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
 60         pass
 61 
 62     def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
 63         """
 64         tuple() -> empty tuple
 65         tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
 66         
 67         If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
 68         # (copied from class doc)
 69         """
 70         pass
 71 
 72     def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 73         """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
 74         pass
 75 
 76     def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 77         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
 78         pass
 79 
 80     def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 81         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
 82         pass
 83 
 84     def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 85         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
 86         pass
 87 
 88     def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 89         """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
 90         pass
 91 
 92     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
 93     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 94         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
 95         pass
 96 
 97     def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 98         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
 99         pass
100 
101     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
102         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
103         pass
104 
105     def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
106         """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
107         pass
108 
109     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
110         """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
111         pass
tuple

常用语法如下:

 1 user_tuple = ('alex','eric','seven','alex')
 2 1. 获取个数
 3 v = user_tuple.count('alex')
 4 print(v)
 5 2.获取值的第一个索引位置
 6 v = user_tuple.index('alex')
 7 print(v)
 8 
 9 ###### 额外:
10 user_tuple = ('alex','eric','seven','alex')
11 for i in user_tuple:
12     print(i)
13 
14 v = user_tuple[0]
15 
16 v = user_tuple[0:2]
17 print(v)
18 
19 user_tuple = ('alex','eric','seven',['陈涛','刘浩','赵芬芬'],'alex')
20 user_tuple[0] = 123   x
21 user_tuple[3] = [11,22,33] x
22 user_tuple[3][1] = '刘一'
23 print(user_tuple)
24 
25 li = ['陈涛','刘浩',('alex','eric','seven'),'赵芬芬']
26 ****** 元组最后,加逗号 ******
27 li = ('alex',)
28 print(li)
元祖常用语法

 

7、字典

如:{'name': 'oliver', 'age': 33,'id':12345} 、{'host': '1.1.1.1', 'port': 21]}

ps:循环时,默认循环key

每个字典都具备如下功能:

  1 class dict(object):
  2     """
  3     dict() -> new empty dictionary
  4     dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
  5         (key, value) pairs
  6     dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
  7         d = {}
  8         for k, v in iterable:
  9             d[k] = v
 10     dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 11         in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
 12     """
 13 
 14     def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 15         """ 清除内容 """
 16         """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
 17         pass
 18 
 19     def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 20         """ 浅拷贝 """
 21         """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
 22         pass
 23 
 24     @staticmethod # known case
 25     def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 26         """
 27         dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
 28         v defaults to None.
 29         """
 30         pass
 31 
 32     def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 33         """ 根据key获取值,d是默认值 """
 34         """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
 35         pass
 36 
 37     def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 38         """ 是否有key """
 39         """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
 40         return False
 41 
 42     def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 43         """ 所有项的列表形式 """
 44         """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
 45         return []
 46 
 47     def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 48         """ 项可迭代 """
 49         """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
 50         pass
 51 
 52     def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 53         """ key可迭代 """
 54         """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
 55         pass
 56 
 57     def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 58         """ value可迭代 """
 59         """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
 60         pass
 61 
 62     def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 63         """ 所有的key列表 """
 64         """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
 65         return []
 66 
 67     def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 68         """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
 69         """
 70         D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
 71         If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
 72         """
 73         pass
 74 
 75     def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 76         """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
 77         """
 78         D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
 79         2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
 80         """
 81         pass
 82 
 83     def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 84         """ 如果key不存在,则创建,如果存在,则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
 85         """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
 86         pass
 87 
 88     def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
 89         """ 更新
 90             {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
 91             [('name','sbsbsb'),]
 92         """
 93         """
 94         D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
 95         If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
 96         If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
 97         In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
 98         """
 99         pass
100 
101     def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
102         """ 所有的值 """
103         """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
104         return []
105 
106     def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
107         """ 所有项,只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
108         """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
109         pass
110 
111     def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
112         """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
113         pass
114 
115     def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
116         """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
117         pass
118 
119     def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
120         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
121         pass
122 
123     def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
124         """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
125         return False
126 
127     def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
128         """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
129         pass
130 
131     def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
132         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
133         pass
134 
135     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
136         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
137         pass
138 
139     def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
140         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
141         pass
142 
143     def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
144         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
145         pass
146 
147     def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
148         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
149         pass
150 
151     def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
152         """
153         dict() -> new empty dictionary
154         dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
155             (key, value) pairs
156         dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
157             d = {}
158             for k, v in iterable:
159                 d[k] = v
160         dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
161             in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
162         # (copied from class doc)
163         """
164         pass
165 
166     def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
167         """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
168         pass
169 
170     def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
171         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
172         pass
173 
174     def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
175         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
176         pass
177 
178     def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
179         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
180         pass
181 
182     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
183     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
184         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
185         pass
186 
187     def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
188         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
189         pass
190 
191     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
192         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
193         pass
194 
195     def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
196         """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
197         pass
198 
199     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
200         """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
201         pass
202 
203     __hash__ = None
dict

字典常用语法如下:

 1 1. 清空、
 2 dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
 3 dic.clear()
 4 print(dic)
 5 
 6 2. 浅拷贝
 7 dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
 8 v = dic.copy()
 9 print(v)
10 
11 3. 根据key获取指定的value;不存在不报错
12 dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
13 v = dic.get('k1111',1111)
14 print(v)
15 v = dic['k1111']
16 print(v)
17 
18 4. 删除并获取对应的value值
19 dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
20 v = dic.pop('k1')
21 print(dic)
22 print(v)
23 
24 5. 随机删除键值对,并获取到删除的键值
25 dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
26 v = dic.popitem()
27 print(dic)
28 print(v)
29 
30 k,v = dic.popitem() # ('k2', 'v2')
31 print(dic)
32 print(k,v)
33 
34 v = dic.popitem() # ('k2', 'v2')
35 print(dic)
36 print(v[0],v[1])
37 
38 6. 增加,如果存在则不做操作
39 dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
40 dic.setdefault('k3','v3')
41 print(dic)
42 dic.setdefault('k1','1111111')
43 print(dic)
44 7. 批量增加或修改
45 dic = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
46 dic.update({'k3':'v3','k1':'v24'})
47 print(dic)
48 
49 
50 dic = dict.fromkeys(['k1','k2','k3'],123)
51 print(dic)
52 dic = dict.fromkeys(['k1','k2','k3'],123)
53 dic['k1'] = 'asdfjasldkf'
54 print(dic)
55 
56 dic = dict.fromkeys(['k1','k2','k3'],[1,])
57 {
58    k1: 123123213, # [1,2]
59    k2: 123123213, # [1,]
60    k3: 123123213, # [1,]
61 }
62 dic['k1'].append(222)
63 print(dic)
64 ########## 额外:
65 - 字典可以嵌套
66 - 字典key: 必须是不可变类型
67 dic = {
68     'k1': 'v1',
69     'k2': [1,2,3,],
70     (1,2): 'lllll',
71     1: 'fffffffff',
72     111: 'asdf',
73 }
74 print(dic)
75 key:
76     - 不可变
77     - True,1
78 
79 dic = {'k1':'v1'}
80 del dic['k1']
81 
82 布尔值:
83 1 True
84 0 False
85 
86 bool(1111)
字典常用语法

 

8、

set集合

set是一个无序且不重复的元素集合,是一个可变类型

  1 class set(object):
  2     """
  3     set() -> new empty set object
  4     set(iterable) -> new set object
  5     
  6     Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
  7     """
  8     def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
  9         """ 添加 """
 10         """
 11         Add an element to a set.
 12         
 13         This has no effect if the element is already present.
 14         """
 15         pass
 16 
 17     def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 18         """ Remove all elements from this set. """
 19         pass
 20 
 21     def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 22         """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """
 23         pass
 24 
 25     def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 26         """
 27         Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
 28         
 29         (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
 30         """
 31         pass
 32 
 33     def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 34         """ 删除当前set中的所有包含在 new set 里的元素 """
 35         """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
 36         pass
 37 
 38     def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 39         """ 移除元素 """
 40         """
 41         Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
 42         
 43         If the element is not a member, do nothing.
 44         """
 45         pass
 46 
 47     def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 48         """ 取交集,新创建一个set """
 49         """
 50         Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set.
 51         
 52         (i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.)
 53         """
 54         pass
 55 
 56     def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 57         """ 取交集,修改原来set """
 58         """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
 59         pass
 60 
 61     def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 62         """ 如果没有交集,返回true  """
 63         """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
 64         pass
 65 
 66     def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 67         """ 是否是子集 """
 68         """ Report whether another set contains this set. """
 69         pass
 70 
 71     def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 72         """ 是否是父集 """
 73         """ Report whether this set contains another set. """
 74         pass
 75 
 76     def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 77         """ 移除 """
 78         """
 79         Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
 80         Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
 81         """
 82         pass
 83 
 84     def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 85         """ 移除 """
 86         """
 87         Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
 88         
 89         If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
 90         """
 91         pass
 92 
 93     def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 94         """ 差集,创建新对象"""
 95         """
 96         Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
 97         
 98         (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
 99         """
100         pass
101 
102     def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
103         """ 差集,改变原来 """
104         """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
105         pass
106 
107     def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
108         """ 并集 """
109         """
110         Return the union of sets as a new set.
111         
112         (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
113         """
114         pass
115 
116     def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
117         """ 更新 """
118         """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
119         pass
120 
121     def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
122         """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
123         pass
124 
125     def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
126         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
127         pass
128 
129     def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
130         """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """
131         pass
132 
133     def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
134         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
135         pass
136 
137     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
138         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
139         pass
140 
141     def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
142         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
143         pass
144 
145     def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
146         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
147         pass
148 
149     def __iand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
150         """ x.__iand__(y) <==> x&=y """
151         pass
152 
153     def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__
154         """
155         set() -> new empty set object
156         set(iterable) -> new set object
157         
158         Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
159         # (copied from class doc)
160         """
161         pass
162 
163     def __ior__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
164         """ x.__ior__(y) <==> x|=y """
165         pass
166 
167     def __isub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
168         """ x.__isub__(y) <==> x-=y """
169         pass
170 
171     def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
172         """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
173         pass
174 
175     def __ixor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
176         """ x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^=y """
177         pass
178 
179     def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
180         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
181         pass
182 
183     def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
184         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
185         pass
186 
187     def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
188         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
189         pass
190 
191     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
192     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
193         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
194         pass
195 
196     def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
197         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
198         pass
199 
200     def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
201         """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
202         pass
203 
204     def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
205         """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
206         pass
207 
208     def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
209         """ Return state information for pickling. """
210         pass
211 
212     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
213         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
214         pass
215 
216     def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
217         """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
218         pass
219 
220     def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
221         """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
222         pass
223 
224     def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
225         """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
226         pass
227 
228     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
229         """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
230         pass
231 
232     def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
233         """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
234         pass
235 
236     def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
237         """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
238         pass
239 
240     __hash__ = None
241 
242 set
set
三元运算

如果条件成立,那么就把值1赋值给var,如果条件不成立,就把值2赋值给var

1 var = 值1 if 条件 else 值2
1 例子:
2 >>> var = "True" if 1==1 else "False"
3 >>> var
4 'True'

 

 1 ##################################### set,集合,不可重复的列表;可变类型 #####################################
 2 s1 = {"alex",'eric','tony','李泉','李泉11'}
 3 s2 = {"alex",'eric','tony','刘一'}
 4 
 5 1.s1中存在,s2中不存在
 6 v = s1.difference(s2)
 7 print(v)
 8 #### s1中存在,s2中不存在,然后对s1清空,然后在重新复制
 9 s1.difference_update(s2)
10 print(s1)
11 
12 2.s2中存在,s1中不存在
13 v = s2.difference(s1)
14 print(v)
15 
16 3.s2中存在,s1中不存在
17 s1中存在,s2中不存在
18 v = s1.symmetric_difference(s2)
19 print(v)
20 4. 交集
21 v = s1.intersection(s2)
22 print(v)
23 5. 并集
24 v = s1.union(s2)
25 print(v)
26 
27 6. 移除
28 s1 = {"alex",'eric','tony','李泉','李泉11'}
29 s1.discard('alex')
30 print(s1)
31 
32 s1 = {"alex",'eric','tony','李泉','李泉11'}
33 s1.update({'alex','123123','fff'})
34 print(s1)
35 ##### 额外:
36 
37 s1 = {"alex",'eric','tony','李泉','李泉11'}
38 for i in s1:
39     print(i)
40 
41 s1 = {"alex",'eric','tony','李泉','李泉11',(11,22,33)}
42 for i in s1:
43     print(i)
set常用语法

 

深拷贝和浅拷贝

 对于数字字符串而言,赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝无意义,因为他们的值永远都会指向同一个内存地址。

对于字典、元祖、列表 而言,进行赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝时,其内存地址的变化是不同的。

Python中,对象的赋值,拷贝(深/浅拷贝)之间是有差异的,如果使用的时候不注意,就可能产生意外的结果。

对象赋值

 1 #-*-coding:utf-8-*-
 2 #!/usr/bin/env python
 3 __author__ = 'mengxj'
 4 
 5 will = ["Will", 28, ["Python", "C#", "JavaScript"]]
 6 wilber = will
 7 print ('will的内存指向',id(will))
 8 print ('will的数据',will)
 9 print ('每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in will])
10 print ('willer的内存指向',id(wilber))
11 print ('willer的数据',wilber)
12 print ('每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in wilber])
13 
14 will[0] = "Wilber"
15 will[2].append("CSS")
16 print ('数据更改后的will内存指向',id(will))
17 print ('数据更改后的will的数据',will)
18 print ('数据更改后每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in will])
19 print ('数据更改后wilber的内存指向',id(wilber))
20 print ('数据更改后wilber的内容',wilber)
21 print ('数据更改后wilber的内存地址',[id(ele) for ele in wilber])

代码运行结果如下:

 1 C:\Python35\python.exe D:/OneDrive/python_code/python_s14/s14_day2/deep_copy_and_shadow_copy.py
 2 will的内存指向 2427689548744
 3 will的数据 ['Will', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript']]
 4 每一个元素的地址 [2427689542464, 1516176688, 2427689571720]
 5 willer的内存指向 2427689548744
 6 willer的数据 ['Will', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript']]
 7 每一个元素的地址 [2427689542464, 1516176688, 2427689571720]
 8 数据更改后的will内存指向 2427689548744
 9 数据更改后的will的数据 ['Wilber', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript', 'CSS']]
10 数据更改后每一个元素的地址 [2427689578768, 1516176688, 2427689571720]
11 数据更改后wilber的内存指向 2427689548744
12 数据更改后wilber的内容 ['Wilber', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript', 'CSS']]
13 数据更改后wilber的内存地址 [2427689578768, 1516176688, 2427689571720]
14 
15 Process finished with exit code 0

 如下图展示:

 

 

2、浅拷贝

 1 #浅拷贝
 2 import copy
 3 
 4 will = ["Will", 28, ["Python", "C#", "JavaScript"]]
 5 wilber = copy.copy(will)
 6 print ('will的内存指向',id(will))
 7 print ('will的数据',will)
 8 print ('will每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in will])
 9 print ('willer的内存指向',id(wilber))
10 print ('willer的数据',wilber)
11 print ('willer每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in wilber])
12 
13 will[0] = "Wilber"
14 will[2].append("CSS")
15 print ('数据更改后的will内存指向',id(will))
16 print ('数据更改后的will的数据',will)
17 print ('数据更改后will每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in will])
18 print ('数据更改后wilber的内存指向',id(wilber))
19 print ('数据更改后wilber的内容',wilber)
20 print ('数据更改后wilber的内存地址',[id(ele) for ele in wilber])

输出结果如下:

 1 will的内存指向 2484908535112
 2 will的数据 ['Will', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript']]
 3 will每一个元素的地址 [2484907057984, 1392903472, 2484908643272]
 4 willer的内存指向 2484907111560
 5 willer的数据 ['Will', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript']]
 6 willer每一个元素的地址 [2484907057984, 1392903472, 2484908643272]
 7 数据更改后的will内存指向 2484908535112
 8 数据更改后的will的数据 ['Wilber', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript', 'CSS']]
 9 数据更改后will每一个元素的地址 [2484907094232, 1392903472, 2484908643272]
10 数据更改后wilber的内存指向 2484907111560
11 数据更改后wilber的内容 ['Will', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript', 'CSS']]
12 数据更改后wilber的内存地址 [2484907057984, 1392903472, 2484908643272]

由于list的第一个元素是不可变类型,所以will对应的list的第一个元素会使用一个新的对象
但是list的第三个元素是一个可变类型,修改操作不会产生新的对象,所以will的修改结果会相应的反应到wilber上

 

总结一下,当我们使用下面的操作的时候,会产生浅拷贝的效果:

  • 使用切片[:]操作
  • 使用工厂函数(如list/dir/set)
  • 使用copy模块中的copy()函数

3、深拷贝

代码如下:

 1 #深拷贝
 2 import copy
 3 
 4 will = ["Will", 28, ["Python", "C#", "JavaScript"]]
 5 wilber = copy.deepcopy(will)
 6 print ('will的内存指向',id(will))
 7 print ('will的数据',will)
 8 print ('will每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in will])
 9 print ('willer的内存指向',id(wilber))
10 print ('willer的数据',wilber)
11 print ('willer每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in wilber])
12 
13 will[0] = "Wilber"
14 will[2].append("CSS")
15 print ('数据更改后的will内存指向',id(will))
16 print ('数据更改后的will的数据',will)
17 print ('数据更改后will每一个元素的地址',[id(ele) for ele in will])
18 print ('数据更改后wilber的内存指向',id(wilber))
19 print ('数据更改后wilber的内容',wilber)
20 print ('数据更改后wilber的内存地址',[id(ele) for ele in wilber])

运行结果如下:

 1 will的内存指向 2941900762440
 2 will的数据 ['Will', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript']]
 3 will每一个元素的地址 [2941899285368, 1392903472, 2941900870984]
 4 willer的内存指向 2941900762952
 5 willer的数据 ['Will', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript']]
 6 willer每一个元素的地址 [2941899285368, 1392903472, 2941900871048]
 7 数据更改后的will内存指向 2941900762440
 8 数据更改后的will的数据 ['Wilber', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript', 'CSS']]
 9 数据更改后will每一个元素的地址 [2941899321560, 1392903472, 2941900870984]
10 数据更改后wilber的内存指向 2941900762952
11 数据更改后wilber的内容 ['Will', 28, ['Python', 'C#', 'JavaScript']]
12 数据更改后wilber的内存地址 [2941899285368, 1392903472, 2941900871048]

 

由于list的第一个元素是不可变类型,所以will对应的list的第一个元素会使用一个新的对象39758496
但是list的第三个元素是一个可不类型,修改操作不会产生新的对象,但是由于”wilber[2] is not will[2]”,所以will的修改不会影响wilber

拷贝的特殊情况

其实,对于拷贝有一些特殊情况:

  • 对于非容器类型(如数字、字符串、和其他’原子’类型的对象)没有拷贝这一说

也就是说,对于这些类型,”obj is copy.copy(obj)” 、”obj is copy.deepcopy(obj)”

 

总结

本文介绍了对象的赋值和拷贝,以及它们之间的差异:

  • Python中对象的赋值都是进行对象引用(内存地址)传递
  • 使用copy.copy(),可以进行对象的浅拷贝,它复制了对象,但对于对象中的元素,依然使用原始的引用.
  • 如果需要复制一个容器对象,以及它里面的所有元素(包含元素的子元素),可以使用copy.deepcopy()进行深拷贝
  • 对于非容器类型(如数字、字符串、和其他’原子’类型的对象)没有被拷贝一说
  • 如果元祖变量只包含原子类型对象,则不能深拷贝,看下面的例子

关于赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝的区别如下:

http://python.jobbole.com/82294/

 

posted @ 2017-05-12 20:31  星空下的夜  阅读(241)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报