DRF序列化组件
为什么要使用序列化组件
当我们做前后端分离的项目~~我们前后端交互一般都选择JSON数据格式,JSON是一个轻量级的数据交互格式。
那么我们给前端数据的时候都要转成json格式,那就需要对我们从数据库拿到的数据进行序列化。
接下来我们看下django序列化和rest_framework序列化的对比~~
Django的序列化方法
# 第一版用values方法取数据 # class BookView(View): # def get(self, request): # book_queryset = Book.objects.values("id", "title","pub_time", "publisher") # book_list = list(book_queryset) # ret = [] # for book in book_list: # book["publisher"] = { # "id": book["publisher"], # "title": Publisher.objects.filter(id=book["publisher"]).first().title, # } # ret.append(book) # # ret = json.dumps(book_list, ensure_ascii=False) # # return HttpResponse(ret) # return JsonResponse(ret, safe=False, json_dumps_params={"ensure_ascii": False})
class BooksView(View): def get(self, request): book_list = Book.objects.values("id", "title", "chapter", "pub_time", "publisher") book_list = list(book_list) # 如果我们需要取外键关联的字段信息 需要循环获取外键 再去数据库查然后拼接成我们想要的 ret = [] for book in book_list: pub_dict = {} pub_obj = Publish.objects.filter(pk=book["publisher"]).first() pub_dict["id"] = pub_obj.pk pub_dict["title"] = pub_obj.title book["publisher"] = pub_dict ret.append(book) ret = json.dumps(book_list, ensure_ascii=False, cls=MyJson) return HttpResponse(ret) # json.JSONEncoder.default() # 解决json不能序列化时间字段的问题 class MyJson(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, field): if isinstance(field, datetime.datetime): return field.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') elif isinstance(field, datetime.date): return field.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') else: return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, field) .values 序列化结果
from django.core import serializers # 能够得到我们要的效果 结构有点复杂 class BooksView(View): def get(self, request): book_list = Book.objects.all() ret = serializers.serialize("json", book_list) return HttpResponse(ret) django serializers
DRF序列化的方法
首先,我们要用DRF的序列化,就要遵循人家框架的一些标准,
-- Django我们CBV继承类是View,现在DRF我们要用APIView
-- Django中返回的时候我们用HTTPResponse,JsonResponse,render ,DRF我们用Response
为什么这么用~我们之后会详细讲~~我们继续来看序列化~~
class BookSerializers(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField() title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) category = serializers.CharField(source='get_category_display') publisher = PublisherSerializers() auth = AuthSerializers(many=True) category是一个: CHOICES = ((1,'python'),(2,'linux'),(3,'go')) category = models.IntegerField(choices=CHOICES,max_length=32)
class Book(APIView): def get(self,request): book_query = models.Book.objects.all() print(book_query) book_ser = myserializers.BookSerializers(book_query,many=True) return Response(book_ser.data)
外键关系的序列化
from rest_framework import serializers class PublisherSerializers(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField() name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) class AuthSerializers(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField() name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) class BookSerializers(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField() title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) category = serializers.CharField(source='get_category_display') publisher = PublisherSerializers() auth = AuthSerializers(many=True)
反序列化
当前端给我们发post的请求的时候~前端给我们传过来的数据~我们要进行一些校验然后保存到数据库~
这些校验以及保存工作,DRF的Serializer也给我们提供了一些方法了~~
首先~我们要写反序列化用的一些字段~有些字段要跟序列化区分开~~
Serializer提供了.is_valid() 和.save()方法~~
class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(required=False) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, validators=[my_validate,]) pub_time = serializers.DateField() category = serializers.CharField(source="get_category_display", read_only=True) post_category = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) publisher = PublisherSerializer(read_only=True) # 内部通过外键关系的id找到了publisher_obj # PublisherSerializer(publisher_obj) authors = AuthorSerializer(many=True, read_only=True) publisher_id = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) author_list = serializers.ListField(write_only=True) def create(self, validated_data): # validated_data 校验通过的数据 就是book_obj # 通过ORM操作给Book表增加数据 print(validated_data) book_obj = Book.objects.create(title=validated_data["title"], pub_time=validated_data["pub_time"], category=validated_data["post_category"], publisher_id=validated_data["publisher_id"]) print(book_obj) book_obj.authors.add(*validated_data["author_list"]) return book_obj def update(self, instance, validated_data): # instance 更新的book_obj 对象 # validated_data 校验通过的数据 # ORM做更新操作 instance.title = validated_data.get("title", instance.title) instance.pub_time = validated_data.get("pub_time", instance.pub_time) instance.category = validated_data.get("post_category", instance.category) instance.publisher_id = validated_data.get("publisher_id", instance.publisher_id) if validated_data.get("author_list"): instance.authors.set(validated_data["author_list"]) instance.save() return instance def validate_title(self, value): print(2222) # value就是title的值 对value处理 if "python" not in value.lower(): raise serializers.ValidationError("标题必须含有python") return value def validate(self, attrs): print(33333) # attrs 字典有你传过来的所有的字段 print(attrs) if "python" in attrs["title"].lower() or attrs["post_category"] == 1: return attrs else: raise serializers.ValidationError("分类或标题不合符要求")
class BookView(APIView): def get(self, request): book_queryset = Book.objects.all() # [book_obj, ] # 用序列化器进行序列化 ser_obj = BookSerializer(book_queryset, many=True) return Response(ser_obj.data) def post(self, request): # 确定数据类型以及数据结构 # 对妹子传过来的数据进行校验 book_obj = request.data # print(book_obj) ser_obj = BookSerializer(data=book_obj) if ser_obj.is_valid(): ser_obj.save() return Response(ser_obj.validated_data) return Response(ser_obj.errors) class BookEditView(APIView): def get(self, request, id): book_obj = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first() ser_obj = BookSerializer(book_obj) return Response(ser_obj.data) def put(self, request, id): book_obj = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first() ser_obj = BookSerializer(instance=book_obj, data=request.data, partial=True) if ser_obj.is_valid(): ser_obj.save() return Response(ser_obj.validated_data) return Response(ser_obj.errors)
在序列化器中如果某个字段知识要序列化用,可以添加read_only=True,某个字段只是反序列化用write_only=True,如果添加了required=False字段表示反序列化的时候不校验该字段,这是为了解决反序列化的时候某些字段不需要校验,或者缺失也行。
当前端给我们发送patch请求的时候,前端传给我们用户要更新的数据,我们要对数据进行部分验证~~
# # class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): # id = serializers.IntegerField(required=False) # title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, validators=[my_validate,]) # pub_time = serializers.DateField() # category = serializers.CharField(source="get_category_display", read_only=True) # post_category = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) # # publisher = PublisherSerializer(read_only=True) # # 内部通过外键关系的id找到了publisher_obj # # PublisherSerializer(publisher_obj) # authors = AuthorSerializer(many=True, read_only=True) # publisher_id = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) # author_list = serializers.ListField(write_only=True) # # def create(self, validated_data): # # validated_data 校验通过的数据 就是book_obj # # 通过ORM操作给Book表增加数据 # print(validated_data) # book_obj = Book.objects.create(title=validated_data["title"], pub_time=validated_data["pub_time"], category=validated_data["post_category"], publisher_id=validated_data["publisher_id"]) # print(book_obj) # book_obj.authors.add(*validated_data["author_list"]) # return book_obj # # def update(self, instance, validated_data): # # instance 更新的book_obj 对象 # # validated_data 校验通过的数据 # # ORM做更新操作 # instance.title = validated_data.get("title", instance.title) # instance.pub_time = validated_data.get("pub_time", instance.pub_time) # instance.category = validated_data.get("post_category", instance.category) # instance.publisher_id = validated_data.get("publisher_id", instance.publisher_id) # if validated_data.get("author_list"): # instance.authors.set(validated_data["author_list"]) # instance.save() # return instance # # def validate_title(self, value): # print(2222) # # value就是title的值 对value处理 # if "python" not in value.lower(): # raise serializers.ValidationError("标题必须含有python") # return value # # def validate(self, attrs): # print(33333) # # attrs 字典有你传过来的所有的字段 # print(attrs) # if "python" in attrs["title"].lower() or attrs["post_category"] == 1: # return attrs # else: # raise serializers.ValidationError("分类或标题不合符要求")
class BookEditView(APIView): def get(self, request, id): book_obj = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first() ser_obj = BookSerializer(book_obj) return Response(ser_obj.data) def put(self, request, id): book_obj = Book.objects.filter(id=id).first() ser_obj = BookSerializer(instance=book_obj, data=request.data, partial=True) if ser_obj.is_valid(): ser_obj.save() return Response(ser_obj.validated_data) return Response(ser_obj.errors)
在该序列化器中当发送post请求的时候表示要添加数据,所以要重写create方法。
在该序列化器中当发送put请求的时候表示要更新数据,所以要重写update方法。
验证
如果我们需要对一些字段进行自定义的验证~DRF也给我们提供了钩子方法~~
单个字段验证就用(validate_字段名)这个钩子函数
def validate_title(self, value): # print(2222) # # value就是title的值 对value处理 # if "python" not in value.lower(): # raise serializers.ValidationError("标题必须含有python") # return value
def validate(self, attrs): # print(33333) # # attrs 字典有你传过来的所有的字段 # print(attrs) # if "python" in attrs["title"].lower() or attrs["post_category"] == 1: # return attrs # else: # raise serializers.ValidationError("分类或标题不合符要求")
def my_validate(value): if "敏感词汇" in value.lower: raise serializers.ValidationError("包含敏感词汇,请重新提交") return value class BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer): id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=True) title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32, validators=[my_validate]) # 。。。。。。 验证器 validators
要注意自定义验证中,要给要验证的所有字段添加validators=[my_validate]属性,这是一个列表,可以添加多个验证方法
ModelSerializer
现在我们已经清楚了Serializer的用法,会发现我们所有的序列化跟我们的模型都紧密相关~
那么,DRF也给我们提供了跟模型紧密相关的序列化器~~ModelSerializer~~
-- 它会根据模型自动生成一组字段
-- 它简单的默认实现了.update()以及.create()方法
定义一个ModelSerializer序列化器
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 # 会让你这些所有的外键关系变成read_only = True # depth = 1 表示连表的深度
自定义字段
我们可以声明一些字段来覆盖默认字段,来进行自定制~
比如我们的选择字段,默认显示的是选择的key,我们要给用户展示的是value。
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): chapter = serializers.CharField(source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 depth = 1
Meta中其它关键字参数
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): chapter = serializers.CharField(source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 depth = 1 read_only_fields = ["id"] extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}}
post以及patch请求
由于depth会让我们外键变成只读,所以我们再定义一个序列化的类,其实只要去掉depth就可以了~~
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): chapter = serializers.CharField(source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 read_only_fields = ["id"] extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}}
SerializerMethodField
外键关联的对象有很多字段我们是用不到的~都传给前端会有数据冗余~就需要我们自己去定制序列化外键对象的哪些字段~~
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): chapter = serializers.CharField(source="get_chapter_display", read_only=True) user = serializers.SerializerMethodField() publisher = serializers.SerializerMethodField() def get_user(self, obj): # obj是当前序列化的book对象 users_query_set = obj.user.all() return [{"id": user_obj.pk, "name": user_obj.name} for user_obj in users_query_set] def get_publisher(self, obj): publisher_obj = obj.publisher return {"id": publisher_obj.pk, "title": publisher_obj.title} class Meta: model = Book fields = "__all__" # fields = ["id", "title", "pub_time"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 read_only_fields = ["id"] extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}}
用ModelSerializer改进上面Serializer的完整版
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): dis_chapter = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True) users = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True) publishers = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=True) def get_users(self, obj): # obj是当前序列化的book对象 users_query_set = obj.user.all() return [{"id": user_obj.pk, "name": user_obj.name} for user_obj in users_query_set] def get_publishers(self, obj): publisher_obj = obj.publisher return {"id": publisher_obj.pk, "title": publisher_obj.title} def get_dis_chapter(self, obj): return obj.get_chapter_display() class Meta: model = Book # fields = "__all__" # 字段是有序的 fields = ["id", "title","dis_chapter", "pub_time", "publishers", "users","chapter", "user", "publisher"] # exclude = ["user"] # 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段 read_only_fields = ["id", "dis_chapter", "users", "publishers"] extra_kwargs = {"title": {"validators": [my_validate,]}, "user": {"write_only": True}, "publisher": {"write_only": True}, "chapter": {"write_only": True}} ModelSerializer
其中serializers.SerializerMethodField是一个方法字段,他的值是什么取决于你定义的方法的返回值是什么,但是定义的方法要是钩子函数(get_字段名),如果方法字段加了read_only属性,则表示该字段只是用来序列化给前端的,其他的默认字段照常
class Meta中的extra_kwargs所添加的字段和其属性,表示默认的字段只是反序列化的时候用,序列化的时候忽略
--------------------------笔记
extra_kwargs