Swift概览
<pre name="code" class="objc">转自:http://letsswift.com/2014/06/swift_overview/
Swift语言概览
基本概念
注:这一节的代码源自The
Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。
Hello,
world
类似于脚本语言,以下的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
println("Hello, world")
Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。
var myVariable = 42 myVariable = 50 let myConstant = 42
类型推导
Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,假设须要指定类型:
let explicitDouble : Double = 70
Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以以下的代码须要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):
let label = "The width is " let width = 94 let width = label + String(width)
字符串格式化
Swift使用\(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:
let apples = 3 let oranges = 5 let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples." let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
数组和字典
Swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):
var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"] shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water" var occupations = [ "Malcolm": "Captain", "Kaylee": "Mechanic", ] occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:
let emptyArray = String[]() let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
假设类型信息已知,则能够使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。
控制流
概览
Swift的条件语句包括if和switch,循环语句包括for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/推断条件不须要括号,但循环/推断体(body)必需括号:
let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12] var teamScore = 0 for score in individualScores { if score > 50 { teamScore += 3 } else { teamScore += 1 } }
可空类型
结合if和let,能够方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,须要在类型声明后加入?显式标明该类型可空。
var optionalString: String? = "Hello" optionalString == nil var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed" var gretting = "Hello!" if let name = optionalName { gretting = "Hello, \(name)" }
灵活的switch
Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比較操作:
let vegetable = "red pepper" switch vegetable { case "celery": let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log." case "cucumber", "watercress": let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich." case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"): let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?" default: let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup." }
其他循环
for-in除了遍历数组也能够用来遍历字典:
let interestingNumbers = [ "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13], "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8], "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25], ] var largest = 0 for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers { for number in numbers { if number > largest { largest = number } } } largest
while循环和do-while循环:
var n = 2 while n < 100 { n = n * 2 } n var m = 2 do { m = m * 2 } while m < 100 m
Swift支持传统的for循环,此外也能够通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现相同的逻辑。
var firstForLoop = 0 for i in 0..3 { firstForLoop += i } firstForLoop var secondForLoop = 0 for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i { secondForLoop += 1 } secondForLoop
注意:Swift除了..还有…:..生成前闭后开的区间,而…生成前闭后闭的区间。
函数和闭包
函数
Swift使用funckeyword声明函数:
func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String { return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)." } greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:
func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) { return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79) } getGasPrices()
支持带有变长參数的函数:
func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int { var sum = 0 for number in numbers { sum += number } return sum } sumOf() sumOf(42, 597, 12)
函数也能够嵌套函数:
func returnFifteen() -> Int { var y = 10 func add() { y += 5 } add() return y }
作为头等对象,函数既能够作为返回值,也能够作为參数传递:
func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) { func addOne(number: Int) -> Int { return 1 + number } return addOne } var increment = makeIncrementer() increment(7)
func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool { for item in list { if condition(item) { return true } } return false } func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool { return number < 10 } var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12] hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)
闭包
本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中能够利用{}声明匿名闭包:
numbers.map({ (number: Int) -> Int in let result = 3 * number return result })
当闭包的类型已知时,能够使用以下的简化写法:
numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
此外还能够通过參数的位置来使用參数,当函数最后一个參数是闭包时,能够使用以下的语法:
sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }
类和对象
创建和使用类
Swift使用class创建一个类,类能够包括字段和方法:
class Shape { var numberOfSides = 0 func simpleDescription() -> String { return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides." } }
创建Shape类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。
var shape = Shape() shape.numberOfSides = 7 var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
通过init构建对象,既能够使用self显式引用成员字段(name),也能够隐式引用(numberOfSides)。
class NamedShape { var numberOfSides: Int = 0 var name: String init(name: String) { self.name = name } func simpleDescription() -> String { return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides." } }
使用deinit进行清理工作。
继承和多态
Swift支持继承和多态(override父类方法):
class Square: NamedShape { var sideLength: Double init(sideLength: Double, name: String) { self.sideLength = sideLength super.init(name: name) numberOfSides = 4 } func area() -> Double { return sideLength * sideLength } override func simpleDescription() -> String { return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)." } } let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square") test.area() test.simpleDescription()
注意:假设这里的simpleDescription方法没有被标识为override,则会引发编译错误。
属性
为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property),见以下的perimeter字段:
class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape { var sideLength: Double = 0.0 init(sideLength: Double, name: String) { self.sideLength = sideLength super.init(name: name) numberOfSides = 3 } var perimeter: Double { get { return 3.0 * sideLength } set { sideLength = newValue / 3.0 } } override func simpleDescription() -> String { return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)." } } var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle") triangle.perimeter triangle.perimeter = 9.9 triangle.sideLength
注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自己主动命名为newValue。
willSet和didSet
EquilateralTriangle的构造器进行了例如以下操作:
1.为子类型的属性赋值。
2.调用父类型的构造器。
3.改动父类型的属性。
假设不须要计算属性的值,但须要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSet和didSet:
class TriangleAndSquare { var triangle: EquilateralTriangle { willSet { square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength } } var square: Square { willSet { triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength } } init(size: Double, name: String) { square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name) triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name) } } var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape") triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square") triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength
从而保证triangle和square拥有相等的sideLength。
调用方法
Swift中,函数的參数名称仅仅能在函数内部使用,但方法的參数名称除了在内部使用外还能够在外部使用(第一个參数除外),比如:
class Counter { var count: Int = 0 func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) { count += amount * times } } var counter = Counter() counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7)
注意Swift支持为方法參数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes面向外部,times面向内部。
?的还有一种用途
使用可空值时,?能够出如今方法、属性或下标前面。假设?前的值为nil,那么?后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil,比如:
let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square") let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength
当optionalSquare为nil时,sideLength属性调用会被忽略。
枚举和结构
枚举
使用enum创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举能够关联方法:
enum Rank: Int { case Ace = 1 case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten case Jack, Queen, King func simpleDescription() -> String { switch self { case .Ace: return "ace" case .Jack: return "jack" case .Queen: return "queen" case .King: return "king" default: return String(self.toRaw()) } } } let ace = Rank.Ace let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw()
使用toRaw和fromRaw在原始(raw)数值和枚举值之间进行转换:
if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) { let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription() }
注意:枚举中的成员值(member value)是实际的值(actual value),和原始值(raw value)没有必定关联。
一些情况下枚举不存在有意义的原始值,这时能够直接忽略原始值:
enum Suit { case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs func simpleDescription() -> String { switch self { case .Spades: return "spades" case .Hearts: return "hearts" case .Diamonds: return "diamonds" case .Clubs: return "clubs" } } } let hearts = Suit.Hearts let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription()
除了能够关联方法,枚举还支持在其成员上关联值,同一枚举的不同成员能够有不同的关联的值:
enum ServerResponse { case Result(String, String) case Error(String) } let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm") let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.") switch success { case let .Result(sunrise, sunset): let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)." case let .Error(error): let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)" }
结构
Swift使用structkeyword创建结构。结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。结构和类的最大差别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。
struct Card { var rank: Rank var suit: Suit func simpleDescription() -> String { return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())" } } let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades) let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()
协议(protocol)和扩展(extension)
协议
Swift使用protocol定义协议:
protocol ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String { get } mutating func adjust() }
类型、枚举和结构都能够实现(adopt)协议:
class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class." var anotherProperty: Int = 69105 func adjust() { simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted." } } var a = SimpleClass() a.adjust() let aDescription = a.simpleDescription struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure" mutating func adjust() { simpleDescription += " (adjusted)" } } var b = SimpleStructure() b.adjust() let bDescription = b.simpleDescription
扩展
扩展用于在已有的类型上添加新的功能(比方新的方法或属性),Swift使用extension声明扩展:
extension Int: ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String { return "The number \(self)" } mutating func adjust() { self += 42 } } 7.simpleDescription
泛型(generics)
Swift使用<>来声明泛型函数或泛型类型:
func repeat(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] { var result = ItemType[]() for i in 0..times { result += item } return result } repeat("knock", 4)
Swift也支持在类、枚举和结构中使用泛型:
// Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type enum OptionalValue { case None case Some(T) } var possibleInteger: OptionalValue = .None possibleInteger = .Some(100)
有时须要对泛型做一些需求(requirements),比方需求某个泛型类型实现某个接口或继承自某个特定类型、两个泛型类型属于同一个类型等等,Swift通过where描写叙述这些需求:
func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool { for lhsItem in lhs { for rhsItem in rhs { if lhsItem == rhsItem { return true } } } return false } anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])
本文转自Lucida的博客 感谢原作者