【Django】--Form组件
Django的Form主要具有一下几大功能:
- 生成HTML标签
- 验证用户数据(显示错误信息)
- HTML Form提交保留上次提交数据
- 初始化页面显示内容
例子:
1.创建Form类
from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields class MyForm(Form): user = fields.CharField( widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'id': 'i1', 'class': 'c1'}) ) gender = fields.ChoiceField( choices=((1, '男'), (2, '女'),), initial=2, widget=widgets.RadioSelect ) city = fields.CharField( initial=2, widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) ) pwd = fields.CharField( widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'c1'}, render_value=True) )
2.View函数处理
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from .forms import MyForm def index(request): if request.method == "GET": obj = MyForm() return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) elif request.method == "POST": obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES) if obj.is_valid(): values = obj.clean() print(values) else: errors = obj.errors print(errors) return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) else: return redirect('http://www.google.com')
3.生成HTML
<form action="/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.gender }} {{ form.gender.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.pwd }} {{ form.pwd.errors }}</p> <input type="submit"/> </form>
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% csrf_token %} {{ form.xxoo.label }} {{ form.xxoo.id_for_label }} {{ form.xxoo.label_tag }} {{ form.xxoo.errors }} <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> <input type="submit" /> </form> 其他标签有
Form类
创建Form类时,主要涉及到【字段】和【插件】,字段用于对用户请求数据的验证,插件用于字段生成HTML;
1.Django内置字段如下:
1 Field 2 required=True, 是否允许为空 3 widget=None, HTML插件 4 label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容 5 initial=None, 初始值 6 help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示) 7 error_messages=None, 错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'} 8 show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件(可用于检验两次输入是否一直) 9 validators=[], 自定义验证规则 10 localize=False, 是否支持本地化 11 disabled=False, 是否可以编辑 12 label_suffix=None Label内容后缀 13 14 15 CharField(Field) 16 max_length=None, 最大长度 17 min_length=None, 最小长度 18 strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白 19 20 IntegerField(Field) 21 max_value=None, 最大值 22 min_value=None, 最小值 23 24 FloatField(IntegerField) 25 ... 26 27 DecimalField(IntegerField) 28 max_value=None, 最大值 29 min_value=None, 最小值 30 max_digits=None, 总长度 31 decimal_places=None, 小数位长度 32 33 BaseTemporalField(Field) 34 input_formats=None 时间格式化 35 36 DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:2015-09-01 37 TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:11:12 38 DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12 39 40 DurationField(Field) 时间间隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f 41 ... 42 43 RegexField(CharField) 44 regex, 自定制正则表达式 45 max_length=None, 最大长度 46 min_length=None, 最小长度 47 error_message=None, 忽略,错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'} 48 49 EmailField(CharField) 50 ... 51 52 FileField(Field) 53 allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件 54 55 ImageField(FileField) 56 ... 57 注:需要PIL模块,pip3 install Pillow 58 以上两个字典使用时,需要注意两点: 59 - form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data" 60 - view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES) 61 62 URLField(Field) 63 ... 64 65 66 BooleanField(Field) 67 ... 68 69 NullBooleanField(BooleanField) 70 ... 71 72 ChoiceField(Field) 73 ... 74 choices=(), 选项,如:choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),) 75 required=True, 是否必填 76 widget=None, 插件,默认select插件 77 label=None, Label内容 78 initial=None, 初始值 79 help_text='', 帮助提示 80 81 TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField) 82 coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换 83 empty_value= '' 空值的默认值 84 85 MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField) 86 ... 87 88 TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField) 89 coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换 90 empty_value= '' 空值的默认值 91 92 ComboField(Field) 93 fields=() 使用多个验证,如下:即验证最大长度20,又验证邮箱格式 94 fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),]) 95 96 MultiValueField(Field) 97 PS: 抽象类,子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值,要配合MultiWidget使用 98 99 SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField) 100 input_date_formats=None, 格式列表:['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y'] 101 input_time_formats=None 格式列表:['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M'] 102 103 FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项,目录下文件显示在页面中 104 path, 文件夹路径 105 match=None, 正则匹配 106 recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹 107 allow_files=True, 允许文件 108 allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹 109 required=True, 110 widget=None, 111 label=None, 112 initial=None, 113 help_text='' 114 115 GenericIPAddressField 116 protocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式 117 unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必须为both才能启用 118 119 SlugField(CharField) 数字,字母,下划线,减号(连字符) 120 ... 121 122 UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型 123 ...
UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串
>>> import uuid # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time >>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e') # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e') # make a random UUID >>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da') # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d') # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored) >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}') # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form >>> str(x) '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f' # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID >>> x.bytes b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f' # make a UUID from a 16-byte string >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes) UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
2.Django内置插件:
TextInput(Input)
NumberInput(TextInput)
EmailInput(TextInput)
URLInput(TextInput)
PasswordInput(TextInput)
HiddenInput(TextInput)
Textarea(Widget)
DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
CheckboxInput
Select
NullBooleanSelect
SelectMultiple
RadioSelect
CheckboxSelectMultiple
FileInput
ClearableFileInput
MultipleHiddenInput
SplitDateTimeWidget
SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
SelectDateWidget
常用选择插件
# 单radio,值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) # ) # 单radio,值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect # ) # 单select,值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) # ) # 单select,值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select # ) # 多选select,值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),), # initial=[1,], # widget=widgets.SelectMultiple # ) # 单checkbox # user = fields.CharField( # widget=widgets.CheckboxInput() # ) # 多选checkbox,值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # initial=[2, ], # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple # )
在使用选择标签时,需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取,但是由于是静态字段 ***获取的值无法实时更新***,那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
方式一:
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from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class MyForm(Form): user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), initial = 2 , widget = widgets.Select ) def __init__( self , * args, * * kwargs): super (MyForm, self ).__init__( * args, * * kwargs) # self.fields['user'].widget.choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),) # 或 self .fields[ 'user' ].widget.choices = models.Classes.objects. all ().value_list( 'id' , 'caption' ) |
方式二:
使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段来实现
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from django import forms from django.forms import fields from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import models as form_model from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class FInfo(forms.Form): authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset = models.NNewType.objects. all ()) # authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all()) |
自定义验证规则
方式一:
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from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class MyForm(Form): user = fields.CharField( validators = [RegexValidator(r '^[0-9]+$' , '请输入数字' ), RegexValidator(r '^159[0-9]+$' , '数字必须以159开头' )], ) |
方式二:
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import re from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError # 自定义验证规则 def mobile_validate(value): mobile_re = re. compile (r '^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$' ) if not mobile_re.match(value): raise ValidationError( '手机号码格式错误' ) class PublishForm(Form): title = fields.CharField(max_length = 20 , min_length = 5 , error_messages = { 'required' : '标题不能为空' , 'min_length' : '标题最少为5个字符' , 'max_length' : '标题最多为20个字符' }, widget = widgets.TextInput(attrs = { 'class' : "form-control" , 'placeholder' : '标题5-20个字符' })) # 使用自定义验证规则 phone = fields.CharField(validators = [mobile_validate, ], error_messages = { 'required' : '手机不能为空' }, widget = widgets.TextInput(attrs = { 'class' : "form-control" , 'placeholder' : u '手机号码' })) email = fields.EmailField(required = False , error_messages = { 'required' : u '邮箱不能为空' , 'invalid' : u '邮箱格式错误' }, widget = widgets.TextInput(attrs = { 'class' : "form-control" , 'placeholder' : u '邮箱' })) |
方法三:自定义方法
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from django import forms from django.forms import fields from django.forms import widgets from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class FInfo(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField(max_length = 5 , validators = [RegexValidator(r '^[0-9]+$' , 'Enter a valid extension.' , 'invalid' )], ) email = fields.EmailField() def clean_username( self ): """ Form中字段中定义的格式匹配完之后,执行此方法进行验证 :return: """ value = self .cleaned_data[ 'username' ] if "666" in value: raise ValidationError( '666已经被玩烂了...' , 'invalid' ) return value |
方式四:同时生成多个标签进行验证
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from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator ############## 自定义字段 ############## class PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField): def __init__( self , * args, * * kwargs): # Define one message for all fields. error_messages = { 'incomplete' : 'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.' , } # Or define a different message for each field. f = ( fields.CharField( error_messages = { 'incomplete' : 'Enter a country calling code.' }, validators = [ RegexValidator(r '^[0-9]+$' , 'Enter a valid country calling code.' ), ], ), fields.CharField( error_messages = { 'incomplete' : 'Enter a phone number.' }, validators = [RegexValidator(r '^[0-9]+$' , 'Enter a valid phone number.' )], ), fields.CharField( validators = [RegexValidator(r '^[0-9]+$' , 'Enter a valid extension.' )], required = False , ), ) super (PhoneField, self ).__init__(error_messages = error_messages, fields = f, require_all_fields = False , * args, * * kwargs) def compress( self , data_list): """ 当用户验证都通过后,该值返回给用户 :param data_list: :return: """ return data_list ############## 自定义插件 ############## class SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget): def __init__( self ): ws = ( widgets.TextInput(), widgets.TextInput(), widgets.TextInput(), ) super (SplitPhoneWidget, self ).__init__(ws) def decompress( self , value): """ 处理初始值,当初始值initial不是列表时,调用该方法 :param value: :return: """ if value: return value.split( ',' ) return [ None , None , None ] |
初始化数据
在Web应用程序中开发编写功能时,时常用到获取数据库中的数据并将值初始化在HTML中的标签上。
1、Form
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from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class MyForm(Form): user = fields.CharField() city = fields.ChoiceField( choices = (( 1 , '上海' ), ( 2 , '北京' ),), widget = widgets.Select ) |
2、Views
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from .forms import MyForm def index(request): if request.method == "GET": values = {'user': 'root', 'city': 2} obj = MyForm(values) return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) elif request.method == "POST": return redirect('http://www.google.com') else: return redirect('http://www.google.com')
3、HTML
人生短短数十载,经不起几次重头再来