024-Chapter-9-Section-2-The-Representation-of-the-Components-of-the-Value-of-the-Product

Section 2: The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product Itself

第2节：产品的不同部分分别代表不同的Value

Let us now return to the example by which we were shown how the capitalist
converts money into capital.

现在我们回到那个资本家将货币转化为资本的例子。

The product of a working day of 12 hours is 20 lbs. of yarn, having a value of
30s. No less than 8/10ths of this value, or 24s., is due to mere re-appearance
in it, of the value of the means of production (20 lbs. of cotton, value 20s.,
and spindle worn away, 4s.): it is therefore constant capital. The remaining
2/10ths or 6s. is the new value created during the spinning process: of this one
half replaces the value of the day’s labour-power, or the variable capital, the
remaining half constitutes a surplus-value of 3s. The total value then of the 20
lbs. of yarn is made up as follows:

30s. value of yarn = 24s. const. + 3s. var. + 3s. surpl.

一个12小时工作日的产品是20斤棉纱，其Value为30先令。其中24先令仅仅是生产资料Value的再现，因而是不变资本。其中6先令是纺纱过程中创造的新Value，包括3先令用于补偿劳动力即可变资本，3先令形成剩余价值。也就是说，20斤棉纱的Value=30先令=24先令不变资本+3先令劳动力+3先令剩余价值。

Since the whole of this value is contained in the 20 lbs. of yarn produced, it
follows that the various component parts of this value, can be represented as
being contained respectively in corresponding parts of the product.

If the value of 30s. is contained in 20 lbs. of yarn, then 8/10ths of this
value, or the 24s. that form its constant part, is contained in 8/10ths of the
product or in 16 lbs. of yarn. Of the latter 13 1/3 lbs. represent the value of
the raw material, the 20s. worth of cotton spun, and 2 2/3 lbs. represent the
4s. worth of spindle, &c., worn away in the process.

30先令的Value包含在20斤的棉纱中，那么24先令的Value就包含在16斤的棉纱中。在16斤的棉纱中，13.33斤棉纱代表原材料的Value，即纺掉的棉花的Value（20先令），2.66斤棉纱代表消耗的辅助材料的Value（4先令）。

Hence the whole of the cotton used up in spinning the 20 lbs. of yarn, is
represented by 13 1/3 lbs. of yarn. This latter weight of yarn contains, it is
true, by weight, no more than 13 1/3 lbs. of cotton, worth 13 1/3 shillings; but
the 6 2/3 shillings additional value contained in it, are the equivalent for the
cotton consumed in spinning the remaining 6 2/3 lbs. of yarn. The effect is the
same as if these 6 2/3 lbs. of yarn contained no cotton at all, and the whole 20
lbs. of cotton were concentrated in the 13 1/3 lbs. of yarn. The latter weight,
on the other hand, does not contain an atom either of the value of the auxiliary
materials and implements, or of the value newly created in the process.

【棉花的Value是1先令/斤。】
因此，13.33斤棉纱包含13.33斤棉花，但13.33斤棉纱的Value代表着20斤棉花的Value。13.33斤棉纱中比棉花多出来的6.66先令Value，是纺剩下的6.66斤纱时消耗的棉花的Value的等价物。这个效果，就等同于这样：6.66斤棉纱不含一丁点棉花，20斤棉花全集中到13.33斤棉纱中了；另一方面，13.33斤棉纱，既不包含辅助材料的Value，也不包含新创造的Value了。

In the same way, the 2 2/3 lbs. of yarn, in which the 4s., the remainder of the
constant capital, is embodied, represents nothing but the value of the auxiliary
materials and instruments of labour consumed in producing the 20 lbs. of yarn.

同理，2.66斤棉纱（Value=4先令），即不变资本的另外4先令，只是代表着辅助材料的Value。

We have, therefore, arrived at this result: although eight-tenths of the
product, or 16 lbs. of yarn, is, in its character of an article of utility, just
as much the fabric of the spinner’s labour, as the remainder of the same
product, yet when viewed in this connexion, it does not contain, and has not
absorbed any labour expended during the process of spinning. It is just as if
the cotton had converted itself into yarn, without help; as if the shape it had
assumed was mere trickery and deceit: for so soon as our capitalist sells it for
24s., and with the money replaces his means of production, it becomes evident
that this 16 lbs. of yarn is nothing more than so much cotton and spindle-waste
in disguise.

因此，我们就得出这样的结论
：虽然作为有用物，16斤棉纱与另外4斤棉纱都是纺纱劳动的产物，但从这里的角度看，16斤棉纱不包含劳动，也没有吸收纺纱过程的劳动。似乎棉花自己变成了棉纱，似乎棉花的棉纱形态仅仅是一个诡计。当资本家把16斤棉纱卖掉，得到24先令，又买回生产资料时，就可以明显地看出，这16斤棉纱仅仅是伪装起来的棉花、纱锭等。

On the other hand, the remaining 2/10ths of the product, or 4 lbs of yarn,
represent nothing but the new value of 6s., created during the 12 hours’
spinning process. All the value transferred to those 4 lbs, from the raw
material and instruments of labour consumed, was, so to say, intercepted in
order to be incorporated in the 16 lbs. first spun. In this case, it is as if
the spinner had spun 4 lbs. of yarn out of air, or, as if he had spun them with
the aid of cotton and spindles, that, being the spontaneous gift of Nature,
transferred no value to the product.

另一方面，剩下的4斤棉纱，只代表12小时纺纱过程创造的6先令新Value。其中消耗的原材料和劳动资料，打个比方说，被拦截了，被塞进了前16斤棉纱中。似乎工人凭空纺出了4斤棉纱。似乎工人消耗的棉花和纱锭是天然存在的，没有将任何Value加入产品中。

Of this 4 lbs. of yarn, in which the whole of the value newly created during the
process, is condensed, one half represents the equivalent for the value of the
labour consumed, or the 3s. variable capital, the other half represents the 3s.
surplus-value.

这4斤棉纱，包含着12小时工作日创造的全部Value，其中一半代表消耗的劳动力Value（即3先令的可变资本），另一半代表着3先令的剩余价值。

Since 12 working-hours of the spinner are embodied in 6s., it follows that in
yarn of the value of 30s., there must be embodied 60 working-hours. And this
quantity of labour-time does in fact exist in the 20 lbs of yarn; for in 8/10ths
or 16 lbs there are materialised the 48 hours of labour expended, before the
commencement of the spinning process, on the means of production; and in the
remaining 2/10ths or 4 lbs there are materialised the 12 hours’ work done during
the process itself.

工人的12个劳动小时体现为6先令，那么30先令的20斤棉纱就包含着60个劳动小时。其中16斤棉纱是在纺纱过程之前就物化了的48个劳动小时，也就是物化在了棉纱的生产资料中；剩下4斤棉纱是在纺纱过程中物化了的12个劳动小时。

On a former page we saw that the value of the yarn is equal to the sum of the
new value created during the production of that yarn plus the value previously
existing in the means of production.

如前所述，棉纱的Value=纺纱过程创造的Value+棉纱的生产资料已有的Value。

It has now been shown how the various component parts of the value of the
product, parts that differ functionally from each other, may be represented by
corresponding proportional parts of the product itself.

现在我们看到，产品Value的不同部分，如何体现在产品相应的比例上。

To split up in this manner the product into different parts, of which one
represents only the labour previously spent on the means of production, or the
constant capital, another, only the necessary labour spent during the process of
production, or the variable capital, and another and last part, only the surplus
labour expended during the same process, or the surplus-value; to do this, is,
as will be seen later on from its application to complicated and hitherto
unsolved problems, no less important than it is simple.

我们将产品划分为3个部分：代表之前就耗费在生产资料上的部分，即不变资本；代表生产过程中耗费的劳动力，即可变资本；代表同一过程中的剩余劳动，即剩余价值。这种划分很简单，但很重要。我们将在后续的应用中感受到这一点。

In the preceding investigation we have treated the total product as the final
result, ready for use, of a working day of 12 hours. We can however follow this
total product through all the stages of its production; and in this way we shall
arrive at the same result as before, if we represent the partial products, given
off at the different stages, as functionally different parts of the final or
total product.

上面，我们12小时的20斤棉纱视为研究对象。我们还可以把12小时拆分开，沿着生产过程，将1斤、2斤的棉纱视为研究对象。

The spinner produces in 12 hours 20 lbs. of yarn, or in 1 hour 1⅔ lbs;
consequently he produces in 8 hours 13⅔ lbs., or a partial product equal in
value to all the cotton that is spun in a whole day. In like manner the partial
product of the next period of 1 hour and 36 minutes, is 2⅔ lbs. of yarn: this
represents the value of the instruments of labour that are consumed in 12 hours.
In the following hour and 12 minutes, the spinner produces 2 lbs. of yarn worth
3 shillings, a value equal to the whole value he creates in his 6 hours’
necessary labour. Finally, in the last hour and 12 minutes he produces another 2
lbs. of yarn, whose value is equal to the surplus-value, created by his surplus
labour during half a day. This method of calculation serves the English
manufacturer for every-day use; it shows, he will say, that in the first 8
hours, or ⅔ of the working day, he gets back the value of his cotton; and so on
for the remaining hours. It is also a perfectly correct method: being in fact
the first method given above with this difference, that instead of being applied
to space, in which the different parts of the completed product lie side by
side, it deals with time, in which those parts are successively produced.

12小时（1个工作日）生产20斤棉纱，那么1小时就生产1.66斤棉纱，8小时就生产13.33磅棉纱，其Value等于整个工作日消耗的棉花Value。随后的1小时36分生产2.66磅棉纱，代表整个工作日消耗的辅助材料的Value。再随后的1小时12分生产2磅棉纱=3先令，等于6小时必要劳动创造的Value。最后1小时12分生产2磅棉纱，代表剩余价值。这是英国工厂主日常应用的计算方法。例如他会说，他在最初8小时中把棉花赚回来，如此等等。这个方法是正确的，它实质上就是上文的公式。只不过，上文的公式按空间划分，这里的方法按时间划分。

But it can also be accompanied by very barbarian notions, more especially in the
heads of those who are as much interested, practically, in the process of making
value beget value, as they are in misunderstanding that process theoretically.
Such people may get the notion into their heads, that our spinner, for example,
produces or replaces in the first 8 hours of his working day the value of the
cotton; in the following hour and 36 minutes the value of the instruments of
labour worn away; in the next hour and 12 minutes the value of the wages; and
that he devotes to the production of surplus-value for the manufacturer, only
that well known “last hour.” In this way the poor spinner is made to perform the
two-fold miracle not only of producing cotton, spindles, steam-engine, coal,
oil, &c., at the same time that he spins with them, but also of turning one
working day into five; for, in the example we are considering, the production of
the raw material and instruments of labour demands four working days of twelve
hours each, and their conversion into yarn requires another such day. That the
love of lucre induces an easy belief in such miracles, and that sycophant
doctrinaires are never wanting to prove them, is vouched for by the following
incident of historical celebrity.

但是，伴随这个方法的，也可能产生很野蛮的观念，特别是那些既想在实践中理解Value增值过程，又想在理论中曲解Value增值过程的人。这种人可能说，工人在最初的8小时生产或补偿棉花的Value，在随后的1小时36分生产或补偿劳动资料的Value，在随后的1小时12分生产或补偿工资的Value，只在著名的“最后1小时”才生产剩余价值。【然后这种人的理论就可以忽略劳动者在生产棉花、纺锤、煤炭、蒸汽机、机油等的过程中创造的剩余价值。】【Marx讽刺地说道】这样一来，可怜的工人就被迫施展双重奇迹：一方面，他要一边生产棉花、纺锤、蒸汽机、煤、机油等的同时一边使用它们；另一方面，他把1个工作日变成了5个工作日，生产原材料和劳动资料需要4个工作日，把它们转化为棉纱需要1个工作日。贪欲使人容易相信这种双重奇迹，谄媚的空论家也从不想证明这种双重奇迹。下一节讲述的历史上著名的事件，就说明了这一点。