005-B. Total or Expanded Form of value

B. Total or Expanded Form of value

z Com. A = u Com. B or = v Com. C or = w Com. D or =x Com. E or = &c.
(20 yards of linen = 1 coat or = 10 lbs tea or = 40 lbs. coffee or
= 1 quarter corn or = 2 ounces gold or = ½ ton iron or = &c.)

Value的总和形式或扩展形式
z量商品A=u量商品B，或=v量商品C，或=w量商品D，或=x量商品E，或=其他
（2薄荷=1小麦，或=2铜矿，或=3铁矿，或=5柏木，或=1草鱼，或=其他）

1. The Expanded Relative form of value

Value的扩展的相对形式

The value of a single commodity, the linen, for example, is now expressed in
terms of numberless other elements of the world of commodities. Every other
commodity now becomes a mirror of the linen’s value. It is thus, that for the
first time, this value shows itself in its true light as a congelation of
undifferentiated human labour. For the labour that creates it, now stands
expressly revealed, as labour that ranks equally with every other sort of human
labour, no matter what its form, whether tailoring, ploughing, mining, &c., and
no matter, therefore, whether it is realised in coats, corn, iron, or gold. The
linen, by virtue of the form of its value, now stands in a social relation, no
longer with only one other kind of commodity, but with the whole world of
commodities. As a commodity, it is a citizen of that world. At the same time,
the interminable series of value equations implies, that as regards the value of
a commodity, it is a matter of indifference under what particular form, or kind,
of use value it appears.

一个商品（如薄荷）的Value，现在用无数种其他商品表现出来了。每一种其他商品都是薄荷的Value的镜子。因此，史上第一次，这个Value展现出它作为无差别人类劳动的一面。创造Value的劳动，现在清楚地显示出它与其他任何劳动都相同，无论它是种植、捕鱼、采矿还是其他劳动，无论它实现在小麦、草鱼、铜矿还是其他商品中。薄荷，凭借其Value，现在不仅与一种其他商品建立了社会关系，而且与整个商品世界建立了社会关系。作为商品，它是这个世界的一员。同时，这个可无限延长的Value等式系列表明，作为Value的商品，我们并不关心它的使用价值是什么。

In the first form, 20 yds of linen = 1 coat, it might, for ought that otherwise
appears, be pure accident, that these two commodities are exchangeable in
definite quantities. In the second form, on the contrary, we perceive at once
the background that determines, and is essentially different from, this
accidental appearance. The value of the linen remains unaltered in magnitude,
whether expressed in coats, coffee, or iron, or in numberless different
commodities, the property of as many different owners. The accidental relation
between two individual commodity-owners disappears. It becomes plain, that it is
not the exchange of commodities which regulates the magnitude of their value;
but, on the contrary, that it is the magnitude of their value which controls
their exchange proportions.

“2薄荷=1小麦”这个形式描述的交换过程，可能是偶然的行为。与此相反，一看就知道，扩展的相对形式描述的交过过程，根本地不同于偶然行为。薄荷的Value，无论用小麦、铜矿、草鱼还是其他商品表现，都是一样大。两个商品所有者之间的交换关系的偶然性消失了。显然，商品的Value决定了商品交换的比例，而不是商品交换的比例决定了商品的Value。

2. The particular Equivalent form

特殊等价形式

Each commodity, such as, coat, tea, corn, iron, &c., figures in the expression
of value of the linen, as an equivalent, and, consequently, as a thing that is
value. The bodily form of each of these commodities figures now as a particular
equivalent form, one out of many. In the same way the manifold concrete useful
kinds of labour, embodied in these different commodities, rank now as so many
different forms of the realisation, or manifestation, of undifferentiated human
labour.

每个商品（小麦、铜矿、草鱼等）都表现薄荷的Value，都是等价物，都是被视为Value的东西。每个商品的肉体都是一个特殊的等价形式。同理，凝结在不同商品中的不同的劳动，成为无差别人类劳动的不同的实现形式/表现。

3. Defects of the Total or Expanded form of value

Value的扩展形式的缺点

In the first place, the relative expression of value is incomplete because the
series representing it is interminable. The chain of which each equation of
value is a link, is liable at any moment to be lengthened by each new kind of
commodity that comes into existence and furnishes the material for a fresh
expression of value. In the second place, it is a many-coloured mosaic of
disparate and independent expressions of value. And lastly, if, as must be the
case, the relative value of each commodity in turn, becomes expressed in this
expanded form, we get for each of them a relative value form, different in every
case, and consisting of an interminable series of expressions of value. The
defects of the expanded relative value form are reflected in the corresponding
equivalent form. Since the bodily form of each single commodity is one
particular equivalent form amongst numberless others, we have, on the whole,
nothing but fragmentary equivalent forms, each excluding the others. In the same
way, also, the special, concrete, useful kind of labour embodied in each
particular equivalent, is presented only as a particular kind of labour, and
therefore not as an exhaustive representative of human labour generally. The
latter, indeed, gains adequate manifestation in the totality of its manifold,
particular, concrete forms. But, in that case, its expression in an infinite
series is ever incomplete and deficient in unity.

第一，Value的扩展形式是不完整的，因为它的表现系列没完没了。每次新出现一种商品，就增加一个新的Value表现的材料，这个系列就会延长。
第二，它的Value表现形式太多了。
第三，每种商品的Value的相对形式都与其他商品不同。

The expanded relative value form is, however, nothing but the sum of the
elementary relative expressions or equations of the first kind, such as:

Value的扩展形式，只是相对形式的总和，例如：
20 yards of linen = 1 coat
20 yards of linen = 10 lbs of tea, etc.
2薄荷=1小麦，2薄荷=2铜矿，等

Each of these implies the corresponding inverted equation,

这些相对形式意味着对应的反转的等式：
1 coat = 20 yards of linen
10 lbs of tea = 20 yards of linen, etc.
1小麦=2薄荷，2铜矿=2薄荷，等

In fact, when a person exchanges his linen for many other commodities, and thus
expresses its value in a series of other commodities, it necessarily follows,
that the various owners of the latter exchange them for the linen, and
consequently express the value of their various commodities in one and the same
third commodity, the linen. If then, we reverse the series, 20 yards of linen =
1 coat or = 10 lbs of tea, etc., that is to say, if we give expression to the
converse relation already implied in the series, we get,

实际中，当FarmerA用他的薄荷交换其他各种商品时，也就是其他人在用各种商品交换FarmerA的薄荷，也就是其他各种商品在用薄荷表达它们的Value。那么，我们将Value的扩展形式隐含的反面关系写出来，就得到：

C. The General Form of Value

Value的普遍形式