Day4 自定义控件/ListView/RecyclerView
创建自定义控件
引入布局
在新增的title.xml中创建一个自定义的标题栏:
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:background="@drawable/title_bg">
<Button
android:id="@+id/title_back"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:background="@drawable/back_bg"
android:text="Back"
android:textColor="#fff"
/>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/title_text"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:gravity="center"
android:text="Title Text"
android:textColor="#fff"
android:textSize="24sp"
/>
<Button
android:id="@+id/title_edit"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:background="@drawable/edit_bg"
android:text="Edit"
android:textColor="#fff"
/>
</LinearLayout>
其中android:layout_margin
这个属性可以指定控件在上下左右方向上偏移的距离,也可以用android:layout_marginLeft
或android:layout_marginTop
等属性来单独指定偏移距离。
接下来是在activity_main.xml中使用:
<include layout="@layout/title" />
最后在MainActivity中将系统自带的标题栏隐藏掉:
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
ActionBar actionBar = getSupportActionBar();
if(actionBar!=null)
actionBar.hide();
}
创建自定义控件
如果在每一个活动中都需要重新注册一遍返回按钮的点击事件,无疑会增加很多重复代码,所以使用自定义控件的方式来解决。
新建TitleLayout继承自LinearLayout,让它成为我们自定义的标题栏控件:
public class TitleLayout extends LinearLayout {
public TitleLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs){
super(context, attrs);
LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(R.layout.title, this);
//为两个按钮注册点击事件
Button titleBack = (Button) findViewById(R.id.title_back);
Button titleEdit = (Button) findViewById(R.id.title_edit);
titleBack.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
((Activity)getContext()).finish();
}
});
titleEdit.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast.makeText(getContext(),"You clicked Edit button", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
}
}
Tips:Difference between new View.OnClickListener and new OnClickListener:
If you’re imported View.OnClickListener, both will refer to the same class and will work identically.
View.OnClickListener is just often used to distinguish from DialogInterface.OnClickListener
我们重写了LinearLayout中带有两个参数的构造函数,在布局中引入TitleLayout控件就会调用这个构造函数。用LayoutInflater来实现对标题栏布局的动态加载,通过from()方法空空伊构建出一个LayoutInflater对象,然后调用inflate()方法就可以动态加载一个布局文件,其中第二个参数是给加载好的布局再添加一个父布局,这里我们像要指定为TitleLayout,于是直接传入this。
在布局文件中添加这个自定义控件:
<com.example.uicustomviews.TitleLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
这样的话,每当我们在一个布局中引入TitleLayout时,返回按钮和编辑按钮的点击事件就已经自动实现好了,这就省去了很多编写重复代码的工作。
ListView
ListView是最常用的一个控件了,在xml中定义:
<ListView
android:id="@+id/list_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
</ListView>
在MainActivity中使用:
private String[] data = {"Apple","Banana","Orange","Watermelon","Pear","Grape","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple","Pineapple"};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
//构造适配器
ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(MainActivity.this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, data);
ListView listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.list_view);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
数组中的数据是无法直接传递给ListView的,需要借助适配器来完成,Android中提供了很多适配器的实现类,其中我认为最好用的就是ArrayAdapter。它可以通过泛型来指定要适配的数据类型,然后在构造函数中把要适配的数据传入,其中android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1
是一个Android内置的布局文件。
定制ListView界面
首先自定义类:
public class Fruit {
private String name;
private int imageId;
public Fruit(String name, int imageId){
this.name = name;
this.imageId= imageId;
}
public String getName(){
return name;
}
public int getImageId(){
return imageId;
}
}
自定义适配器:
public class FruitAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<Fruit> {
private int resourceId;
public FruitAdapter(Context context, int textViewResourceId, List<Fruit> objects){
//用于将上下文、ListView子项布局的id和数据都传进来
super(context, textViewResourceId, objects);
resourceId = textViewResourceId;
}
@Override
public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
Fruit fruit = getItem(position); //得到当前的Fruit实例
//为这个子项加载我们传入的布局,false表示只让我们在父布局中声明的layout属性生效,不为这个View添加父布局,因为一旦View有了父布局之后,它就不能再添加到ListView中了。
View view = LayoutInflater.from(getContext()).inflate(resourceId, parent, false );
ImageView fruitImage = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_image); //获取ImageView实例
TextView fruitName = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_name); //获取Textview实例
fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.getImageId());
fruitName.setText(fruit.getName());
return view;
}
}
最后在MainActivity中使用:
private List<Fruit> fruitList = new ArrayList<>();
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
initFruits(); //初始化水果数据
//构造adapter对象
FruitAdapter adapter = new FruitAdapter(MainActivity.this, R.layout.fruit_item, fruitList);
ListView listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.list_view);
listView.setAdapter(adapter); //设定ListView
}
提升ListView的运行效率
目前我们ListView的运行效率是很低的,因为在FruitAdapter的getView()方法中,每次都将布局重新加载了一遍。
getView()方法中还有一个convertView参数,这个参数用于将之前加载好的布局进行缓存,以便之后可以进行重用。修改代码后:
View view;
if(convertView == null)
view = LayoutInflater.from(getContext()).inflate(resourceId, parent, false);
else
view = convertView;
这样就大大提高了ListView的运行效率。继续优化:在getView()方法中还是会调用View的findViewById()方法来获取一次控件的实例。可以借助一个ViewHolder来对这部分性能进行优化,修改代码:
@Override
public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
Fruit fruit = getItem(position);
View view;
ViewHolder viewHolder;
if(convertView == null) {
view = LayoutInflater.from(getContext()).inflate(resourceId, parent, false);
viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
viewHolder.fruitImage = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_image);
viewHolder.fruitName = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_name);
view.setTag(viewHolder);
}
else {
view = convertView;
viewHolder = (ViewHolder) view.getTag();
}
viewHolder.fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.getImageId());
viewHolder.fruitName.setText(fruit.getName());
return view;
}
class ViewHolder {
ImageView fruitImage;
TextView fruitName;
}
我们新增了一个内部类ViewHolder,用于对控件的实例进行缓存。把控件的实例都放在ViewHolder里,然后调用setTag()的方法,将ViewHolder对象存储在View中。当convertView不为null的时候,则调用View的getTag()方法,把ViewHolder重新取出。这样就不用每次通过findViewById()方法来获取控件实例了。
ListView的点击事件
在MainActivity中添加点击监听器即可:
listView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
Fruit fruit = fruitList.get(position);
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, fruit.getName(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
RecyclerView
RecyclerView同百分比布局,定义在了support库当中,首先需要在项目的build.gradle中添加相应的依赖库才行:
compile 'com.android.support:recyclerview-v7:24.2.1'
然后在xml中修改代码:
<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:id="@+id/recycler_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
</android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView>
为RecyclerView准备一个适配器:
//适配器继承自RecyclerView.Adapter并将泛型指定为FruitAdapter.ViewHolder(ViewHolder我们定义的是内部类)
public class FruitAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<FruitAdapter.ViewHolder> {
private List<Fruit> mFruitList;
//定义内部类ViewHolder,继承自RecyclerView.ViewHolder
static class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder{
ImageView fruitImage;
TextView fruitName;
//构造函数中传入一个View参数,通常是RecyclerView子项最外层布局
public ViewHolder(View view){
super(view);
//获取布局中的实例
fruitImage = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_image);
fruitName = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_name);
}
}
//用于把要展示的数据源传进来,并赋值给一个全局变量mFruitList
public FruitAdapter(List<Fruit> fruitList){
mFruitList = fruitList;
}
//由于FruitAdapter是继承自RecyclerView.Adapter的,那么就要重写以下3个方法
@Override
//将fruit_item布局加载进来,然后创建一个ViewHolder实例,并把加载出来的布局传入到构造函数当中
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
View view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.fruit_item, parent, false);
ViewHolder holder = new ViewHolder(view);
return holder;
}
@Override
//用于对RecyclerView子项的数据进行赋值,会在每个子项被滚动到屏幕内的时候执行,这里通过position参数得到当前的Fruit实例
public void onBindViewHolder(ViewHolder holder, int position) {
Fruit fruit = mFruitList.get(position);
holder.fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.getImageId());
holder.fruitName.setText(fruit.getName());
}
@Override
//返回数据源长度
public int getItemCount() {
return mFruitList.size();
}
}
准备好适配器后,就可以开始使用RecyclerView了,修改MainActivity中的代码:
private List<Fruit> fruitList = new ArrayList<>();
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
initFruits(); //初始化水果数据
RecyclerView recyclerView = (RecyclerView) findViewById(R.id.recycler_view);
//LayoutManager用于指定RecyclerView的布局方式,这里是线性布局的意思,可以实现和ListView类似的效果。
LinearLayoutManager layoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(this);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(layoutManager);
FruitAdapter adapter = new FruitAdapter(fruitList);
recyclerView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
小结:个人感觉难点还是在于如何自己构建适配器,已经很晚了,最近有考试,今后再慢慢钻研吧!一起加油。