Runtime PM 处理不当导致的 external abort on non-linefetch 案例分享
硬件平台:某ARM SoC
软件平台:Linux
1 Runtime PM 简介
在介绍 Runtime PM 之前,不妨先看看传统的电源管理。传统的电源管理机制,称之为 System PM(System Suspend & Resume),当整个系统要进入睡眠时,依次调用各驱动模块的 suspend 函数,是一种粗粒度的电源管理,执行路径相对也比较单一。
Runtime PM,直译过来就是运行时电源管理。每个设备(包括芯片内部件)各自处理好自身的电源管理工作,在不需要工作的时候尽量进入低功耗状态,在需要工作时又重新起来。这样即使整个系统没有进入睡眠的情况下,设备自身也可以根据实际工作情况决定是否要进入低功耗状态,达到尽量省电的目的。
落实到代码上,当需要设备工作时,通过调用 pm_runtime_get_sync 让设备 runtime resume;当工作完成后,通过调用 pm_runtime_put 让设备 runtime suspend,伪代码如下:
senddata() { pm_runtime_get_sync() do something ... pm_runtime_put() }
recvdata() { pm_runtime_get_sync() do something ... pm_runtime_put() }
pm_runtime_get_sync 和 pm_runtime_put 会维护一个引用计数,pm_runtime_get_sync 会增加引用计数,pm_runtime_put 会减少引用计数,当引用计数为0时,才会真正让设备进入低功耗。
Runtime PM 的概念是比较直观的,对于某个设备来说,就是谁需要我工作,就 get 我,否则就 put 我。但是提供的函数接口有点多,本文的重点不在这里,就不一一介绍了,常用的如下:
- pm_runtime_get_sync //请求
- pm_runtime_put //释放
- pm_runtime_use_autosuspend //启用auto-suspend
- pm_runtime_set_autosuspend_delay //设置多久之后auto-suspend
- pm_runtime_put_autosuspend //带auto-suspend的释放
- pm_runtime_mark_last_busy //重置auto-suspend时间计数
Runtime PM 调用的时机,需要设备驱动仔细地处理,不然可能引发功耗问题或者系统异常。
- 如果控制的粒度太细,比如封装一个寄存器读写接口,每次去读写这个设备的寄存器时,都先 get 再 put,那未免代价太高了;
- 如果控制的粒度太粗,比如设备驱动起来后就一直 get,直到系统 suspend 才 put,那就和传统的电源管理差不多了,失去了 Runtime PM 的意义。
- 如果 get / put 接口没有成对调用,比如 get 的次数大于 put 的次数,那设备就进不了低功耗。
- 如果 put 的时机不太合适,导致设备下电后仍然有代码访问设备,那么就可能出现异常。
2 问题案例 Kernel Panic:external abort on non-linefetch
external abort on non-linefetch,常见的原因是:读写芯片内某个部件的寄存器时,该部件的 power 和 clock 还没有开启。
案例一,通过用户空间 spidev_test 程序测试 SPI 时报错。
[ 86.901554] c2 Unhandled fault: external abort on non-linefetch (0x1008) at 0xe999a008 [ 86.909373] c2 pgd = 6fa82014 [ 86.912315] c2 [e999a008] *pgd=a80e1811, *pte=70a00653, *ppte=70a00453 [ 86.918813] c2 Internal error: : 1008 [#1] PREEMPT SMP ARM [ 86.942798] c2 CPU: 2 PID: 2653 Comm: spidev_test Tainted: G O 4.14.133+ #10 [ 86.950923] c2 Hardware name: Generic DT based system [ 86.955945] c2 task: 434d36b9 task.stack: a6b02495 [ 86.960713] c2 PC is at foo_spi_chipselect+0x8c/0xdc [ 86.965721] c2 LR is at 0xe999a000 [ 86.969095] c2 pc : [<c0671184>] lr : [<e999a000>] psr: a00f0013 [ 86.975590] c2 sp : c3a07db8 ip : 00000000 fp : c3a07dd4 [ 86.981039] c2 r10: 00000036 r9 : 00000003 r8 : 00000196 [ 86.986489] c2 r7 : 00000196 r6 : e999a008 r5 : c3a07db8 r4 : c067113c [ 86.993241] c2 r3 : c11adb28 r2 : e9898030 r1 : 00000030 r0 : e9898000 [ 86.999993] c2 Flags: NzCv IRQs on FIQs on Mode SVC_32 ISA ARM Segment none [ 87.007349] c2 Control: 10c5383d Table: 8531806a DAC: 00000051 [ 87.013319] c2 Process spidev_test (pid: 2653, stack limit = 0xd6c1587c) ... [ 87.184082] c2 [<c0671184>] (foo_spi_chipselect) from [<c066b4c0>] (spi_set_cs+0x8c/0x90) [ 87.192294] c2 [<c066b4c0>] (spi_set_cs) from [<c066df88>] (spi_setup+0x128/0x1dc) [ 87.199814] c2 [<c066df88>] (spi_setup) from [<c066fa84>] (spidev_ioctl+0x26c/0x84c) [ 87.207521] c2 [<c066fa84>] (spidev_ioctl) from [<c02cda60>] (vfs_ioctl+0x28/0x44) [ 87.215048] c2 [<c02cda60>] (vfs_ioctl) from [<c02ce370>] (do_vfs_ioctl+0x7a8/0x900) [ 87.222748] c2 [<c02ce370>] (do_vfs_ioctl) from [<c02ce524>] (SyS_ioctl+0x5c/0x84) [ 87.230276] c2 [<c02ce524>] (SyS_ioctl) from [<c0108760>] (ret_fast_syscall+0x0/0x28)
从函数调用栈可以看出,spidev_test 程序通过 IOCTL 与 SPI driver 交互时,在 SPI driver 的 foo_spi_chipselect 函数中发生了错误。foo_spi_chipselect 函数的内容如下,可以看到它读写了 SPI Controller 的寄存器,但是操作之前并没有调用 pm_runtime_get 让 controller resume。
static void foo_spi_chipselect(struct spi_device *sdev, bool cs) { struct spi_controller *sctlr = sdev->controller; struct foo_spi *ss = spi_controller_get_devdata(sctlr); u32 val; val = readl_relaxed(ss->base + FOO_SPI_CTL0); /* The SPI controller will pull down CS pin if cs is 0 */ if (!cs) { val &= ~FOO_SPI_CS0_VALID; writel_relaxed(val, ss->base + FOO_SPI_CTL0); } else { val |= FOO_SPI_CSN_MASK; writel_relaxed(val, ss->base + FOO_SPI_CTL0); } }
我们可以改成如下代码解决问题。
static void foo_spi_chipselect(struct spi_device *sdev, bool cs) { struct spi_controller *sctlr = sdev->controller; struct foo_spi *ss = spi_controller_get_devdata(sctlr); u32 val; + pm_runtime_get_sync(ss->dev); val = readl_relaxed(ss->base + FOO_SPI_CTL0); /* The SPI controller will pull down CS pin if cs is 0 */ if (!cs) { val &= ~FOO_SPI_CS0_VALID; writel_relaxed(val, ss->base + FOO_SPI_CTL0); } else { val |= FOO_SPI_CSN_MASK; writel_relaxed(val, ss->base + FOO_SPI_CTL0); } + pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(ss->dev); + pm_runtime_put_autosuspend(ss->dev); }
但是较新的(2019年10月份以后) kernel spi 代码,已经在 spi core 代码中修复了此问题,无需改动芯片厂商的 controller 驱动。
diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi.c b/drivers/spi/spi.c index f9502db..19007e0 100644 --- a/drivers/spi/spi.c +++ b/drivers/spi/spi.c @@ -3091,7 +3091,20 @@ int spi_setup(struct spi_device *spi) if (spi->controller->setup) status = spi->controller->setup(spi); - spi_set_cs(spi, false); + if (spi->controller->auto_runtime_pm && spi->controller->set_cs) { + status = pm_runtime_get_sync(spi->controller->dev.parent); + if (status < 0) { + pm_runtime_put_noidle(spi->controller->dev.parent); + dev_err(&spi->controller->dev, "Failed to power device: %d\n", + status); + return status; + } + spi_set_cs(spi, false); + pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(spi->controller->dev.parent); + pm_runtime_put_autosuspend(spi->controller->dev.parent); + } else { + spi_set_cs(spi, false); + } if (spi->rt && !spi->controller->rt) { spi->controller->rt = true;
详情可参考 https://lore.kernel.org/linux-arm-kernel/1572426234-30019-1-git-send-email-luhua.xu@mediatek.com/
案例二 USB做Host时反复开关机测试出现异常
[ 11.616956] c0 Unhandled fault: external abort on non-linefetch (0x1008) at 0xd02d4001 [ 11.624774] c0 pgd = c0004000 [ 11.627708] [d02d4001] *pgd=8f69a811, *pte=20200653, *ppte=20200453 [ 11.633944] c0 Internal error: : 1008 [#1] PREEMPT SMP ARM [ 11.639390] Modules linked in: [ 11.642424] c0 CPU: 0 PID: 161 Comm: kworker/0:3 Not tainted 4.4.83 #1 [ 11.648909] c0 Hardware name: Generic DT based system [ 11.653940] Workqueue: events musb_deassert_reset [ 11.658601] c0 task: ce854780 task.stack: ce8c6000 [ 11.663364] c0 PC is at musb_default_readb+0x54/0x9c
原因和案例一类似,musb_deassert_reset 在 USB controller shutdown 的状态下访问了 USB controller 的寄存器。
static void musb_deassert_reset(struct work_struct *work) { struct musb *musb; unsigned long flags; musb = container_of(work, struct musb, deassert_reset_work.work); + pm_runtime_get_sync(musb->controller); spin_lock_irqsave(&musb->lock, flags); if (musb->port1_status & USB_PORT_STAT_RESET) musb_port_reset(musb, false); spin_unlock_irqrestore(&musb->lock, flags); + pm_runtime_put(musb->controller); }
按以上修改后,上述错误路径不复现,但是出现了新的错误路径,说明修改得并不彻底。
[ 13.364606] c0 Unhandled fault: external abort on non-linefetch (0x1008) at 0xd02d4001 [ 13.372418] c0 pgd = c0004000 [ 13.375359] [d02d4001] *pgd=8f69a811, *pte=20200653, *ppte=20200453 [ 13.381595] c0 Internal error: : 1008 [#1] PREEMPT SMP ARM [ 13.387042] Modules linked in: [ 13.390075] c0 CPU: 0 PID: 4 Comm: kworker/0:0 Not tainted 4.4.83 #1 [ 13.396388] c0 Hardware name: Generic DT based system [ 13.401417] Workqueue: usb_hub_wq hub_event [ 13.405562] c0 task: cf471380 task.stack: cf490000 [ 13.410326] c0 PC is at musb_default_readb+0x54/0x9c
梳理 musb 代码(drivers/usb/musb/*),发现 musb_gadget 代码有针对 runtime PM 的处理,musb_host 代码则没有针对 runtime PM 的处理。最后的处理方案是在 USB controller 驱动中完善 runtime PM 处理,没有修改 musb 公共代码。具体修改细节与该厂商 USB controller 的驱动实现逻辑有关,没有普遍的借鉴意义,就没有必要贴出了。
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