Python 2.7.x 和 3.x 版本的语法区别

<__future__模块>

    Python 3.x引入了一些与Python 2不兼容的关键字和特性,在Python 2中,可以通过内置的__future__模块导入这些新内容。如果你希望在Python 2环境下写的代码也可以在Python 3.x中运行,那么建议使用__future__模块。例如,如果希望在Python 2中拥有Python 3.x的整数除法行为,可以通过下面的语句导入相应的模块。

from __future__ import division
 

下表列出了__future__中其他可导入的特性:

特性可选版本强制版本效果
nested_scopes 2.1.0b1 2.2 PEP 227:
Statically Nested Scopes
generators 2.2.0a1 2.3 PEP 255:
Simple Generators
division 2.2.0a2 3.0 PEP 238:
Changing the Division Operator
absolute_import 2.5.0a1 3.0 PEP 328:
Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative
with_statement 2.5.0a1 2.6 PEP 343:
The “with” Statement
print_function 2.6.0a2 3.0 PEP 3105:
Make print a function
unicode_literals 2.6.0a2 3.0 PEP 3112:
Bytes literals in Python 3000

示例:

from platform import python_version
 

<print函数>

  虽然print语法是Python 3中一个很小的改动,且应该已经广为人知,但依然值得提一下:Python 2中的print语句被Python 3中的print()函数取代,这意味着在Python 3中必须用括号将需要输出的对象括起来。在Python 2中使用额外的括号也是可以的。但反过来在Python 3中想以Python2的形式不带括号调用print函数时,会触发SyntaxError。

#Python 2
print 'Python', python_version()
print 'Hello, World!'
print('Hello, World!')
print "text", ; print 'print more text on the same line'
 
Python 2.7.6
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
text print more text on the same line
 
#Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
print('Hello, World!')
 
print("some text,", end="") 
print(' print more text on the same line')
print 'Hello, World!'
 
Python 3.4.1
Hello, World!
some text, print more text on the same line

File "<ipython-input-3-139a7c5835bd>", line 1
print 'Hello, World!'
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
 
 
注意:

    在Python中,带不带括号输出”Hello World”都很正常。但如果在圆括号中同时输出多个对象时,就会创建一个元组,这是因为在Python 2中,print是一个语句,而不是函数调用。

print 'Python', python_version()
print('a', 'b')
print 'a', 'b'
 
Python 2.7.7
('a', 'b')
a b
 

<整数除法>

    由于人们常常会忽视Python 3在整数除法上的改动(写错了也不会触发Syntax Error),所以在移植代码或在Python 2中执行Python 3的代码时,需要特别注意这个改动。所以,会在Python 3的脚本中尝试用float(3)/2或 3/2.0代替3/2,以此来避免代码在Python 2环境下可能导致的错误(或与之相反,在Python 2脚本中用from __future__ import division来使用Python 3的除法)。

#Python 2

print 'Python', python_version()
print '3 / 2 =', 3 / 2
print '3 // 2 =', 3 // 2
print '3 / 2.0 =', 3 / 2.0
print '3 // 2.0 =', 3 // 2.0
 
Python 2.7.6
3 / 2 = 1
3 // 2 = 1
3 / 2.0 = 1.5
3 // 2.0 = 1.0
 

#Python 3

print('Python', python_version())
print('3 / 2 =', 3 / 2)
print('3 // 2 =', 3 // 2)
print('3 / 2.0 =', 3 / 2.0)
print('3 // 2.0 =', 3 // 2.0)
 
Python 3.4.1
3 / 2 = 1.5
3 // 2 = 1
3 / 2.0 = 1.5
3 // 2.0 = 1.0
 

<Python 字符编码>

    2有基于ASCII的str()类型,其可通过单独的unicode()函数转成unicode类型,但没有byte类型。而在Python 3中,终于有了Unicode(utf-8)字符串,以及两个字节类:bytes和bytearrays

#Python 2    

print 'Python', python_version()
Python 2.7.6
print type(unicode('this is like a python3 str type'))
print type(b'byte type does not exist')
print 'they are really' + b' the same'
print type(bytearray(b'bytearray oddly does exist though'))

 
<type 'unicode'>
<type 'str'>
they are really the same
<type 'bytearray'>
 

#Python 3

print('Python', python_version())
print('strings are now utf-8 u03BCnicou0394é!')
print('Python', python_version(), end="")
#print(' has', type(b' bytes for storing data'))
print('and Python', python_version(), end="")
print(' also has', type(bytearray(b'bytearrays')))
 
Python 3.4.1
strings are now utf-8 μnicoΔé!
Python 3.4.1 has <class 'bytes'>
and Python 3.4.1 also has <class 'bytearray'>
'note that we cannot add a string' + b'bytes for data'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-13-d3e8942ccf81> in <module>()
----> 1 'note that we cannot add a string' + b'bytes for data'
 
TypeError: Can't convert 'bytes' object to str implicitly
 

<xrange>

    在Python 2.x中,经常会用xrange()创建一个可迭代对象,通常出现在“for循环”或“列表/集合/字典推导式”中。这种行为与生成器非常相似(如”惰性求值“),但这里的xrange-iterable无尽的,意味着可能在这个xrange上无限迭代。由于xrange的“惰性求知“特性,如果只需迭代一次(如for循环中),range()通常比xrange()快一些。不过不建议在多次迭代中使用range(),因为range()每次都会在内存中重新生成一个列表。在Python 3中,range()的实现方式与xrange()函数相同,所以就不存在专用的xrange()(在Python 3中使用xrange()会触发NameError)。

import timeit
 
n = 10000
def test_range(n):
    return for i in range(n):
    pass
 
def test_xrange(n):
    for i in xrange(n):
    pass

#Python 2
print 'Python', python_version()

print 'ntiming range()'
%timeit test_range(n)
 
print 'nntiming xrange()'
%timeit test_xrange(n)
Python 2.7.6
 
timing range()
1000 loops, best of 3: 433 µs per loop
 
timing xrange()
1000 loops, best of 3: 350 µs per loop
    
#Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
 
print('ntiming range()')
%timeit test_range(n)
Python 3.4.1

timing range()
1000 loops, best of 3: 520 µs per loop
print(xrange(10))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
----> 1 print(xrange(10))
 
NameError: name 'xrange' is not defined
 

<Python 3中的range对象中的__contains__方法>

    另一个值得一提的是,在Python 3.x中,range有了一个新的__contains__方法。__contains__方法可以有效的加快Python 3.x中整数和布尔型的“查找”速度。

x = 10000000
def val_in_range(x, val):
 return val in range(x)
 
def val_in_xrange(x, val):
 return val in xrange(x)
 
print('Python', python_version())
assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)
assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x//2)
Python 3.4.1
1 loops, best of 3: 742 ms per loop
1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.19 µs per loop
 

    根据上面的timeit的结果,查找整数比查找浮点数要快大约6万倍。但由于Python 2.x中的range或xrange没有__contains__方法,所以在Python 2中的整数和浮点数的查找速度差别不大。

print 'Python', python_version()
 
assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0) == True)
assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2) == True)
assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)
assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)
%timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0)
%timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2.0)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)
Python 2.7.7
1 loops, best of 3: 285 ms per loop
1 loops, best of 3: 179 ms per loop
1 loops, best of 3: 658 ms per loop
1 loops, best of 3: 556 ms per loop
 

    下面的代码证明了Python 2.x中没有__contain__方法:

print('Python', python_version())
range.__contains__
Python 3.4.1
<slot wrapper '__contains__' of 'range' objects
print('Python', python_version())
range.__contains__
Python 2.7.7
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-05327350dafb> in <module>()
1 print 'Python', python_version()
----> 2 range.__contains__
 
AttributeError: 'builtin_function_or_method' object has no attribute '__contains__'
print('Python', python_version())
xrange.__contains__
Python 2.7.7
 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
in ()
1 print 'Python', python_version()
----> 2 xrange.__contains__
 
AttributeError: type object 'xrange' has no attribute '__contains__'
 

    关于Python 2中xrange()与Python 3中range()之间的速度差异的一点说明:有读者指出了Python 3中的range()和Python 2中xrange()执行速度有差异。由于这两者的实现方式相同,因此理论上执行速度应该也是相同的。这里的速度差别仅仅是因为Python 3的总体速度就比Python 2慢。

def test_while():
 i = 0
 while i < 20000:
  i += 1
 return
print('Python', python_version())
%timeit test_while()
Python 3.4.1
%timeit test_while()
100 loops, best of 3: 2.68 ms per loop
print 'Python', python_version()
%timeit test_while()
Python 2.7.6
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.72 ms per loop
 

<触发异常>

Python 2支持新旧两种异常触发语法,而Python 3只接受带括号的的语法(不然会触发SyntaxError):

#Python 2
print 'Python', python_version()
Python 2.7.6
raise IOError, "file error"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IOError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-25f049caebb0> in <module>()
----> 1 raise IOError, "file error"
 
IOError: file error
raise IOError("file error")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IOError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-9-6f1c43f525b2> in <module>()
----> 1 raise IOError("file error")
 
IOError: file error
    
#Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
Python 3.4.1
raise IOError, "file error"
File "<ipython-input-10-25f049caebb0>", line 1
raise IOError, "file error"
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
The proper way to raise an exception in Python 3:
print('Python', python_version())
raise IOError("file error")

#Python 3.4.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-c350544d15da> in <module>()
1 print('Python', python_version())
----> 2 raise IOError("file error")
 
OSError: file error
 

<异常处理>

    Python 3中的异常处理也发生了一点变化。在Python 3中必须使用“as”关键字。

#Python 2
print 'Python', python_version()
try:
 let_us_cause_a_NameError
except NameError, err:
 print err, '--> our error message'
Python 2.7.6
name 'let_us_cause_a_NameError' is not defined --> our error message

#Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
try:
 let_us_cause_a_NameError
except NameError as err:
 print(err, '--> our error message')
Python 3.4.1
name 'let_us_cause_a_NameError' is not defined --> our error message
 

<next()函数和.next()方法>

    由于会经常用到next()(.next())函数(方法),所以还要提到另一个语法改动(实现方面也做了改动):在Python 2.7.5中,函数形式和方法形式都可以使用,而在Python 3中,只能使用next()函数(试图调用.next()方法会触发AttributeError)。

#Python 2
print 'Python', python_version()
my_generator = (letter for letter in 'abcdefg')
next(my_generator)
my_generator.next()
Python 2.7.6
'b'

#Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
my_generator = (letter for letter in 'abcdefg')
next(my_generator)
Python 3.4.1
'a'
my_generator.next()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-14-125f388bb61b> in <module>()
----> 1 my_generator.next()
 
AttributeError: 'generator' object has no attribute 'next'
 

<For循环变量与全局命名空间泄漏>

    好消息是:在Python 3.x中,for循环中的变量不再会泄漏到全局命名空间中了,这是Python 3.x中做的一个改动,在“What's New In Python 3.0”中有如下描述:“列表推导不再支持[... for var in item1, item2, ...]这样的语法,使用[... for var in (item1, item2, ...)]代替。还要注意列表推导有不同的语义:现在列表推导更接近list()构造器中的生成器表达式这样的语法糖,特别要注意的是,循环控制变量不会再泄漏到循环周围的空间中了。”

#Python 2
print 'Python', python_version()
 
i = 1
print 'before: i =', i
 
print 'comprehension: ', [i for i in range(5)]
 
print 'after: i =', i
Python 2.7.6
before: i = 1
comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
after: i = 4
    
#Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
 
i = 1
print('before: i =', i)
 
print('comprehension:', [i for i in range(5)])
 
print('after: i =', i)
Python 3.4.1
before: i = 1
comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
after: i = 1
 

<比较无序类型>

    Python 3中另一个优秀的改动是,如果我们试图比较无序类型,会触发一个TypeError。

#Python 2
print 'Python', python_version()
print "[1, 2] > 'foo' = ", [1, 2] > 'foo'
print "(1, 2) > 'foo' = ", (1, 2) > 'foo'
print "[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2)
Python 2.7.6
[1, 2] > 'foo' = False
(1, 2) > 'foo' = True
[1, 2] > (1, 2) = False

#Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
print("[1, 2] > 'foo' = ", [1, 2] > 'foo')
print("(1, 2) > 'foo' = ", (1, 2) > 'foo')
print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))
Python 3.4.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-16-a9031729f4a0> in <module>()
1 print('Python', python_version())
----> 2 print("[1, 2] > 'foo' = ", [1, 2] > 'foo')
3 print("(1, 2) > 'foo' = ", (1, 2) > 'foo')
4 print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))
TypeError: unorderable types: list() > str()
 

<通过input()解析用户的输入>

    幸运的是,Python 3改进了input()函数,这样该函数就会总是将用户的输入存储为str对象。在Python 2中,为了避免读取非字符串类型会发生的一些危险行为,不得不使用raw_input()代替input()。

#Python 2
Python 2.7.6
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5493)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
 
>>> my_input = input('enter a number: ')
 
enter a number: 123
 
>>> type(my_input)
<type 'int'>
 
>>> my_input = raw_input('enter a number: ')
 
enter a number: 123
 
>>> type(my_input)
<type 'str'>

#Python 3
Python 3.4.1
[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5577)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
 
>>> my_input = input('enter a number: ')
enter a number: 123
>>> type(my_input)
<class 'str'>
 

<返回可迭代对象,而不是列表>

    在xrange一节中可以看到,某些函数和方法在Python中返回的是可迭代对象,而不像在Python 2中返回列表。由于通常对这些对象只遍历一次,所以这种方式会节省很多内存。然而,如果通过生成器来多次迭代这些对象,效率就不高了。此时我们的确需要列表对象,可以通过list()函数简单的将可迭代对象转成列表。

#Python 2
print 'Python', python_version()
print range(3)
print type(range(3))
Python 2.7.6
[0, 1, 2]
<type 'list'>

#Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
print(range(3))
print(type(range(3)))
print(list(range(3)))
Python 3.4.1
range(0, 3)
<class 'range'>
[0, 1, 2]
 

下面列出了Python 3中其他不再返回列表的常用函数和方法:

zip()

map()

filter()

字典的.key()方法

字典的.value()方法

字典的.item()方法

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posted @ 2017-10-04 17:40  流浪的Coder  阅读(3215)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报