Spring MVC 学习总结(一)——MVC概要与环境配置(IDea与Eclipse示例)
一、MVC概要
MVC是模型(Model)、视图(View)、控制器(Controller)的简写,是一种软件设计规范,用一种将业务逻辑、数据、显示分离的方法组织代码,MVC主要作用是降低了视图与业务逻辑间的双向偶合。MVC不是一种设计模式,MVC是一种架构模式。当然不同的MVC存在差异。
在web早期的开发中,通常采用的都是Model1。Model1中,如图所示主要分为两层,视图层和模型层。Model2把一个项目分成三部分,包括视图、控制、模型。这样不仅提高的代码的复用率与项目的扩展性,且大大降低了项目的维护成本。Model 1模式的实现比较简单,适用于快速开发小规模项目,Model1中JSP页面身兼View和Controller两种角色,将控制逻辑和表现逻辑混杂在一起,从而导致代码的重用性非常低,增加了应用的扩展性和维护的难度。Model2消除了Model1的缺点。
Model1
Model1 的时序图
Model2
Model2的时序图
1、Model1适合小型项目开发,结构简单,开发迅速。但是JSP页面相对复杂,不利于维护。
2、Model2适合大型项目开发,职责明确,而且适应变动的需求,目的是可复用、可扩展、可维护。
3、从模型上和时序图上很容易看出,Model2是在Model1的基础上,分离了控制,将业务逻辑处理分离出来。这样Model2相对来说便于维护。
常见的服务器端MVC框架有:Struts、Spring MVC、ASP.NET MVC、Zend Framework、JSF;常见前端MVC框架:vue、angularjs、react、backbone;由MVC演化出了另外一些模式如:MVP、MVVM。
二、Spring MVC介绍
Spring MVC是Spring Framework的一部分,是基于Java实现MVC的轻量级Web框架。Spring MVC的特点:
1、轻量
2、高效
3、与Spring兼容性好
4、功能强大
RESTful、数据验证、格式化、绑定机制、本地化、主题等
5、简洁灵活
Spring的web框架围绕DispatcherServlet设计。 DispatcherServlet的作用是将请求分发到不同的处理器。从Spring 2.5开始,使用Java 5或者以上版本的用户可以采用基于注解的controller声明方式。官网上说Spring的web模块提供了大量独特的功能,包括:
清晰的角色划分:控制器(controller)、验证器(validator)、 命令对象(command object)、表单对象(form object)、模型对象(model object)、 Servlet分发器(DispatcherServlet)、 处理器映射(handler mapping)、视图解析器(view resolver)等等。 每一个角色都可以由一个专门的对象来实现。
强大而直接的配置方式:将框架类和应用程序类都能作为JavaBean配置,支持跨多个context的引用,例如,在web控制器中对业务对象和验证器(validator)的引用。
可适配、非侵入:可以根据不同的应用场景,选择合适的控制器子类 (simple型、command型、form型、wizard型、multi-action型或者自定义),而不是从单一控制器 (比如Action/ActionForm)继承。
可重用的业务代码:可以使用现有的业务对象作为命令或表单对象,而不需要去扩展某个特定框架的基类。
可定制的绑定(binding) 和验证(validation):比如将类型不匹配作为应用级的验证错误, 这可以保存错误的值。再比如本地化的日期和数字绑定等等。在其他某些框架中,你只能使用字符串表单对象, 需要手动解析它并转换到业务对象。
可定制的handler mapping和view resolution:Spring提供从最简单的URL映射, 到复杂的、专用的定制策略。与某些web MVC框架强制开发人员使用单一特定技术相比,Spring显得更加灵活。
灵活的model转换:在Springweb框架中,使用基于Map的 键/值对来达到轻易地与各种视图技术的集成。
可定制的本地化和主题(theme)解析:支持在JSP中可选择地使用Spring标签库、支持JSTL、支持Velocity(不需要额外的中间层)等等。
简单而强大的JSP标签库(Spring Tag Library):支持包括诸如数据绑定和主题(theme) 之类的许多功能。它提供在标记方面的最大灵活性。
JSP表单标签库:在Spring2.0中引入的表单标签库,使得在JSP中编写 表单更加容易。
Spring Bean的生命周期可以被限制在当前的HTTP Request或者HTTP Session。 准确的说,这并非Spring MVC框架本身特性,而应归属于Sping MVC使用的WebApplicationContext容器。
三、第一个Spring MVC 项目:Hello World(Eclipse版)
3.1、通过Maven新建一个Web项目
在Eclipse中新建Maven项目,选择“Create a simple project”,创建一个简单项目,不选择模板。
修改层面信息,更加详细的内容请参考前面写过的文章:
将webcontent中的所有内容复制到webapp目录下,并删除webContent目录,删除后的结果如下:
修改项目的部署信息,删除测试文件夹,添加webapp为项目根目录:
如果不打算在pom.xml中添加对Server runtime的依赖,则这里必须手动添加依赖,如下图所示:
另外如果pom.xml报错,修改任意位置保存。
3.2、添加依赖的jar包
1、修改pom.xml文件、添加jar包的依赖,主要有:Spring框架核心库、Spring MVC、JSTL等,具体信息如下:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.zhangguo</groupId> <artifactId>SpringMVC01</artifactId> <version>0.0.1</version> <packaging>war</packaging> <properties> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> <spring.version>4.3.0.RELEASE</spring.version> </properties> <dependencies> <!--Spring框架核心库 --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>${spring.version}</version> </dependency> <!-- Spring MVC --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId> <version>${spring.version}</version> </dependency> <!-- JSTL --> <dependency> <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId> <artifactId>jstl</artifactId> <version>1.2</version> </dependency> </dependencies> </project>
当依赖成功时,会加载的jar包如下:
3.3、修改web.xml注册中心控制器DispatcherServlet
Spring MVC框架像许多其他MVC框架一样, 请求驱动,围绕一个中心Servlet分派请求及提供其他功能,DispatcherServlet是一个实际的Servlet (它继承自HttpServlet 基类)。如下图所示当发起请求时被前置的控制器拦截到请求,根据请求参数生成代理请求,找到请求对应的实际控制器,控制器处理请求,创建数据模型,访问数据库,将模型响应给中心控制器,控制器使用模型与视图渲染视图结果,将结果返回给中心控制器,再将结果返回给请求者。
修改web.xml文件注册该Servlet,修改后的web.xml文件如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0"> <servlet> <!--名称 --> <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name> <!-- Servlet类 --> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <!-- 启动顺序,数字越小,启动越早 --> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> <init-param> <!--SpringMVC配置参数文件的位置 --> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <!--默认名称为ServletName-servlet.xml --> <param-value>classpath*:springmvc-servlet.xml</param-value> </init-param> </servlet> <!--所有请求都会被springmvc拦截 --> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>
3.4、添加Spring MVC配置文件
在src/main/java源代码目录下添加springmvc-servlet.xml配置文件,配置的形式与Spring容器配置基本类似,为了支持基于注解的IOC,设置了自动扫描包的功能,具体配置信息如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.3.xsd"> <!-- 自动扫描包,实现支持注解的IOC --> <context:component-scan base-package="com.zhangguo.springmvc01" /> <!-- Spring MVC不处理静态资源 --> <mvc:default-servlet-handler /> <!-- 支持mvc注解驱动 --> <mvc:annotation-driven /> <!-- 视图解析器 --> <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" id="internalResourceViewResolver"> <!-- 前缀 --> <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/view/" /> <!-- 后缀 --> <property name="suffix" value=".jsp" /> </bean> </beans>
在视图解析中我们把所有的视图都存放在/WEB-INF/目录下,这样是为了视图安全,因为这个目录客户端不能直接访问。
mvc:annotation-driven:
在spring中一般采用@RequestMapping注解来完成映射关系,要想使@RequestMapping注解生效必须向上下文中注册DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping和一个AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter实例,这两个实例分别在类级别和方法级别处理。而annotation-driven配置帮助我们自动完成上述两个实例的注入。
3.5、创建HelloWorld控制器
在src/main/java源代码目录下创建包com.zhangguo.springmvc01.controller,在包下创建一个普通的类:HelloWorld,具体代码如下:
package com.zhangguo.springmvc01.controller; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.Model; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; @Controller @RequestMapping("/Hello") public class HelloWorld { @RequestMapping("/Sayhi") public String SayHi(Model model) { model.addAttribute("message", "Hello Spring MVC!"); return "sayhi"; } }
注解为@Controller是为了让Spring IOC容器初始化时自动扫描到;@RequestMapping是为了映射请求路径,这里因为类与方法上都有映射所以访问时应该是/Hello/Sayhi;方法中声明Model类型的参数是为了把Action中的数据带到视图中;方法返回的结果是视图的名称sayhi。
3.6、创建视图
在WEB-INF/view目录中创建视图,视图将从Action中带回的信息展示,具体内容如下:
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %> <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>Hello Spring MVC!</title> </head> <body> <h2>${message}</h2> </body> </html>
3.7、测试运行
启动Tomcat运行项目,请注意查看启动信息,如果有异常应该先解决异常信息,运行成功后的结果如下所示:
四、第一个Spring MVC 项目:Hello World(IDEA)
4.1、在IDEA中使用Maven根据WebApp骨架创建一个项目
在Idea中新建Maven项目,选择“org.apache.maven.archetypes:maven-archetype-webapp”骨架(模板),创建一个Web项目:
输入项目的坐标:
选择仓库位置与配置信息,建议使用默认设置(先使用IDEA的默认设置将Maven配置好)
设置项目位置,完成即可
初始化的项目如下:
根据Maven规范,需要创建源代码、资源与测试目录:
在main上右键创建java目录、resources目录,创建与main平级的test测试目录:
设置目录的特殊属性:
设置完成后的结果:
4.2、添加依赖的jar包
1、修改pom.xml文件、添加jar包的依赖,主要有:Spring框架核心库、Spring MVC、JSTL等,具体信息如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.zhangguo.springmvc01</groupId> <artifactId>SpringMVC01</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <packaging>war</packaging> <name>SpringMVC01 Maven Webapp</name> <!-- FIXME change it to the project's website --> <url>http://www.example.com</url> <properties> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> <maven.compiler.source>1.7</maven.compiler.source> <maven.compiler.target>1.7</maven.compiler.target> <spring.version>4.3.0.RELEASE</spring.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>junit</groupId> <artifactId>junit</artifactId> <version>4.11</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <!--Spring框架核心库 --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>${spring.version}</version> </dependency> <!-- Spring MVC --> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId> <version>${spring.version}</version> </dependency> <!--Servlet核心--> <dependency> <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId> <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId> <version>3.0.1</version> <scope>provided</scope> </dependency> <!-- JSTL --> <dependency> <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId> <artifactId>jstl</artifactId> <version>1.2</version> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <finalName>SpringMVC01</finalName> <pluginManagement><!-- lock down plugins versions to avoid using Maven defaults (may be moved to parent pom) --> <plugins> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId> <version>3.0.0</version> </plugin> <!-- see http://maven.apache.org/ref/current/maven-core/default-bindings.html#Plugin_bindings_for_war_packaging --> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId> <version>3.0.2</version> </plugin> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId> <version>3.7.0</version> </plugin> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.20.1</version> </plugin> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId> <version>3.2.0</version> </plugin> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.5.2</version> </plugin> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.8.2</version> </plugin> </plugins> </pluginManagement> </build> </project>
当依赖成功时,会加载的jar包如下:
4.3、修改web.xml注册中心控制器DispatcherServlet
Spring MVC框架像许多其他MVC框架一样, 请求驱动,围绕一个中心Servlet分派请求及提供其他功能,DispatcherServlet是一个实际的Servlet (它继承自HttpServlet 基类)。如下图所示当发起请求时被前置的控制器拦截到请求,根据请求参数生成代理请求,找到请求对应的实际控制器,控制器处理请求,创建数据模型,访问数据库,将模型响应给中心控制器,控制器使用模型与视图渲染视图结果,将结果返回给中心控制器,再将结果返回给请求者。
Spring MVC中心控制器的源码如下:
/* * Copyright 2002-2016 the original author or authors. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package org.springframework.web.servlet; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Enumeration; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.List; import java.util.Locale; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Properties; import java.util.Set; import javax.servlet.ServletContext; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import org.apache.commons.logging.Log; import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory; import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactoryUtils; import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanInitializationException; import org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.i18n.LocaleContext; import org.springframework.core.annotation.AnnotationAwareOrderComparator; import org.springframework.core.io.ClassPathResource; import org.springframework.core.io.support.PropertiesLoaderUtils; import org.springframework.http.server.ServletServerHttpRequest; import org.springframework.ui.context.ThemeSource; import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils; import org.springframework.util.StringUtils; import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext; import org.springframework.web.context.request.ServletWebRequest; import org.springframework.web.context.request.async.WebAsyncManager; import org.springframework.web.context.request.async.WebAsyncUtils; import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartException; import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartHttpServletRequest; import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartResolver; import org.springframework.web.util.NestedServletException; import org.springframework.web.util.WebUtils; /** * Central dispatcher for HTTP request handlers/controllers, e.g. for web UI controllers * or HTTP-based remote service exporters. Dispatches to registered handlers for processing * a web request, providing convenient mapping and exception handling facilities. * * <p>This servlet is very flexible: It can be used with just about any workflow, with the * installation of the appropriate adapter classes. It offers the following functionality * that distinguishes it from other request-driven web MVC frameworks: * * <ul> * <li>It is based around a JavaBeans configuration mechanism. * * <li>It can use any {@link HandlerMapping} implementation - pre-built or provided as part * of an application - to control the routing of requests to handler objects. Default is * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping} and * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping}. * HandlerMapping objects can be defined as beans in the servlet's application context, * implementing the HandlerMapping interface, overriding the default HandlerMapping if * present. HandlerMappings can be given any bean name (they are tested by type). * * <li>It can use any {@link HandlerAdapter}; this allows for using any handler interface. * Default adapters are {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.HttpRequestHandlerAdapter}, * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter}, for Spring's * {@link org.springframework.web.HttpRequestHandler} and * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller} interfaces, respectively. A default * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter} * will be registered as well. HandlerAdapter objects can be added as beans in the * application context, overriding the default HandlerAdapters. Like HandlerMappings, * HandlerAdapters can be given any bean name (they are tested by type). * * <li>The dispatcher's exception resolution strategy can be specified via a * {@link HandlerExceptionResolver}, for example mapping certain exceptions to error pages. * Default are * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerExceptionResolver}, * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.ResponseStatusExceptionResolver}, and * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.DefaultHandlerExceptionResolver}. * These HandlerExceptionResolvers can be overridden through the application context. * HandlerExceptionResolver can be given any bean name (they are tested by type). * * <li>Its view resolution strategy can be specified via a {@link ViewResolver} * implementation, resolving symbolic view names into View objects. Default is * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver}. * ViewResolver objects can be added as beans in the application context, overriding the * default ViewResolver. ViewResolvers can be given any bean name (they are tested by type). * * <li>If a {@link View} or view name is not supplied by the user, then the configured * {@link RequestToViewNameTranslator} will translate the current request into a view name. * The corresponding bean name is "viewNameTranslator"; the default is * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.view.DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator}. * * <li>The dispatcher's strategy for resolving multipart requests is determined by a * {@link org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartResolver} implementation. * Implementations for Apache Commons FileUpload and Servlet 3 are included; the typical * choice is {@link org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultipartResolver}. * The MultipartResolver bean name is "multipartResolver"; default is none. * * <li>Its locale resolution strategy is determined by a {@link LocaleResolver}. * Out-of-the-box implementations work via HTTP accept header, cookie, or session. * The LocaleResolver bean name is "localeResolver"; default is * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver}. * * <li>Its theme resolution strategy is determined by a {@link ThemeResolver}. * Implementations for a fixed theme and for cookie and session storage are included. * The ThemeResolver bean name is "themeResolver"; default is * {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.theme.FixedThemeResolver}. * </ul> * * <p><b>NOTE: The {@code @RequestMapping} annotation will only be processed if a * corresponding {@code HandlerMapping} (for type-level annotations) and/or * {@code HandlerAdapter} (for method-level annotations) is present in the dispatcher.</b> * This is the case by default. However, if you are defining custom {@code HandlerMappings} * or {@code HandlerAdapters}, then you need to make sure that a corresponding custom * {@code DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping} and/or {@code AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter} * is defined as well - provided that you intend to use {@code @RequestMapping}. * * <p><b>A web application can define any number of DispatcherServlets.</b> * Each servlet will operate in its own namespace, loading its own application context * with mappings, handlers, etc. Only the root application context as loaded by * {@link org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener}, if any, will be shared. * * <p>As of Spring 3.1, {@code DispatcherServlet} may now be injected with a web * application context, rather than creating its own internally. This is useful in Servlet * 3.0+ environments, which support programmatic registration of servlet instances. * See the {@link #DispatcherServlet(WebApplicationContext)} javadoc for details. * * @author Rod Johnson * @author Juergen Hoeller * @author Rob Harrop * @author Chris Beams * @author Rossen Stoyanchev * @see org.springframework.web.HttpRequestHandler * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller * @see org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener */ @SuppressWarnings("serial") public class DispatcherServlet extends FrameworkServlet { /** Well-known name for the MultipartResolver object in the bean factory for this namespace. */ public static final String MULTIPART_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME = "multipartResolver"; /** Well-known name for the LocaleResolver object in the bean factory for this namespace. */ public static final String LOCALE_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME = "localeResolver"; /** Well-known name for the ThemeResolver object in the bean factory for this namespace. */ public static final String THEME_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME = "themeResolver"; /** * Well-known name for the HandlerMapping object in the bean factory for this namespace. * Only used when "detectAllHandlerMappings" is turned off. * @see #setDetectAllHandlerMappings */ public static final String HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME = "handlerMapping"; /** * Well-known name for the HandlerAdapter object in the bean factory for this namespace. * Only used when "detectAllHandlerAdapters" is turned off. * @see #setDetectAllHandlerAdapters */ public static final String HANDLER_ADAPTER_BEAN_NAME = "handlerAdapter"; /** * Well-known name for the HandlerExceptionResolver object in the bean factory for this namespace. * Only used when "detectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers" is turned off. * @see #setDetectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers */ public static final String HANDLER_EXCEPTION_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME = "handlerExceptionResolver"; /** * Well-known name for the RequestToViewNameTranslator object in the bean factory for this namespace. */ public static final String REQUEST_TO_VIEW_NAME_TRANSLATOR_BEAN_NAME = "viewNameTranslator"; /** * Well-known name for the ViewResolver object in the bean factory for this namespace. * Only used when "detectAllViewResolvers" is turned off. * @see #setDetectAllViewResolvers */ public static final String VIEW_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME = "viewResolver"; /** * Well-known name for the FlashMapManager object in the bean factory for this namespace. */ public static final String FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_BEAN_NAME = "flashMapManager"; /** * Request attribute to hold the current web application context. * Otherwise only the global web app context is obtainable by tags etc. * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContextUtils#findWebApplicationContext */ public static final String WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE = DispatcherServlet.class.getName() + ".CONTEXT"; /** * Request attribute to hold the current LocaleResolver, retrievable by views. * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContextUtils#getLocaleResolver */ public static final String LOCALE_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE = DispatcherServlet.class.getName() + ".LOCALE_RESOLVER"; /** * Request attribute to hold the current ThemeResolver, retrievable by views. * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContextUtils#getThemeResolver */ public static final String THEME_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE = DispatcherServlet.class.getName() + ".THEME_RESOLVER"; /** * Request attribute to hold the current ThemeSource, retrievable by views. * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContextUtils#getThemeSource */ public static final String THEME_SOURCE_ATTRIBUTE = DispatcherServlet.class.getName() + ".THEME_SOURCE"; /** * Name of request attribute that holds a read-only {@code Map<String,?>} * with "input" flash attributes saved by a previous request, if any. * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContextUtils#getInputFlashMap(HttpServletRequest) */ public static final String INPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE = DispatcherServlet.class.getName() + ".INPUT_FLASH_MAP"; /** * Name of request attribute that holds the "output" {@link FlashMap} with * attributes to save for a subsequent request. * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContextUtils#getOutputFlashMap(HttpServletRequest) */ public static final String OUTPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE = DispatcherServlet.class.getName() + ".OUTPUT_FLASH_MAP"; /** * Name of request attribute that holds the {@link FlashMapManager}. * @see org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContextUtils#getFlashMapManager(HttpServletRequest) */ public static final String FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_ATTRIBUTE = DispatcherServlet.class.getName() + ".FLASH_MAP_MANAGER"; /** * Name of request attribute that exposes an Exception resolved with an * {@link HandlerExceptionResolver} but where no view was rendered * (e.g. setting the status code). */ public static final String EXCEPTION_ATTRIBUTE = DispatcherServlet.class.getName() + ".EXCEPTION"; /** Log category to use when no mapped handler is found for a request. */ public static final String PAGE_NOT_FOUND_LOG_CATEGORY = "org.springframework.web.servlet.PageNotFound"; /** * Name of the class path resource (relative to the DispatcherServlet class) * that defines DispatcherServlet's default strategy names. */ private static final String DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PATH = "DispatcherServlet.properties"; /** Additional logger to use when no mapped handler is found for a request. */ protected static final Log pageNotFoundLogger = LogFactory.getLog(PAGE_NOT_FOUND_LOG_CATEGORY); private static final Properties defaultStrategies; static { // Load default strategy implementations from properties file. // This is currently strictly internal and not meant to be customized // by application developers. try { ClassPathResource resource = new ClassPathResource(DEFAULT_STRATEGIES_PATH, DispatcherServlet.class); defaultStrategies = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource); } catch (IOException ex) { throw new IllegalStateException("Could not load 'DispatcherServlet.properties': " + ex.getMessage()); } } /** Detect all HandlerMappings or just expect "handlerMapping" bean? */ private boolean detectAllHandlerMappings = true; /** Detect all HandlerAdapters or just expect "handlerAdapter" bean? */ private boolean detectAllHandlerAdapters = true; /** Detect all HandlerExceptionResolvers or just expect "handlerExceptionResolver" bean? */ private boolean detectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers = true; /** Detect all ViewResolvers or just expect "viewResolver" bean? */ private boolean detectAllViewResolvers = true; /** Throw a NoHandlerFoundException if no Handler was found to process this request? **/ private boolean throwExceptionIfNoHandlerFound = false; /** Perform cleanup of request attributes after include request? */ private boolean cleanupAfterInclude = true; /** MultipartResolver used by this servlet */ private MultipartResolver multipartResolver; /** LocaleResolver used by this servlet */ private LocaleResolver localeResolver; /** ThemeResolver used by this servlet */ private ThemeResolver themeResolver; /** List of HandlerMappings used by this servlet */ private List<HandlerMapping> handlerMappings; /** List of HandlerAdapters used by this servlet */ private List<HandlerAdapter> handlerAdapters; /** List of HandlerExceptionResolvers used by this servlet */ private List<HandlerExceptionResolver> handlerExceptionResolvers; /** RequestToViewNameTranslator used by this servlet */ private RequestToViewNameTranslator viewNameTranslator; /** FlashMapManager used by this servlet */ private FlashMapManager flashMapManager; /** List of ViewResolvers used by this servlet */ private List<ViewResolver> viewResolvers; /** * Create a new {@code DispatcherServlet} that will create its own internal web * application context based on defaults and values provided through servlet * init-params. Typically used in Servlet 2.5 or earlier environments, where the only * option for servlet registration is through {@code web.xml} which requires the use * of a no-arg constructor. * <p>Calling {@link #setContextConfigLocation} (init-param 'contextConfigLocation') * will dictate which XML files will be loaded by the * {@linkplain #DEFAULT_CONTEXT_CLASS default XmlWebApplicationContext} * <p>Calling {@link #setContextClass} (init-param 'contextClass') overrides the * default {@code XmlWebApplicationContext} and allows for specifying an alternative class, * such as {@code AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext}. * <p>Calling {@link #setContextInitializerClasses} (init-param 'contextInitializerClasses') * indicates which {@code ApplicationContextInitializer} classes should be used to * further configure the internal application context prior to refresh(). * @see #DispatcherServlet(WebApplicationContext) */ public DispatcherServlet() { super(); setDispatchOptionsRequest(true); } /** * Create a new {@code DispatcherServlet} with the given web application context. This * constructor is useful in Servlet 3.0+ environments where instance-based registration * of servlets is possible through the {@link ServletContext#addServlet} API. * <p>Using this constructor indicates that the following properties / init-params * will be ignored: * <ul> * <li>{@link #setContextClass(Class)} / 'contextClass'</li> * <li>{@link #setContextConfigLocation(String)} / 'contextConfigLocation'</li> * <li>{@link #setContextAttribute(String)} / 'contextAttribute'</li> * <li>{@link #setNamespace(String)} / 'namespace'</li> * </ul> * <p>The given web application context may or may not yet be {@linkplain * ConfigurableApplicationContext#refresh() refreshed}. If it has <strong>not</strong> * already been refreshed (the recommended approach), then the following will occur: * <ul> * <li>If the given context does not already have a {@linkplain * ConfigurableApplicationContext#setParent parent}, the root application context * will be set as the parent.</li> * <li>If the given context has not already been assigned an {@linkplain * ConfigurableApplicationContext#setId id}, one will be assigned to it</li> * <li>{@code ServletContext} and {@code ServletConfig} objects will be delegated to * the application context</li> * <li>{@link #postProcessWebApplicationContext} will be called</li> * <li>Any {@code ApplicationContextInitializer}s specified through the * "contextInitializerClasses" init-param or through the {@link * #setContextInitializers} property will be applied.</li> * <li>{@link ConfigurableApplicationContext#refresh refresh()} will be called if the * context implements {@link ConfigurableApplicationContext}</li> * </ul> * If the context has already been refreshed, none of the above will occur, under the * assumption that the user has performed these actions (or not) per their specific * needs. * <p>See {@link org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer} for usage examples. * @param webApplicationContext the context to use * @see #initWebApplicationContext * @see #configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext * @see org.springframework.web.WebApplicationInitializer */ public DispatcherServlet(WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext) { super(webApplicationContext); setDispatchOptionsRequest(true); } /** * Set whether to detect all HandlerMapping beans in this servlet's context. Otherwise, * just a single bean with name "handlerMapping" will be expected. * <p>Default is "true". Turn this off if you want this servlet to use a single * HandlerMapping, despite multiple HandlerMapping beans being defined in the context. */ public void setDetectAllHandlerMappings(boolean detectAllHandlerMappings) { this.detectAllHandlerMappings = detectAllHandlerMappings; } /** * Set whether to detect all HandlerAdapter beans in this servlet's context. Otherwise, * just a single bean with name "handlerAdapter" will be expected. * <p>Default is "true". Turn this off if you want this servlet to use a single * HandlerAdapter, despite multiple HandlerAdapter beans being defined in the context. */ public void setDetectAllHandlerAdapters(boolean detectAllHandlerAdapters) { this.detectAllHandlerAdapters = detectAllHandlerAdapters; } /** * Set whether to detect all HandlerExceptionResolver beans in this servlet's context. Otherwise, * just a single bean with name "handlerExceptionResolver" will be expected. * <p>Default is "true". Turn this off if you want this servlet to use a single * HandlerExceptionResolver, despite multiple HandlerExceptionResolver beans being defined in the context. */ public void setDetectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers(boolean detectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers) { this.detectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers = detectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers; } /** * Set whether to detect all ViewResolver beans in this servlet's context. Otherwise, * just a single bean with name "viewResolver" will be expected. * <p>Default is "true". Turn this off if you want this servlet to use a single * ViewResolver, despite multiple ViewResolver beans being defined in the context. */ public void setDetectAllViewResolvers(boolean detectAllViewResolvers) { this.detectAllViewResolvers = detectAllViewResolvers; } /** * Set whether to throw a NoHandlerFoundException when no Handler was found for this request. * This exception can then be caught with a HandlerExceptionResolver or an * {@code @ExceptionHandler} controller method. * <p>Note that if {@link org.springframework.web.servlet.resource.DefaultServletHttpRequestHandler} * is used, then requests will always be forwarded to the default servlet and a * NoHandlerFoundException would never be thrown in that case. * <p>Default is "false", meaning the DispatcherServlet sends a NOT_FOUND error through the * Servlet response. * @since 4.0 */ public void setThrowExceptionIfNoHandlerFound(boolean throwExceptionIfNoHandlerFound) { this.throwExceptionIfNoHandlerFound = throwExceptionIfNoHandlerFound; } /** * Set whether to perform cleanup of request attributes after an include request, that is, * whether to reset the original state of all request attributes after the DispatcherServlet * has processed within an include request. Otherwise, just the DispatcherServlet's own * request attributes will be reset, but not model attributes for JSPs or special attributes * set by views (for example, JSTL's). * <p>Default is "true", which is strongly recommended. Views should not rely on request attributes * having been set by (dynamic) includes. This allows JSP views rendered by an included controller * to use any model attributes, even with the same names as in the main JSP, without causing side * effects. Only turn this off for special needs, for example to deliberately allow main JSPs to * access attributes from JSP views rendered by an included controller. */ public void setCleanupAfterInclude(boolean cleanupAfterInclude) { this.cleanupAfterInclude = cleanupAfterInclude; } /** * This implementation calls {@link #initStrategies}. */ @Override protected void onRefresh(ApplicationContext context) { initStrategies(context); } /** * Initialize the strategy objects that this servlet uses. * <p>May be overridden in subclasses in order to initialize further strategy objects. */ protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) { initMultipartResolver(context); initLocaleResolver(context); initThemeResolver(context); initHandlerMappings(context); initHandlerAdapters(context); initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context); initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context); initViewResolvers(context); initFlashMapManager(context); } /** * Initialize the MultipartResolver used by this class. * <p>If no bean is defined with the given name in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * no multipart handling is provided. */ private void initMultipartResolver(ApplicationContext context) { try { this.multipartResolver = context.getBean(MULTIPART_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME, MultipartResolver.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Using MultipartResolver [" + this.multipartResolver + "]"); } } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Default is no multipart resolver. this.multipartResolver = null; if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Unable to locate MultipartResolver with name '" + MULTIPART_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME + "': no multipart request handling provided"); } } } /** * Initialize the LocaleResolver used by this class. * <p>If no bean is defined with the given name in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * we default to AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver. */ private void initLocaleResolver(ApplicationContext context) { try { this.localeResolver = context.getBean(LOCALE_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME, LocaleResolver.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Using LocaleResolver [" + this.localeResolver + "]"); } } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // We need to use the default. this.localeResolver = getDefaultStrategy(context, LocaleResolver.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Unable to locate LocaleResolver with name '" + LOCALE_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME + "': using default [" + this.localeResolver + "]"); } } } /** * Initialize the ThemeResolver used by this class. * <p>If no bean is defined with the given name in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * we default to a FixedThemeResolver. */ private void initThemeResolver(ApplicationContext context) { try { this.themeResolver = context.getBean(THEME_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME, ThemeResolver.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Using ThemeResolver [" + this.themeResolver + "]"); } } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // We need to use the default. this.themeResolver = getDefaultStrategy(context, ThemeResolver.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Unable to locate ThemeResolver with name '" + THEME_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME + "': using default [" + this.themeResolver + "]"); } } } /** * Initialize the HandlerMappings used by this class. * <p>If no HandlerMapping beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * we default to BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping. */ private void initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context) { this.handlerMappings = null; if (this.detectAllHandlerMappings) { // Find all HandlerMappings in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts. Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans = BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerMapping.class, true, false); if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { this.handlerMappings = new ArrayList<HandlerMapping>(matchingBeans.values()); // We keep HandlerMappings in sorted order. AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.handlerMappings); } } else { try { HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME, HandlerMapping.class); this.handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later. } } // Ensure we have at least one HandlerMapping, by registering // a default HandlerMapping if no other mappings are found. if (this.handlerMappings == null) { this.handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("No HandlerMappings found in servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default"); } } } /** * Initialize the HandlerAdapters used by this class. * <p>If no HandlerAdapter beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * we default to SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter. */ private void initHandlerAdapters(ApplicationContext context) { this.handlerAdapters = null; if (this.detectAllHandlerAdapters) { // Find all HandlerAdapters in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts. Map<String, HandlerAdapter> matchingBeans = BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerAdapter.class, true, false); if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { this.handlerAdapters = new ArrayList<HandlerAdapter>(matchingBeans.values()); // We keep HandlerAdapters in sorted order. AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.handlerAdapters); } } else { try { HandlerAdapter ha = context.getBean(HANDLER_ADAPTER_BEAN_NAME, HandlerAdapter.class); this.handlerAdapters = Collections.singletonList(ha); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerAdapter later. } } // Ensure we have at least some HandlerAdapters, by registering // default HandlerAdapters if no other adapters are found. if (this.handlerAdapters == null) { this.handlerAdapters = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerAdapter.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("No HandlerAdapters found in servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default"); } } } /** * Initialize the HandlerExceptionResolver used by this class. * <p>If no bean is defined with the given name in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * we default to no exception resolver. */ private void initHandlerExceptionResolvers(ApplicationContext context) { this.handlerExceptionResolvers = null; if (this.detectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers) { // Find all HandlerExceptionResolvers in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts. Map<String, HandlerExceptionResolver> matchingBeans = BeanFactoryUtils .beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerExceptionResolver.class, true, false); if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { this.handlerExceptionResolvers = new ArrayList<HandlerExceptionResolver>(matchingBeans.values()); // We keep HandlerExceptionResolvers in sorted order. AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.handlerExceptionResolvers); } } else { try { HandlerExceptionResolver her = context.getBean(HANDLER_EXCEPTION_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME, HandlerExceptionResolver.class); this.handlerExceptionResolvers = Collections.singletonList(her); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Ignore, no HandlerExceptionResolver is fine too. } } // Ensure we have at least some HandlerExceptionResolvers, by registering // default HandlerExceptionResolvers if no other resolvers are found. if (this.handlerExceptionResolvers == null) { this.handlerExceptionResolvers = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerExceptionResolver.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("No HandlerExceptionResolvers found in servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default"); } } } /** * Initialize the RequestToViewNameTranslator used by this servlet instance. * <p>If no implementation is configured then we default to DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator. */ private void initRequestToViewNameTranslator(ApplicationContext context) { try { this.viewNameTranslator = context.getBean(REQUEST_TO_VIEW_NAME_TRANSLATOR_BEAN_NAME, RequestToViewNameTranslator.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Using RequestToViewNameTranslator [" + this.viewNameTranslator + "]"); } } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // We need to use the default. this.viewNameTranslator = getDefaultStrategy(context, RequestToViewNameTranslator.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Unable to locate RequestToViewNameTranslator with name '" + REQUEST_TO_VIEW_NAME_TRANSLATOR_BEAN_NAME + "': using default [" + this.viewNameTranslator + "]"); } } } /** * Initialize the ViewResolvers used by this class. * <p>If no ViewResolver beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this * namespace, we default to InternalResourceViewResolver. */ private void initViewResolvers(ApplicationContext context) { this.viewResolvers = null; if (this.detectAllViewResolvers) { // Find all ViewResolvers in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts. Map<String, ViewResolver> matchingBeans = BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, ViewResolver.class, true, false); if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { this.viewResolvers = new ArrayList<ViewResolver>(matchingBeans.values()); // We keep ViewResolvers in sorted order. AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.viewResolvers); } } else { try { ViewResolver vr = context.getBean(VIEW_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME, ViewResolver.class); this.viewResolvers = Collections.singletonList(vr); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Ignore, we'll add a default ViewResolver later. } } // Ensure we have at least one ViewResolver, by registering // a default ViewResolver if no other resolvers are found. if (this.viewResolvers == null) { this.viewResolvers = getDefaultStrategies(context, ViewResolver.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("No ViewResolvers found in servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default"); } } } /** * Initialize the {@link FlashMapManager} used by this servlet instance. * <p>If no implementation is configured then we default to * {@code org.springframework.web.servlet.support.DefaultFlashMapManager}. */ private void initFlashMapManager(ApplicationContext context) { try { this.flashMapManager = context.getBean(FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_BEAN_NAME, FlashMapManager.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Using FlashMapManager [" + this.flashMapManager + "]"); } } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // We need to use the default. this.flashMapManager = getDefaultStrategy(context, FlashMapManager.class); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Unable to locate FlashMapManager with name '" + FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_BEAN_NAME + "': using default [" + this.flashMapManager + "]"); } } } /** * Return this servlet's ThemeSource, if any; else return {@code null}. * <p>Default is to return the WebApplicationContext as ThemeSource, * provided that it implements the ThemeSource interface. * @return the ThemeSource, if any * @see #getWebApplicationContext() */ public final ThemeSource getThemeSource() { if (getWebApplicationContext() instanceof ThemeSource) { return (ThemeSource) getWebApplicationContext(); } else { return null; } } /** * Obtain this servlet's MultipartResolver, if any. * @return the MultipartResolver used by this servlet, or {@code null} if none * (indicating that no multipart support is available) */ public final MultipartResolver getMultipartResolver() { return this.multipartResolver; } /** * Return the default strategy object for the given strategy interface. * <p>The default implementation delegates to {@link #getDefaultStrategies}, * expecting a single object in the list. * @param context the current WebApplicationContext * @param strategyInterface the strategy interface * @return the corresponding strategy object * @see #getDefaultStrategies */ protected <T> T getDefaultStrategy(ApplicationContext context, Class<T> strategyInterface) { List<T> strategies = getDefaultStrategies(context, strategyInterface); if (strategies.size() != 1) { throw new BeanInitializationException( "DispatcherServlet needs exactly 1 strategy for interface [" + strategyInterface.getName() + "]"); } return strategies.get(0); } /** * Create a List of default strategy objects for the given strategy interface. * <p>The default implementation uses the "DispatcherServlet.properties" file (in the same * package as the DispatcherServlet class) to determine the class names. It instantiates * the strategy objects through the context's BeanFactory. * @param context the current WebApplicationContext * @param strategyInterface the strategy interface * @return the List of corresponding strategy objects */ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") protected <T> List<T> getDefaultStrategies(ApplicationContext context, Class<T> strategyInterface) { String key = strategyInterface.getName(); String value = defaultStrategies.getProperty(key); if (value != null) { String[] classNames = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(value); List<T> strategies = new ArrayList<T>(classNames.length); for (String className : classNames) { try { Class<?> clazz = ClassUtils.forName(className, DispatcherServlet.class.getClassLoader()); Object strategy = createDefaultStrategy(context, clazz); strategies.add((T) strategy); } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) { throw new BeanInitializationException( "Could not find DispatcherServlet's default strategy class [" + className + "] for interface [" + key + "]", ex); } catch (LinkageError err) { throw new BeanInitializationException( "Error loading DispatcherServlet's default strategy class [" + className + "] for interface [" + key + "]: problem with class file or dependent class", err); } } return strategies; } else { return new LinkedList<T>(); } } /** * Create a default strategy. * <p>The default implementation uses * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.AutowireCapableBeanFactory#createBean}. * @param context the current WebApplicationContext * @param clazz the strategy implementation class to instantiate * @return the fully configured strategy instance * @see org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext#getAutowireCapableBeanFactory() * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.config.AutowireCapableBeanFactory#createBean */ protected Object createDefaultStrategy(ApplicationContext context, Class<?> clazz) { return context.getAutowireCapableBeanFactory().createBean(clazz); } /** * Exposes the DispatcherServlet-specific request attributes and delegates to {@link #doDispatch} * for the actual dispatching. */ @Override protected void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { String resumed = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).hasConcurrentResult() ? " resumed" : ""; logger.debug("DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'" + resumed + " processing " + request.getMethod() + " request for [" + getRequestUri(request) + "]"); } // Keep a snapshot of the request attributes in case of an include, // to be able to restore the original attributes after the include. Map<String, Object> attributesSnapshot = null; if (WebUtils.isIncludeRequest(request)) { attributesSnapshot = new HashMap<String, Object>(); Enumeration<?> attrNames = request.getAttributeNames(); while (attrNames.hasMoreElements()) { String attrName = (String) attrNames.nextElement(); if (this.cleanupAfterInclude || attrName.startsWith("org.springframework.web.servlet")) { attributesSnapshot.put(attrName, request.getAttribute(attrName)); } } } // Make framework objects available to handlers and view objects. request.setAttribute(WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, getWebApplicationContext()); request.setAttribute(LOCALE_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.localeResolver); request.setAttribute(THEME_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.themeResolver); request.setAttribute(THEME_SOURCE_ATTRIBUTE, getThemeSource()); FlashMap inputFlashMap = this.flashMapManager.retrieveAndUpdate(request, response); if (inputFlashMap != null) { request.setAttribute(INPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, Collections.unmodifiableMap(inputFlashMap)); } request.setAttribute(OUTPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, new FlashMap()); request.setAttribute(FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_ATTRIBUTE, this.flashMapManager); try { doDispatch(request, response); } finally { if (!WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { // Restore the original attribute snapshot, in case of an include. if (attributesSnapshot != null) { restoreAttributesAfterInclude(request, attributesSnapshot); } } } } /** * Process the actual dispatching to the handler. * <p>The handler will be obtained by applying the servlet's HandlerMappings in order. * The HandlerAdapter will be obtained by querying the servlet's installed HandlerAdapters * to find the first that supports the handler class. * <p>All HTTP methods are handled by this method. It's up to HandlerAdapters or handlers * themselves to decide which methods are acceptable. * @param request current HTTP request * @param response current HTTP response * @throws Exception in case of any kind of processing failure */ protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request; HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null; boolean multipartRequestParsed = false; WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request); try { ModelAndView mv = null; Exception dispatchException = null; try { processedRequest = checkMultipart(request); multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request); // Determine handler for the current request. mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest); if (mappedHandler == null || mappedHandler.getHandler() == null) { noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response); return; } // Determine handler adapter for the current request. HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler()); // Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler. String method = request.getMethod(); boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method); if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) { long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler()); if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Last-Modified value for [" + getRequestUri(request) + "] is: " + lastModified); } if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) { return; } } if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) { return; } // Actually invoke the handler. mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler()); if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { return; } applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv); mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv); } catch (Exception ex) { dispatchException = ex; } catch (Throwable err) { // As of 4.3, we're processing Errors thrown from handler methods as well, // making them available for @ExceptionHandler methods and other scenarios. dispatchException = new NestedServletException("Handler dispatch failed", err); } processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException); } catch (Exception ex) { triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex); } catch (Throwable err) { triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, new NestedServletException("Handler processing failed", err)); } finally { if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { // Instead of postHandle and afterCompletion if (mappedHandler != null) { mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response); } } else { // Clean up any resources used by a multipart request. if (multipartRequestParsed) { cleanupMultipart(processedRequest); } } } } /** * Do we need view name translation? */ private void applyDefaultViewName(HttpServletRequest request, ModelAndView mv) throws Exception { if (mv != null && !mv.hasView()) { mv.setViewName(getDefaultViewName(request)); } } /** * Handle the result of handler selection and handler invocation, which is * either a ModelAndView or an Exception to be resolved to a ModelAndView. */ private void processDispatchResult(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler, ModelAndView mv, Exception exception) throws Exception { boolean errorView = false; if (exception != null) { if (exception instanceof ModelAndViewDefiningException) { logger.debug("ModelAndViewDefiningException encountered", exception); mv = ((ModelAndViewDefiningException) exception).getModelAndView(); } else { Object handler = (mappedHandler != null ? mappedHandler.getHandler() : null); mv = processHandlerException(request, response, handler, exception); errorView = (mv != null); } } // Did the handler return a view to render? if (mv != null && !mv.wasCleared()) { render(mv, request, response); if (errorView) { WebUtils.clearErrorRequestAttributes(request); } } else { if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Null ModelAndView returned to DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() + "': assuming HandlerAdapter completed request handling"); } } if (WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { // Concurrent handling started during a forward return; } if (mappedHandler != null) { mappedHandler.triggerAfterCompletion(request, response, null); } } /** * Build a LocaleContext for the given request, exposing the request's primary locale as current locale. * <p>The default implementation uses the dispatcher's LocaleResolver to obtain the current locale, * which might change during a request. * @param request current HTTP request * @return the corresponding LocaleContext */ @Override protected LocaleContext buildLocaleContext(final HttpServletRequest request) { if (this.localeResolver instanceof LocaleContextResolver) { return ((LocaleContextResolver) this.localeResolver).resolveLocaleContext(request); } else { return new LocaleContext() { @Override public Locale getLocale() { return localeResolver.resolveLocale(request); } }; } } /** * Convert the request into a multipart request, and make multipart resolver available. * <p>If no multipart resolver is set, simply use the existing request. * @param request current HTTP request * @return the processed request (multipart wrapper if necessary) * @see MultipartResolver#resolveMultipart */ protected HttpServletRequest checkMultipart(HttpServletRequest request) throws MultipartException { if (this.multipartResolver != null && this.multipartResolver.isMultipart(request)) { if (WebUtils.getNativeRequest(request, MultipartHttpServletRequest.class) != null) { logger.debug("Request is already a MultipartHttpServletRequest - if not in a forward, " + "this typically results from an additional MultipartFilter in web.xml"); } else if (request.getAttribute(WebUtils.ERROR_EXCEPTION_ATTRIBUTE) instanceof MultipartException) { logger.debug("Multipart resolution failed for current request before - " + "skipping re-resolution for undisturbed error rendering"); } else { return this.multipartResolver.resolveMultipart(request); } } // If not returned before: return original request. return request; } /** * Clean up any resources used by the given multipart request (if any). * @param request current HTTP request * @see MultipartResolver#cleanupMultipart */ protected void cleanupMultipart(HttpServletRequest request) { MultipartHttpServletRequest multipartRequest = WebUtils.getNativeRequest(request, MultipartHttpServletRequest.class); if (multipartRequest != null) { this.multipartResolver.cleanupMultipart(multipartRequest); } } /** * Return the HandlerExecutionChain for this request. * <p>Tries all handler mappings in order. * @param request current HTTP request * @return the HandlerExecutionChain, or {@code null} if no handler could be found */ protected HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception { for (HandlerMapping hm : this.handlerMappings) { if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace( "Testing handler map [" + hm + "] in DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'"); } HandlerExecutionChain handler = hm.getHandler(request); if (handler != null) { return handler; } } return null; } /** * No handler found -> set appropriate HTTP response status. * @param request current HTTP request * @param response current HTTP response * @throws Exception if preparing the response failed */ protected void noHandlerFound(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { if (pageNotFoundLogger.isWarnEnabled()) { pageNotFoundLogger.warn("No mapping found for HTTP request with URI [" + getRequestUri(request) + "] in DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'"); } if (this.throwExceptionIfNoHandlerFound) { throw new NoHandlerFoundException(request.getMethod(), getRequestUri(request), new ServletServerHttpRequest(request).getHeaders()); } else { response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND); } } /** * Return the HandlerAdapter for this handler object. * @param handler the handler object to find an adapter for * @throws ServletException if no HandlerAdapter can be found for the handler. This is a fatal error. */ protected HandlerAdapter getHandlerAdapter(Object handler) throws ServletException { for (HandlerAdapter ha : this.handlerAdapters) { if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace("Testing handler adapter [" + ha + "]"); } if (ha.supports(handler)) { return ha; } } throw new ServletException("No adapter for handler [" + handler + "]: The DispatcherServlet configuration needs to include a HandlerAdapter that supports this handler"); } /** * Determine an error ModelAndView via the registered HandlerExceptionResolvers. * @param request current HTTP request * @param response current HTTP response * @param handler the executed handler, or {@code null} if none chosen at the time of the exception * (for example, if multipart resolution failed) * @param ex the exception that got thrown during handler execution * @return a corresponding ModelAndView to forward to * @throws Exception if no error ModelAndView found */ protected ModelAndView processHandlerException(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception { // Check registered HandlerExceptionResolvers... ModelAndView exMv = null; for (HandlerExceptionResolver handlerExceptionResolver : this.handlerExceptionResolvers) { exMv = handlerExceptionResolver.resolveException(request, response, handler, ex); if (exMv != null) { break; } } if (exMv != null) { if (exMv.isEmpty()) { request.setAttribute(EXCEPTION_ATTRIBUTE, ex); return null; } // We might still need view name translation for a plain error model... if (!exMv.hasView()) { exMv.setViewName(getDefaultViewName(request)); } if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Handler execution resulted in exception - forwarding to resolved error view: " + exMv, ex); } WebUtils.exposeErrorRequestAttributes(request, ex, getServletName()); return exMv; } throw ex; } /** * Render the given ModelAndView. * <p>This is the last stage in handling a request. It may involve resolving the view by name. * @param mv the ModelAndView to render * @param request current HTTP servlet request * @param response current HTTP servlet response * @throws ServletException if view is missing or cannot be resolved * @throws Exception if there's a problem rendering the view */ protected void render(ModelAndView mv, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { // Determine locale for request and apply it to the response. Locale locale = this.localeResolver.resolveLocale(request); response.setLocale(locale); View view; if (mv.isReference()) { // We need to resolve the view name. view = resolveViewName(mv.getViewName(), mv.getModelInternal(), locale, request); if (view == null) { throw new ServletException("Could not resolve view with name '" + mv.getViewName() + "' in servlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'"); } } else { // No need to lookup: the ModelAndView object contains the actual View object. view = mv.getView(); if (view == null) { throw new ServletException("ModelAndView [" + mv + "] neither contains a view name nor a " + "View object in servlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'"); } } // Delegate to the View object for rendering. if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Rendering view [" + view + "] in DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'"); } try { if (mv.getStatus() != null) { response.setStatus(mv.getStatus().value()); } view.render(mv.getModelInternal(), request, response); } catch (Exception ex) { if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { logger.debug("Error rendering view [" + view + "] in DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'", ex); } throw ex; } } /** * Translate the supplied request into a default view name. * @param request current HTTP servlet request * @return the view name (or {@code null} if no default found) * @throws Exception if view name translation failed */ protected String getDefaultViewName(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception { return this.viewNameTranslator.getViewName(request); } /** * Resolve the given view name into a View object (to be rendered). * <p>The default implementations asks all ViewResolvers of this dispatcher. * Can be overridden for custom resolution strategies, potentially based on * specific model attributes or request parameters. * @param viewName the name of the view to resolve * @param model the model to be passed to the view * @param locale the current locale * @param request current HTTP servlet request * @return the View object, or {@code null} if none found * @throws Exception if the view cannot be resolved * (typically in case of problems creating an actual View object) * @see ViewResolver#resolveViewName */ protected View resolveViewName(String viewName, Map<String, Object> model, Locale locale, HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception { for (ViewResolver viewResolver : this.viewResolvers) { View view = viewResolver.resolveViewName(viewName, locale); if (view != null) { return view; } } return null; } private void triggerAfterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler, Exception ex) throws Exception { if (mappedHandler != null) { mappedHandler.triggerAfterCompletion(request, response, ex); } throw ex; } /** * Restore the request attributes after an include. * @param request current HTTP request * @param attributesSnapshot the snapshot of the request attributes before the include */ @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") private void restoreAttributesAfterInclude(HttpServletRequest request, Map<?,?> attributesSnapshot) { // Need to copy into separate Collection here, to avoid side effects // on the Enumeration when removing attributes. Set<String> attrsToCheck = new HashSet<String>(); Enumeration<?> attrNames = request.getAttributeNames(); while (attrNames.hasMoreElements()) { String attrName = (String) attrNames.nextElement(); if (this.cleanupAfterInclude || attrName.startsWith("org.springframework.web.servlet")) { attrsToCheck.add(attrName); } } // Add attributes that may have been removed attrsToCheck.addAll((Set<String>) attributesSnapshot.keySet()); // Iterate over the attributes to check, restoring the original value // or removing the attribute, respectively, if appropriate. for (String attrName : attrsToCheck) { Object attrValue = attributesSnapshot.get(attrName); if (attrValue == null){ request.removeAttribute(attrName); } else if (attrValue != request.getAttribute(attrName)) { request.setAttribute(attrName, attrValue); } } } private static String getRequestUri(HttpServletRequest request) { String uri = (String) request.getAttribute(WebUtils.INCLUDE_REQUEST_URI_ATTRIBUTE); if (uri == null) { uri = request.getRequestURI(); } return uri; } }
继承与依赖关系如下:
修改web.xml文件注册该Servlet,修改后的web.xml文件如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0"> <!--注册servlet--> <servlet> <!--名称 --> <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name> <!-- Servlet类 --> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <!--SpringMVC配置参数文件的位置 --> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <!--这里是存放在resources目录下的springmvc-servlet.xml --> <param-value>classpath*:springmvc-servlet.xml</param-value> </init-param> <!-- 启动顺序,数字越小,启动越早 --> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <!--所有请求都会被springmvc拦截 --> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>springmvc</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>
4.4、添加Spring MVC配置文件
在resource目录下添加springmvc-servlet.xml配置文件,配置的形式与Spring容器配置基本类似,为了支持基于注解的IOC,设置了自动扫描包的功能,具体配置信息如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.3.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-4.3.xsd"> <!-- 自动扫描包,实现支持注解的IOC --> <context:component-scan base-package="com.zhangguo.springmvc01" /> <!-- Spring MVC不处理静态资源 --> <mvc:default-servlet-handler /> <!-- 支持mvc注解驱动 --> <!--在spring中一般采用@RequestMapping注解来完成映射关系, 要想使@RequestMapping注解生效必须向上下文中注册DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping和一个AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter 实例,这两个实例分别在类级别和方法级别处理。而annotation-driven配置帮助我们自动完成上述两个实例的注入。--> <mvc:annotation-driven /> <!-- 视图解析器 --> <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" id="internalResourceViewResolver"> <!-- 前缀 --> <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/view/" /> <!-- 后缀 --> <property name="suffix" value=".jsp" /> </bean> </beans>
在视图解析中我们把所有的视图都存放在/WEB-INF/目录下,这样是为了视图安全,因为这个目录客户端不能直接访问。
4.5、创建HelloWorld控制器
在src/main/java源代码目录下创建包com.zhangguo.springmvc01.controller,在包下创建一个普通的类:HelloWorld,具体代码如下:
package com.zhangguo.springmvc01.controller; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.Model; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; /**控制器*/ @Controller @RequestMapping("/hello") public class HelloController { /**动作,action*/ @RequestMapping("/hi") public String hi(Model model){ //向模型中添加属性msg与值,将与页面模板渲染后输出 model.addAttribute("msg","Hello Spring MVC!"); return "hi"; } }
注解为@Controller是为了让Spring IOC容器初始化时自动扫描到;@RequestMapping是为了映射请求路径,这里因为类与方法上都有映射所以访问时应该是/hello/hi;方法中声明Model类型的参数是为了把Action中的数据带到视图中;方法返回的结果是视图的名称hi,加上配置文件中的前后缀变成WEB-INF/view/hi.jsp。
4.6、创建视图
在WEB-INF/view目录中创建视图,hi.jsp视图将从Action中带回的信息展示,具体内容如下:
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %> <%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>${msg}</title> </head> <body> <h2>${msg}</h2> </body> </html>
4.7、配置TomCat部署项目
点击右上角的Edit Configurations添加对tomcat的配置:
添加对tomcat的配置,设置名称,添加Deployment
可以设置context也可以没有,类似虚拟目录
4.8、测试运行
启动Tomcat运行项目,请注意查看启动信息,如果有异常应该先解决异常信息,运行成功后的结果如下所示:
五、设置引导页
使用了spring mvc如果想直接访问控制器下的某个action为引导页,可以通过如下方式实现:
5.1、方法一
删除index.jsp默认引导文件
定义一下Home控制器,如下所示:
package com.zhangguo.springmvc01.controller; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.Model; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; /**控制器*/ @Controller @RequestMapping("/") public class HomeController { /**动作,action*/ @RequestMapping("") public String index(Model model){ //向模型中添加属性msg与值,将与页面模板渲染后输出 model.addAttribute("msg","Welcome my website!"); return "hi"; } }
结果:
5.2、方法二
修改Spring MVC配置文件,增加如下配置:
<!--此标签用以在springMVC配置文件中实现路径的转发和资源的请求--> <mvc:view-controller path="/" view-name="redirect:/hello/"></mvc:view-controller>
action如下:
package com.zhangguo.springmvc01.controller; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.Model; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; /**控制器*/ @Controller @RequestMapping("/hello") public class HelloController { /**动作,action*/ @RequestMapping("/hi") public String hi(Model model){ //向模型中添加属性msg与值,将与页面模板渲染后输出 model.addAttribute("msg","Hello Spring MVC!"); return "hi"; } /**动作,action*/ @RequestMapping("") public String index(Model model){ //向模型中添加属性msg与值,将与页面模板渲染后输出 model.addAttribute("msg","Index Page!"); return "hi"; } }
访问结果:
注意这种方法是使用的重定向方式,需发起两次请求,尽量转发。