区块链
介绍区块链,搭建私链,智能合约以及开发DAPP。
概念
什么是区块链
广义:
区块链是分布式数据存储,点对点传输,共识机制,加密算法等计算机技术的新型应用模式。
狭义:
区块链是数据库的一种,它拥有大量的记录,并将这些记录全部存放在区块内,每个区块通过加密签名,链接到下一个区块。人们可以像使用账本一样使用区块链,可以共享,也可以被拥有适当权限的人查阅,通俗的说,区块链其实就是公开的分布式账簿系统。
挖矿
区块链需要存储记录,那么为什么要帮别人免费存储?——奖励
即参与记录的机器,当对信息进行加密时,满足一定的条件时,就会得到一定的奖励。这个加密计算的过程,叫做挖矿。而运行计算的程序,称为矿机。
智能合约
一个智能合约是一套以数字形式定义的承诺(promises),包括合约参与方可以在上面执行这些承诺的协议。一个合约由一组代码(合约的函数)和数据(合约的状态)组成,通常运行在以太坊虚拟机上。当满足一定的条件时,自动履行并通知用户。
以太坊
目前最大的区块链开发者平台
视频学习:尚硅谷_区块链以太坊核心技术
geth搭建以太坊私链
以太坊私有链搭建
一台电脑上部署多个节点。
安装go-ethereum
# 下载代码
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum.git
# 进入目录
cd go-ethereum
# 切换分支
git checkout v1.9.9
# 编译打包
make all
# 移动到可执行目录
cp build/bin/geth /usr/local/bin
cp build/bin/puppeth /usr/local/bin
创建节点目录
由于在一台电脑上部署多个节点,所以需要创建多个目录来保存各自节点的账号、区块链数据。
mkdir eth
cd eth
mkdir node1
mkdir node2
创建账号
为每个节点各自创建一个账号。执行 account new 命令后会提示你输入密码,也可以不输入直接回车跳过即可,生成账号后会给出对应的地址,记录下新生成的账号地址,方便后续配置创世块使用。如果没记住也可以通过 eth.accounts 命令查询。
geth --datadir ./node1/data account new
# 0x2A7d60135d51c799321B191427FB72108e28b75C
geth --datadir ./node2/data account new
# 0xFE677A1EB388E4d04cFb6767547599460442aDf7
配置创世块
创世块是区块链中的第一个区块,可以通过 puppeth 来生成创世区块,puppeth 是 geth 中自带的工具,不用单独安装,运行 puppeth 命令后会提示你输入私链的名称。
初始化节点
geth --datadir node1/data init private.json
geth --datadir node2/data init private.json
启动节点
# 启动第一个
geth --datadir node1/data \
--networkid 15 \
--rpc --rpcaddr 0.0.0.0 --rpcport 8545 \
--port 30303 \
--nodiscover \
--allow-insecure-unlock \
--rpccorsdomain https://remix.ethereum.org \
console
# 启动第二个
geth --datadir node2/data \
--networkid 15 \
--rpc --rpcaddr 0.0.0.0 --rpcport 18545 \
--port 60606 \
--nodiscover \
--allow-insecure-unlock \
console
参数含义:
--identity
:指定节点 ID--rpc
:表示开启 HTTP-RPC 服务--rpcaddr
:HTTP-RPC 服务ip地址--rpcport
:指定 HTTP-RPC 服务监听端口号(默认为 8545)--datadir
:指定区块链数据的存储位置--port
:指定和其他节点连接所用的端口号(默认为 30303)--nodiscover
:关闭节点发现机制,防止加入有同样初始配置的陌生节点--allow-insecure-unlock
:允许 HTTP 解锁账号
建立节点之间的连接
在各个节点的 console 输入 admin.nodeInfo.enode ,可以分别得到节点信息。
node1:
> admin.nodeInfo.enode
"enode://9103e0b2de12611b2a51b41aa5ed526fa65b50b9d88815171017d547c2835f023c87439d7352fa2bcfa52957925441b5ac638f3ffcd5573bdbb5b811e52d50f2@127.0.0.1:30303?discport=0"
>
node2:
> admin.nodeInfo.enode
"enode://2f9304cd83d3a4e91b2e266efceecdf2a680e9fc89eac3cd6fd90e9ca72cd6e7bf807e03e45487859602ffb522f19c3163226ea5a5a1866b822fdbef00aef85b@127.0.0.1:60606?discport=0"
>
在 node2 的 console 中输入对 node1 的连接:
> admin.addPeer("enode://9103e0b2de12611b2a51b41aa5ed526fa65b50b9d88815171017d547c2835f023c87439d7352fa2bcfa52957925441b5ac638f3ffcd5573bdbb5b811e52d50f2@127.0.0.1:30303?discport=0")
true
>
在 node1 的 console 中验证 node2 是否成功建立连接:
> admin.peers
[{
caps: ["eth/63", "eth/64"],
enode: "enode://2f9304cd83d3a4e91b2e266efceecdf2a680e9fc89eac3cd6fd90e9ca72cd6e7bf807e03e45487859602ffb522f19c3163226ea5a5a1866b822fdbef00aef85b@127.0.0.1:54276",
id: "9f471227e38b9b194c26cad6ce7874d2d504de0c8938099c6315a4fd293840c2",
name: "Geth/v1.9.9-stable/linux-amd64/go1.13.4",
network: {
inbound: true,
localAddress: "127.0.0.1:30303",
remoteAddress: "127.0.0.1:54276",
static: false,
trusted: false
},
protocols: {
eth: {
difficulty: 3,
head: "0x26896f9739ae0fff8d63c7793fe524052c37471830004e1f42f63d6ae4c937f3",
version: 64
}
}
}]
>
常用命令
- personal.newAccount("password"):创建账户;
- personal.listAccounts:查看账户,同eth.accounts
- personal.unlockAccount("0xf3b6bbd4c05eeeb78cf574c5c826e8727cd95da1"):解锁账户;
- eth.accounts:枚举系统中的账户;
- eth.getBalance():查看账户余额,返回值的单位是 Wei(Wei 是以太坊中最小货币面额单位,类似比特币中的聪,1 ether = 10^18 Wei);
- eth.blockNumber:列出区块总数;
- eth.getTransaction():获取交易;
- eth.getBlock():获取区块;
- miner.start():开始挖矿;
- miner.stop():停止挖矿;
- eth.coinbase:挖矿奖励的账户
- web3.fromWei():Wei 换算成以太币;
- web3.toWei():以太币换算成 Wei;
- txpool.status:交易池中的状态;
- admin.addPeer():连接到其他节点;
- admin.nodeInfo:查看节点摘要信息
开启挖矿
在 node2 开启挖矿:
> miner.start()
INFO [01-15|17:35:09.807] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=1000000000
null
> INFO [01-15|17:35:09.807] Commit new mining work number=1 sealhash=5a0d4f…a8b50e uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=153.486µs
WARN [01-15|17:35:09.807] Block sealing failed err="authentication needed: password or unlock"
解锁挖矿用户,再挖矿:
> personal.unlockAccount("0xFE677A1EB388E4d04cFb6767547599460442aDf7")
Unlock account 0xFE677A1EB388E4d04cFb6767547599460442aDf7
Password:
true
> miner.start()
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.428] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=1000000000
null
> INFO [01-15|17:46:06.428] Commit new mining work number=1 sealhash=586bf3…585097 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=177.262µs
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.429] Successfully sealed new block number=1 sealhash=586bf3…585097 hash=cafedf…b7e662 elapsed=860.675µs
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.429] :hammer: mined potential block number=1 hash=cafedf…b7e662
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.430] Commit new mining work number=2 sealhash=eb8562…c8587c uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=394.973µs
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.430] Signed recently, must wait for others
同理,在 node1 上也开启挖矿(因为只有2个节点,必须同时挖才行):
> personal.unlockAccount("0x2A7d60135d51c799321B191427FB72108e28b75C")
Unlock account 0x2A7d60135d51c799321B191427FB72108e28b75C
Password:
true
> miner.start()
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.428] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=1000000000
null
> INFO [01-15|17:46:06.428] Commit new mining work number=1 sealhash=586bf3…585097 uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=177.262µs
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.429] Successfully sealed new block number=1 sealhash=586bf3…585097 hash=cafedf…b7e662 elapsed=860.675µs
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.429] :hammer: mined potential block number=1 hash=cafedf…b7e662
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.430] Commit new mining work number=2 sealhash=eb8562…c8587c uncles=0 txs=0 gas=0 fees=0 elapsed=394.973µs
INFO [01-15|17:46:06.430] Signed recently, must wait for others
DAPP
基于区块链的APP
remix
启用插件
- Solidity compiler
- Deploy & run transactions
投票合约
投票合约
pragma solidity >=0.5.0 <6.0.0;
contract Vote {
uint[] _candidates;
mapping(uint => uint) _voters;
constructor(uint[] memory candidates) public {
_candidates = candidates;
}
function doVote(uint candidate) public {
require(validCandidate(candidate));
_voters[candidate] += 1;
}
function display(uint candidate) public view returns (uint) {
assert(validCandidate(candidate));
return _voters[candidate];
}
function validCandidate(uint candidate) private view returns (bool) {
for(uint i; i < _candidates.length; i++) {
if (_candidates[i] == candidate) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
}
部署:
投票:
证件存储合约
pragma solidity >=0.5.0 <6.0.0;
contract IDCard {
string _info;
constructor(string memory info) public {
_info = info;
}
function display() public view returns (string memory) {
return _info;
}
}
合约部署:
truffle
Truffle使开发者从智能合约和 DApp 模板开始,构建越来越复杂的应用程序。
安装命令行工具:
npm install -g truffle
创建项目
# 创建目录
mkdir egova-dapp
cd egova-dapp
# 初始化环境
truffle unbox metacoin
如下是对项目结构的说明:
- contracts/: Directory for Solidity contracts
- migrations/: Directory for scriptable deployment files
- test/: Directory for test files for testing your application and contracts
- truffle.js: Truffle configuration file
接下来进行合约的编译,部署等操作见文档即可。
web3.js
nodejs 项目使用 web3.js 更方便。
下面采用 koa 框架搭建服务端,在 truffle 的基础上搭建。
编译合约
采用 truffle 进行编译
truffle compile
编译文件会写入 build/constracts/ 目录下。
搭建koa
这里不详细展开,只介绍 nodejs 与区块链交互部分。
与区块链交互
项目中,server/blockchain.js 是封装的 web 接口。
// web3js实例对象
const web3 = require('../util/web3');
// 这里是获取到编译后的合约,即上面 build/constracts/ 目录下的 IDCard.json 文件
const { compiledContract } = require('../util/contract');
const config = require('../config');
// 合约
const contract = new web3.eth.Contract(compiledContract.abi);
// 服务接口
const svr = {
deploy: async (data) => {
// 部署合约
const instance = await contract.deploy({
data: compiledContract.bytecode,
// 数组的参数,会传入部署的合约的构造函数,我这里就是 IDCard 合约
arguments: [data],
}).send({
// 部署合约的账号
from: config.eth.from,
value: 0,
});
return instance._address
},
display: async (address) => {
// 引用存在的合约
const instance = new web3.eth.Contract(compiledContract.abi, address);
// 调用合约方法
return await instance.methods.display().call();
}
}
module.exports = {
deploy: async (ctx) => {
const body = ctx.request.body;
if (!body.data) {
ctx.throw(400, '.data required');
}
const address = await svr.deploy(body.data);
ctx.body = {
address: address,
}
},
display: async (ctx) => {
const params = ctx.params;
const data = await svr.display(params.address);
ctx.body = {
data: data,
}
}
};
接口测试
部署合约:
查看信息:
web3j
web3j is a lightweight, highly modular, reactive, type safe Java and Android library for working with Smart Contracts and integrating with clients (nodes) on the Ethereum network。
依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>org.web3j</groupId>
<artifactId>core</artifactId>
<version>4.5.12</version>
</dependency>
使用
// defaults to http://localhost:8545/
Web3j web3 = Web3j.build(new HttpService());
Web3ClientVersion web3ClientVersion = web3.web3ClientVersion().sendAsync().get();
String clientVersion = web3ClientVersion.getWeb3ClientVersion();
spring-boot项目使用
配置Web3j:
/**
* Web3j配置
*
* @author 奔波儿灞
* @since 1.0
*/
@Data
@Validated
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = Web3jProperties.PREFIX)
public class Web3jProperties {
static final String PREFIX = "web3j";
private String url = "http://localhost:8545/";
@NotNull
private Deploy deploy;
@NotNull
private Gas gas;
@Data
@Validated
public static class Deploy {
@NotBlank
private String wallet;
@NotBlank
private String password;
}
@Data
@Validated
public static class Gas {
@NotNull
private Long price;
@NotNull
private Long limit;
}
}
/**
* 配置Web3j
*
* @author 奔波儿灞
* @since 1.0
*/
@Configuration
@RequiredArgsConstructor
@EnableConfigurationProperties(Web3jProperties.class)
public class Web3jConfiguration {
private final Web3jProperties properties;
@Bean(destroyMethod = "shutdown")
public Web3j web3j() {
return Web3j.build(new HttpService(properties.getUrl()));
}
@Bean
public Credentials deployCredentials() {
Web3jProperties.Deploy deploy = properties.getDeploy();
Credentials credentials;
try {
return WalletUtils.loadCredentials(deploy.getPassword(), deploy.getWallet());
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("read wallet failed", e);
} catch (CipherException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("cipher failed", e);
}
}
@Bean
public ContractGasProvider gasProvider() {
Web3jProperties.Gas gas = properties.getGas();
return new StaticGasProvider(BigInteger.valueOf(gas.getPrice()), BigInteger.valueOf(gas.getLimit()));
}
}
配置:
web3j:
url: http://47.101.136.24:8545
deploy:
wallet: wallet.json
password: 123456
gas:
price: 1_000_000_000
limit: 170294
采用 truffle compile
先编译 .sol 文件成 json
打包代码:
bin/web3j/bin/web3j truffle generate /Users/xuanbo/Projects/egova/egova-dapp/build/contracts/IDCard.json \
-o src/main/java \
-p com.egova.dapp.contract
测试合约部署:
/**
* 测试Web3j
*
* @author 奔波儿灞
* @since 1.0
*/
@Slf4j
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = Application.class)
public class Web3jTest {
@Autowired
private Web3j web3j;
@Autowired
private Credentials deployCredentials;
@Autowired
private ContractGasProvider gasProvider;
@Test
public void version() throws IOException {
Web3ClientVersion web3ClientVersion = web3j.web3ClientVersion().send();
String clientVersion = web3ClientVersion.getWeb3ClientVersion();
log.info("clientVersion: {}", clientVersion);
}
@Test
public void deployContract() {
String info = "李四";
RemoteCall<IdCard> deploy = IdCard.deploy(web3j, deployCredentials, gasProvider, info);
deploy.sendAsync().whenComplete(((idCard, e) -> {
if (e == null) {
String address = idCard.getContractAddress();
log.info("deploy success, contract address: {}", address);
} else {
log.error("deploy failed", e);
}
}));
}
}