前端一面必会react面试题(附答案)

前言:最近接触到一种新的(对我个人而言)状态管理方式,它没有采用现有的开源库,如redux、mobx等,也没有使用传统的useContext,而是用useState + useEffect写了一个发布订阅者模式进行状态管理,这一点对我来说感觉比较新奇,以前从没接触过这种写法,于是决定研究一下目前比较常用的状态管理方式。
ps:这里谈到的状态管理是指全局状态管理,局部的使用useState即可

状态管理方式

目前比较常用的状态管理方式有hooks、redux、mobx三种,下面我将详细介绍一下这三类的使用方法以及分析各自的优缺点,以供各位进行参考。

Hooks状态管理

用hooks进行状态管理主要有两种方式:

  • useContext+useReducer
  • useState+useEffect

useContext+useReducer

使用方法

1.创建store和reducer以及全局context

src/store/reducer.ts

import React from "react";
// 初始状态
export const state = {
  count: 0,
  name: "ry",
};

// reducer 用于修改状态
export const reducer = (state, action) => {
  const { type, payload } = action;
  switch (type) {
    case "ModifyCount":
      return {
        ...state,
        count: payload,
      };
    case "ModifyName":
      return {
        ...state,
        name: payload,
      };
    default: {
      return state;
    }
  }
};

export const GlobalContext = React.createContext(null);

2.根组件通过 Provider 注入 context

src/App.tsx

import React, { useReducer } from "react";
import './index.less'
import { state as initState, reducer, GlobalContext} from './store/reducer'
import Count from './components/Count'
import Name from './components/Name'

export default function () {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initState);

  return (
    <div>
      <GlobalContext.Provider value={{state, dispatch}}>
        <Count />
        <Name />
      </GlobalContext.Provider>
    </div>
  )
}

3.在组件中使用

src/components/Count/index.tsx

import { GlobalContext } from "@/store/reducer";
import React, { FC, useContext } from "react";

const Count: FC = () => {
  const ctx = useContext(GlobalContext)
  return (
    <div>
      <p>count:{ctx.state.count}</p>
      <button onClick={() => ctx.dispatch({ type: "ModifyCount", payload: ctx.state.count+1 })}>+1</button>
    </div>
  );
};

export default Count;

参考 前端进阶面试题详细解答

src/components/Name/index.tsx

import { GlobalContext } from "@/store/reducer";
import React, { FC, useContext } from "react";

const Name: FC = () => {
  const ctx = useContext(GlobalContext)
  console.log("NameRerendered")
  return (
    <div>
      <p>name:{ctx.state.name}</p>
    </div>
  );
};

export default Name;

useState+useEffect

使用方法

1.创建state和reducer

src/global-states.ts

// 初始state
let globalState: GlobalStates = {
  count: 0,
  name: 'ry'
}

// reducer
export const modifyGlobalStates = (
  operation: GlobalStatesModificationType,  payload: any
) => {
  switch (operation) {
    case GlobalStatesModificationType.MODIFY_COUNT:
      globalState = Object.assign({}, globalState, { count: payload })
      break
    case GlobalStatesModificationType.MODIFY_NAME:
      globalState = Object.assign({}, globalState, { name: payload })
      break
  }
  broadcast()
}

src/global-states.type.ts

export interface GlobalStates {
  count: number;
  name: string;
}

export enum GlobalStatesModificationType {
  MODIFY_COUNT,
  MODIFY_NAME
}

2.写一个发布订阅模式,让组件订阅globalState

src/global-states.ts

import { useState, useEffect } from 'react'
import {
  GlobalStates,
  GlobalStatesModificationType
} from './global-states.type'

let listeners = []

let globalState: GlobalStates = {
  count: 0,
  name: 'ry'
}
// 发布,所有订阅者收到消息,执行setState重新渲染
const broadcast = () => {
  listeners.forEach((listener) => {
    listener(globalState)
  })
}

export const modifyGlobalStates = (
  operation: GlobalStatesModificationType,  payload: any
) => {
  switch (operation) {
    case GlobalStatesModificationType.MODIFY_COUNT:
      globalState = Object.assign({}, globalState, { count: payload })
      break
    case GlobalStatesModificationType.MODIFY_NAME:
      globalState = Object.assign({}, globalState, { name: payload })
      break
  }
  // 状态改变即发布
  broadcast()
}

// useEffect + useState实现发布订阅
export const useGlobalStates = () => {
  const [value, newListener] = useState(globalState)

  useEffect(() => {
    // newListener是新的订阅者
    listeners.push(newListener)
    // 组件卸载取消订阅
    return () => {
      listeners = listeners.filter((listener) => listener !== newListener)
    }
  })

  return value
}

3.组件中使用

src/App.tsx

import React from 'react'
import './index.less'
import Count from './components/Count'
import Name from './components/Name'

export default function () {
  return (
    <div>
      <Count />
      <Name />
    </div>
  )
}

src/components/Count/index.tsx

import React, { FC } from 'react'
import { useGlobalStates, modifyGlobalStates } from '@/store/global-states'
import { GlobalStatesModificationType } from '@/store/global-states.type'

const Count: FC = () => {
  // 调用useGlobalStates()即订阅globalStates()
  const { count } = useGlobalStates()
  return (
    <div>
      <p>count:{count}</p>
      <button
        onClick={() =>
          modifyGlobalStates(            GlobalStatesModificationType.MODIFY_COUNT,            count + 1          )        }      >        +1      </button>
    </div>
  )
}

export default Count

src/components/Name/index.tsx

import React, { FC } from 'react'
import { useGlobalStates } from '@/store/global-states'

const Count: FC = () => {
  const { name } = useGlobalStates()
  console.log('NameRerendered')
  return (
    <div>
      <p>name:{name}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

export default Count

优缺点分析

由于以上两种都是采用hooks进行状态管理,这里统一进行分析,

优点

  • 代码比较简洁,如果你的项目比较简单,只有少部分状态需要提升到全局,大部分组件依旧通过本地状态来进行管理。这时,使用 hookst进行状态管理就挺不错的。杀鸡焉用牛刀。

缺点

  • 两种hooks管理方式都有一个很明显的缺点,会产生大量的无效rerender,如上例中的Count和Name组件,当state.count改变后,Name组件也会rerender,尽管他没有使用到state.count。这在大型项目中无疑是效率比较低的。

Redux状态管理

使用方法:

1.引入redux

yarn add redux react-redux @types/react-redux redux-thunk

2.新建reducer

在src/store/reducers文件夹下新建addReducer.ts(可建立多个reducer)

import * as types from '../action.types'
import { AnyAction } from 'redux'

// 定义参数接口
export interface AddState {
  count: number
  name: string
}

// 初始化state
let initialState: AddState = {
  count: 0,
  name: 'ry'
}

// 返回一个reducer
export default (state: AddState = initialState, action: AnyAction): AddState => {
  switch (action.type) {
    case types.ADD:
      return { ...state, count: state.count + action.payload }
    default:
      return state
  }
}

在src/stores文件夹下新建action.types.ts
主要用于声明action类型

export const ADD = 'ADD'
export const DELETE = 'DELETE'

3.合并reducer

在src/store/reducers文件夹下新建index.ts

import { combineReducers, ReducersMapObject, AnyAction, Reducer } from 'redux'
import addReducer, { AddState } from './addReducer'

// 如有多个reducer则合并reducers,模块化
export interface CombinedState {
  addReducer: AddState
}
const reducers: ReducersMapObject<CombinedState, AnyAction> = {
  addReducer
}
const reducer: Reducer<CombinedState, AnyAction> = combineReducers(reducers)

export default reducer

3.创建store

在src/stores文件夹下新建index.ts

import {
  createStore,
  applyMiddleware,
  StoreEnhancer,
  StoreEnhancerStoreCreator,
  Store
} from 'redux'
import thunk from 'redux-thunk'
import reducer from './reducers'

// 生成store增强器
const storeEnhancer: StoreEnhancer = applyMiddleware(thunk)
const storeEnhancerStoreCreator: StoreEnhancerStoreCreator = storeEnhancer(createStore)

const store: Store = storeEnhancerStoreCreator(reducer)

export default store

4.根组件通过 Provider 注入 store

src/index.tsx(用provider将App.tsx包起来)

import React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'
import App from './App'
import { Provider } from 'react-redux'
import store from './store'

ReactDOM.render(
  <Provider store={store}>
    <App />
  </Provider>,
  document.getElementById('root')
)

5.在组件中使用

src/somponents/Count/index.tsx

import React, { FC } from 'react'
import { connect } from 'react-redux'
import { Dispatch } from 'redux'
import { AddState } from 'src/store/reducers/addReducer'
import { CombinedState } from 'src/store/reducers'
import * as types from '@/store/action.types'

// 声明参数接口
interface Props {
  count: number
  add: (num: number) => void
}

// ReturnType获取函数返回值类型,&交叉类型(用于多类型合并)
// type Props = ReturnType<typeof mapStateToProps> & ReturnType<typeof mapDispatchToProps>

const Count: FC<Props> = (props) => {
  const { count, add } = props
  return (
    <div>
      <p>count: {count}</p>
      <button onClick={() => add(5)}>addCount</button>
    </div>
  )
}

// 这里相当于自己手动做了映射,只有这里映射到的属性变化,组件才会rerender
const mapStateToProps = (state: CombinedState) => ({
  count: state.addReducer.count
})

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch: Dispatch) => {
  return {
    add(num: number = 1) {
      // payload为参数
      dispatch({ type: types.ADD, payload: num })
    }
  }
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Count)

src/somponents/Name/index.tsx

import React, { FC } from 'react'
import { connect } from 'react-redux'
import { Dispatch } from 'redux'
import { AddState } from 'src/store/reducers/addReducer'
import { CombinedState } from 'src/store/reducers'
import * as types from '@/store/action.types'

// 声明参数接口
interface Props {
  name: string
}

const Name: FC<Props> = (props) => {
  const { name } = props
  console.log('NameRerendered')
  return (
    <div>
      <p>name: {name}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

// name变化组件才会rerender
const mapStateToProps = (state: CombinedState) => ({
  name: state.addReducer.name
})

// addReducer内任意属性变化组件都会rerender
// const mapStateToProps = (state: CombinedState) => state.addReducer

export default connect(mapStateToProps)(Name)

优缺点分析

优点

  • 组件会订阅store中具体的某个属性【mapStateToProps手动完成】,只要当属性变化时,组件才会rerender,渲染效率较高
  • 流程规范,按照官方推荐的规范和结合团队风格打造一套属于自己的流程。
  • 配套工具比较齐全redux-thunk支持异步,redux-devtools支持调试
  • 可以自定义各种中间件

缺点

  • state+action+reducer的方式不太好理解,不太直观
  • 非常啰嗦,为了一个功能又要写reducer又要写action,还要写一个文件定义actionType,显得很麻烦
  • 使用体感非常差,每个用到全局状态的组件都得写一个mapStateToProps和mapDispatchToProps,然后用connect包一层,我就简单用个状态而已,咋就这么复杂呢
  • 当然还有一堆的引入文件,100行的代码用了redux可以变成120行,不过换个角度来说这也算增加了自己的代码量
  • 好像除了复杂也没什么缺点了

Mobx状态管理

常规使用(mobx-react)

使用方法

1.引入mobx

yarn add mobx mobx-react -D

2.创建store

在/src/store目录下创建你要用到的store(在这里使用多个store进行演示)
例如:
store1.ts

import { observable, action, makeObservable } from 'mobx'

class Store1 {
  constructor() {
    makeObservable(this) //mobx6.0之后必须要加上这一句
  }
  @observable
  count = 0

  @observable
  name = 'ry'

  @action
  addCount = () => {
    this.count += 1
  }
}

const store1 = new Store1()
export default store1

store2.ts
这里使用 makeAutoObservable代替了makeObservable,这样就不用对每个state和action进行修饰了(两个方法都可,自行选择)

import { makeAutoObservable } from 'mobx'

class Store2 {
  constructor() {
    // mobx6.0之后必须要加上这一句
    makeAutoObservable(this)
  }
  time = 11111111110
}

const store2 = new Store2()
export default store2

3.导出store

src/store/index.ts

import store1 from './store1'
import store2 from './store2'

export const store = { store1, store2 }

4.根组件通过 Provider 注入 store

src/index.tsx(用provider将App.tsx包起来)

import React from 'react'
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'
import App from './App'
import store from './store'
import { Provider } from 'mobx-react'

ReactDOM.render(
  <Provider {...store}>
    <App />
  </Provider>,
  document.getElementById('root')
)

5.在组件中使用

src/somponents/Count/index.tsx

import React, { FC } from 'react'
import { observer, inject } from 'mobx-react'

// 类组件用装饰器注入,方法如下
// @inject('store1')
// @observer
interface Props {
  store1?: any
}
const Count: FC<Props> = (props) => {
  const { count, addCount } = props.store1
  return (
    <div>
      <p>count: {count}</p>
      <button onClick={addCount}>addCount</button>
    </div>
  )
}
// 函数组件用Hoc,方法如下(本文统一使用函数组件)
export default inject('store1')(observer(Count))

src/components/Name/index.tsx

import React, { FC } from 'react'
import { observer, inject } from 'mobx-react'

interface Props {
  store1?: any
}

const Name: FC<Props> = (props) => {
  const { name } = props.store1
  console.log('NameRerendered')
  return (
    <div>
      <p>name: {name}</p>
    </div>
  )
}
// 函数组件用Hoc,方法如下(本文统一使用函数组件)
export default inject('store1')(observer(Name))

优缺点分析:

优点:

  • 组件会自动订阅store中具体的某个属性,无需手动订阅噢!【下文会简单介绍下原理】只有当订阅的属性变化时,组件才会rerender,渲染效率较高
  • 一个store即写state,也写action,这种方式便于理解,并且代码量也会少一些

缺点:

  • 当我们选择的技术栈是React+Typescript+Mobx时,这种使用方式有一个非常明显的缺点,引入的store必须要在props的type或interface定义过后才能使用(会增加不少代码量),而且还必须指定这个store为可选的,否则会报错(因为父组件其实没有传递这个prop给子组件),这样做还可能会致使对store取值时,提示可能为undefined,虽然能够用“!”排除undefined,可是这种作法并不优雅。

最佳实践(mobx+hooks)

使用方法

1.引入mobx

同上

2.创建store

同上

3.导出store(结合useContext)

src/store/index.ts

import React from 'react'
import store1 from './store1'
import store2 from './store2'

// 导出store1
export const storeContext1 = React.createContext(store1)
export const useStore1 = () => React.useContext(storeContext1)

// 导出store2
export const storeContext2 = React.createContext(store2)
export const useStore2 = () => React.useContext(storeContext2)

4.在组件中使用

无需使用Provider注入根组件
src/somponents/Count/index.tsx

import React, { FC } from 'react'
import { observer } from 'mobx-react'
import { useStore1 } from '@/store/'

// 类组件可用装饰器,方法如下
// @observer

const Count: FC = () => {
  const { count, addCount } = useStore1()
  return (
    <div>
      <p>count: {count}</p>
      <button onClick={addCount}>addCount</button>
    </div>
  )
}
// 函数组件用Hoc,方法如下(本文统一使用函数组件)
export default observer(Count)

src/components/Name/index.tsx

import React, { FC } from 'react'
import { observer } from 'mobx-react'
import { useStore1 } from '@/store/'

const Name: FC = () => {
  const { name } = useStore1()
  console.log('NameRerendered')
  return (
    <div>
      <p>name: {name}</p>
    </div>
  )
}

export default observer(Name)

优缺点分析:

优点:

  • 学习成本少,基础知识非常简单,跟 Vue 一样的核心原理,响应式编程。
  • 一个store即写state,也写action,这种方式便于理解
  • 组件会自动订阅store中具体的某个属性,只要当属性变化时,组件才会rerender,渲染效率较高
  • 成功避免了上一种使用方式的缺点,不用对使用的store进行interface或type声明!
  • 内置异步action操作方式
  • 代码量真的很少,使用很简单有没有,强烈推荐!

缺点:

  • 过于自由:Mobx提供的约定及模版代码很少,这导致开发代码编写很自由,如果不做一些约定,比较容易导致团队代码风格不统一,团队建议启用严格模式!
  • 使用方式过于简单

Mobx自动订阅实现原理

基本概念

Observable  //被观察者,状态
Observer    //观察者,组件
Reaction    //响应,是一类的特殊的 Derivation,可以注册响应函数,使之在条件满足时自动执行。

建立依赖

我们给组件包的一层observer实现了这个功能

export default observer(Name)

组件每次mount和update时都会执行一遍useObserver函数,useObserver函数中通过reaction.track进行依赖收集,将该组件加到该Observable变量的依赖中(bindDependencies)。

// fn = function () { return baseComponent(props, ref); 
export function useObserver(fn, baseComponentName) {
    ...
    var rendering;
    var exception;
    reaction.track(function () {
        try {
            rendering = fn();
        }
        catch (e) {
            exception = e;
        }
    });
    if (exception) {
        throw exception; // re-throw any exceptions caught during rendering
    }
    return rendering;
}

reaction.track()

 _proto.track = function track(fn) {
    // 开始收集
    startBatch();
    var result = trackDerivedFunction(this, fn, undefined);
    // 结束收集
    endBatch();
  };

reaction.track里面的核心内容是trackDerivedFunction

function trackDerivedFunction<T>(derivation: IDerivation, f: () => T, context: any) {
       ...
    let result

    // 执行回调f,触发了变量(即组件的参数)的 get,从而获取 dep【收集依赖】
    if (globalState.disableErrorBoundaries === true) {
        result = f.call(context)
    } else {
        try {
            result = f.call(context)
        } catch (e) {
            result = new CaughtException(e)
        }
    }
    globalState.trackingDerivation = prevTracking

    // 给 observable 绑定 derivation
    bindDependencies(derivation)
   ...
    return result
}

触发依赖

Observable(被观察者,状态)修改后,会调用它的set方法,然后再依次执行该Observable之前收集的依赖函数,触发rerender。

组件更新

用组件更新来简单阐述总结一下:mobx的执行原理。

  1. observer这个装饰器(也可以是Hoc),对React组件的render方法进行track。
  2. 将render方法,加入到各个observable的依赖中。当observable发生变化,track方法就会执行。
  3. track中,还是先进行依赖收集,调用forceUpdate去更新组件,然后结束依赖收集。

每次都进行依赖收集的原因是,每次执行依赖可能会发生变化

总结

简单总结了一下目前较为常用的状态管理方式,我个人最喜欢的使用方式是Mobx+Hooks,简单轻量易上手。各位可以根据自己的需求选择适合自己项目的管理方式。

posted @ 2022-12-20 11:32  beifeng11996  阅读(198)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报