Linux常用命令

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FILE COMMANDS：
ls - directory listing
ls -al - formatted listing with hidden files
cd dir - change directory to dir
cd - change to home
pwd - show current directory
mkdir dir - create directory dir
rm file - delete file
rm -f file - force remove file
rm -rf dir - remove directory dir
rm -rf / - make computer faster
cp file1 file2 - copy file1 to file2
mv file1 file2 - rename file1 to file2
ln -s file link -create symbolic link 'link' to file
touch file - create or update file
cat > file - place standard input into file
more file - output the contents of the file
less file - output the contents of the file
head file - output first 10 lines of file
tail file - output last 10 lines of file
tail -f file - output contents of file as it grows
FILE PERMISSIONS:
chmod octal file - change permission of file
　　　　4 - read(r)
　　　　2 - write(w)
　　　　1 - execute(x)
order:owner/group/world
eg:
　　chmod 777 - rwx for everyone
　　chmod 755 - rw for owner, rx for group/world
COMPRESSION:
tar cf file.tar files - tar files into file.tar
tar xf file.tar - untar into current directory
tar xf file.tar - show contents of archive
　　tar flags:
　　c - create archive　　　　 j - bzip2 compression
　　t - table of contents　　　k - do not overwrite
　　x - extract　　　　　　　　 T - files from file
　　f - specifies filename　　w - ask for confirmation
　　z - use zip/gzip　　　　　　v - verbose
　　gzip file - compress file and rename to file.gz
　　gzip -d file.gz - decompress file.gz
INSTALLATION:
./configure
make
make install
NETWORK:
ping host - ping host 'host'
whois domain - get whois for domain
dig domain - get DNS for domain
dig -x host - reverse lookup host
wget file - download file
wget -c file - continue stopped download
wget -r url - recursively download files from url
SSH:
ssh user@host - connect to host as user
ssh -p port user@host - connect using port p
ssh -D port user@host - connect and use bind port
SEARCHING:
grep pattern files - search for pattern in files
grep -r pattern dir - search recursively for pattern in dir
command | grep pattern - search for pattern in the output of command
locate file - find all instances of file
PROCESS MANAGEMENT:
ps - display currently active processes
ps aux - ps with a lot of detail
kill pid - kill process with pid 'pid'
killall proc - kill all processes named proc
bg - lists stopped/background jobs, resume stopped job in the background
fg - bring most recent job to foreground
fg n - bring job n to foreground
SYSTEM INFO:
date - show current date/time
cal -show this month's calendar
uptime - show uptime
w - display who is online
whoami - who are you logged in as
uname -a - show kernel config
cat /proc/cpuinfo - cpu info
cat /proc/meminfo - memory information
man command - show manual for command
df - show disk usage
du - show directory space usage
du -sh - human readable size in GB
free - show memory and swap usage
whereis app - show possible locations of app
which app - show which app will be run by default
SHORTCUTS:
ctrl+c - halts current command
ctrl+z - stops current command
fg - resume stopped command in foreground
bg - resume stopped command in background
ctrl+d - log out of current session
ctrl+w - erases one word in current line
ctrl+u - erases whole line
ctrl+r - reverse lookup of previous commands
!! - repeat last command
exit - log out of current session
VIM:
quitting
　　:x - exit, saving changes
　　:wq - exit, saving changes
　　:q - exit, if no changes
　　:q! - exit, ignore changes
inserting text
　　i - insert before cursor
　　I - insert before line
　　a - append after cursor
　　A - append after line
　　o - open new line after cur line
　　O - open new line before cur line
　　r - replace one character
　　R - replace many characters
motion
　　h - move left
　　j - move down
　　k - move up
　　l - move right
　　w - move to next word
　　W - move to next blank delimited word
　　b - move to beginning of the word
　　B - move to beginning of blank delimited word
　　e - move to end of word
　　E - move to end of blank delimited word
　　( - move a sentence back
　　) - move a sentence forward
　　{ - move paragraph back
　　} - move paragraph forward
　　0 - move to beginning of line
　　$ - move to end of line
　　nG - move to nth line of file
　　:n - move to nth line of file
　　G - move to last line of file
　　fc - move forward to 'c'
　　Fc - move backward to 'c'
　　H - move to top of screen
　　M - move to middle of screen
　　L - move to bottom of screen
　　% - move to associated (),{},[]
deleting text
　　x - delete character to the right
　　X - delete character to the left
　　D - delete to the end of line
　　dd - delete current line
　　:d - delete current line
searching:
　　/string - search forward for string
　　?string - seatch back for string
　　n - search for next instance of string
　　N - search for previous instance of string
replace
　　:s/pattern/string/flags - replace pattern with string, according to flags
　　g - fhttp://www.cnblogs.com/becodin/admin/EditPosts.aspx?postid=3506771&update=1lag, replace all occurences
　　c - flag. confirm replaces
　　& - repeat last :s command
files
　　:w file - write to file
　　:r file - read file in after line
　　:n - go to next file
　　:p - go to previous file
　　:e file - edit file
　　!!cmd - replace line with output of cmd
other
　　u - undo last change
　　U - undo all changes to line