python 设计模式之工厂模式 Factory Pattern (简单工厂模式,工厂方法模式,抽象工厂模式)
十一回了趟老家,十一前工作一大堆忙成了狗,十一回来后又积累了一大堆又 忙成了狗,今天刚好抽了一点空开始写工厂方法模式
我看了《Head First 设计模式》P109--P133 这25页,讲述了我们为什么要用工厂模式,里面用做pizza的例子讲的特别细腻。看完了就能很清楚的知道为什么要用工厂模式。
年龄越大越不喜欢一知半解,深刻的了解某些未知的事或物以后,它再出现就不怕了
#'New'有什么不对劲?
在技术上,new没有错,这是语言的基础部分。真正的犯人是我们的老朋友 ‘改变’, 以及它是如何影响new使用的。
如果代码是通过接口而写,通过多态,可以与任何新类实现该接口。
但是当代码使用大量的具体类时,那就麻烦了,因为一旦加入新的具体类,就必须改变代码。意思是代码没 " 对修改关闭"。想用新的具体类来扩展代码,必须重新打开它。
这可咋办? 只能改代码
很明显,如果实例化某些具体类,将使orderPizza()出问题,没办法让orderPizza()对修改关闭,
但是咱们还是能很明显的看出哪些会变,哪些不会变,这个时候就可以考虑封装了,
上面这些引出了下面的简单工厂模式
#简单工厂模式
1)算是定义吧
简单工厂模式其实并不是一个模设计模式,反而比较像一种编程习惯,还请不要把这个习惯认为是“工厂模式”。
不要因为简单工厂不是一个真正的模式,就忽略它的用法。
2)类图
3)举个例子(java)
public class PizzaStore { SimplePizzaFactory factory; public PizzaStore(SimplePizzaFactory factory){ this.factory=factory; } public Pizza orderPizza(String type){ Pizza pizza; pizza=factory.createPizza(type); pizza.prepare(); pizza.bake(); pizza.cut(); pizza.box(); return pizza; } } ############################ public class SimplePizzaFactory { public Pizza createPizza(String type){ Pizza pizza=null; if(type.equals("cheese")){ pizza=new CheesePizza(); }else if (type.equals("greek")){ pizza=new GreekPizza(); }else if(type.equals("pepperoni")){ pizza=new PepperoniPizza(); }else if (type.equals("clam")){ pizza=new ClamPizza(); }else if (type.equals("veggie")){ pizza=new VeggiePizza(); } return pizza; } } ######################################################## public abstract class Pizza { String name; String dough; String sauce; void prepare(){ System.out.print("Preparing"); }; void bake(){ System.out.print("Baking"); }; void cut(){ System.out.print("cut"); }; void box(){ System.out.print("box"); }; } public class VeggiePizza extends Pizza{ } public class ClamPizza extends Pizza { } public class PepperoniPizza extends Pizza { } public class PepperoniPizza extends Pizza { } ################################# public static void main(String[] args) { PizzaStore store=new PizzaStore(); Pizza pizza=store.orderPizza("cheese"); System.out.println("eat Pizza"); }
4)举个例子(python)
#工厂方法模式
#引入
#匹萨生意火爆,现在有很多人要开加盟店,不同地区的加盟店口味有差异。PizzaStore有个不错的订单系统,希望所有加盟店对订单的处理一致。
各区域匹萨店之间的差异在于他们制作匹萨的风味(比如 NYStyle 饼薄, ChicagoStyle 饼厚等),我们现在让createPizza()来应对这些变化负责创建正确种类的匹萨。
做法是让PizzaStore的各个子类负责定义自己的createPizza()方法。所以我们会得到PizzaStore的具体类。
#定义
定义了一个创建对象的接口,但有子类决定要实例化的类是哪一个。工厂方法让类把实例化推迟到子类。
所有工厂模式都是用来封装对象的创建。工厂方法模式(Factory Method Pattern) 通过让子类决定该创建的对象是什么,来达到对象创建的过程封装的目的。
原本是由一个对象负责所有具体的实例化,现在变成一群子类负责实例化
#类图
#举个例子(java)
public abstract class PizzaStore { public Pizza orderPizza(String type){ Pizza pizza; pizza=createPizza(type); pizza.prepare(); pizza.bake(); pizza.cut(); pizza.box(); return pizza; } abstract Pizza createPizza(String type); } ########################################################### public class NYPizzaStore extends PizzaStore{ Pizza createPizza(String item){ if(item.equals("cheese")){ return new NYStyleCheesePizza(); }else if (item.equals("greek")){ return new NYStyleGreekPizza(); }else if(item.equals("pepperoni")){ return new NYStylePepperoniPizza(); }else if (item.equals("clam")){ return new NYStyleClamPizza(); }else if (item.equals("veggie")){ return new NYStyleVeggiePizza(); }else return null } ######## public class ChicagoPizzaStore extends PizzaStore { Pizza createPizza(String item){ if(item.equals("cheese")){ return new ChicagoStyleCheesePizza(); }else if (item.equals("greek")){ return new ChicagoStyleGreekPizza(); }else if(item.equals("pepperoni")){ return new ChicagoStylePepperoniPizza(); }else if (item.equals("clam")){ return new ChicagoStyleClamPizza(); }else if (item.equals("veggie")){ return new ChicagoStyleVeggiePizza(); }else return null; } } ########################################################## public abstract class Pizza { String name; String dough; String sauce; void prepare(){ } void bake(){ } void cut(){ } void box(){ } } ############## public class NYStyleCheesePizza extends Pizza { public NYStyleCheesePizza(){ name="NY Style Sauce and Cheese Pizza"; dough="Thin Crust Dough"; sauce="Marinara Sauce"; } } ######## public class NYStyleClamPizza extends Pizza { } ###### public class NYStyleGreekPizza extends Pizza{ } #### public class NYStylePepperoniPizza extends Pizza { } ####### public class NYStyleVeggiePizza extends Pizza { } ######### public class ChicagoStyleCheesePizza extends Pizza { public ChicagoStyleCheesePizza(){ name="Chicago Style Sauce and Cheese Pizza"; dough="Thick Crust Dough"; sauce="Plum Tomato Sauce"; } } ######### public class ChicagoStyleGreekPizza extends Pizza{ } ######## public class ChicagoStylePepperoniPizza extends Pizza { } ####### public class ChicagoStyleClamPizza extends Pizza{ } ###### public class ChicagoStyleVeggiePizza extends Pizza { } ##################################################################### public class javatest1 { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException,ClassNotFoundException{ PizzaStore nyStore=new NYPizzaStore(); PizzaStore chicagoStore=new ChicagoPizzaStore(); Pizza pizza=nyStore.orderPizza("cheese"); System.out.println("eat NYStylePizza"); pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("cheese"); System.out.println("eat ChicagoStylePizza"); } }
#举个例子(python)
class Person(object): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name def work(self): print(self.name+"工作开始了") axe = Stone_Factory().create_axe() axe.cut_tree() class Axe(object): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name def cut_tree(self): print("使用%s斧头砍树"%self.name) class StoneAxe(Axe): def cut_tree(self): print("使用石斧头砍树") class SteelAxe(Axe): def cut_tree(self): print("使用铁斧头砍树") class Tree(object): pass #工厂类 ''' class Factory(object): @staticmethod def create_axe(type): if type == "stone": return StoneAxe("花岗岩斧头") if type == "steel": return SteelAxe("铁斧头") ''' class Factory(object): def create_axe(self): pass class Stone_Factory(Factory): def create_axe(self): return StoneAxe("花岗岩斧头") class Steel_Factory(Factory): def create_axe(self): return SteelAxe("铁斧头")
code来自https://blog.csdn.net/Mr_Quiet/article/details/80998337
#抽象工厂模式
#引入
纽约匹萨店生意火爆,越来越好,需要开好多家纽约披萨店,芝加哥也是面临同样的情况。为了保证质量,就得控制原料。所以我们得建造原料工厂,来生产不同区域的原料。
#定义
抽象工厂模式提供一个接口,用于创建相关或依赖对象的家族,而不需要明确指定具体类。
允许客户用抽象的借口创建一组产品,不需要知道实际产出的具体产品是什么,这样客户就从具体的产品解耦了。
#结构图
#使用场景
)客户端不依赖于产品类实例如何被创建、实现等细节
)强调一系列相关的产品对象(属于统一产品族)一起使用创建对象需要大量重复的代码
)提供一个产品类的库,所以的产品以同样或者大部分相同的接口出现,从而使客户端不依赖具体实现
#优点
实现解耦
#缺点
)规定了所有可能被创建的产品集合,产品族扩展新的产品困难,需要修改抽象工厂的接口
)增加了系统的抽象性和理解难度
#举个例子(java)
public interface Cheese { } ############# public interface Pepperoni { } ########## public interface Sauce { } ################## public interface Clams { } public class BlackOlives implements Veggies { } ######### public interface Dough { } ########## public interface Veggies { } ###################################################################### public class MozzarellaCheese implements Cheese{ } ######## public class ReggianoCheese implements Cheese { } ##### public class Eggplant implements Veggies { } ##### public class Garlic implements Veggies{ } ####### public class Mushroom implements Veggies { } ########### public class RedPepper implements Veggies{ } ######## public class Spinach implements Veggies{ } ##### public class FreshClams implements Clams{ } ###### public class FrozenClams implements Clams{ } ####### public class MarinaraSauce implements Sauce { } ######### public class PlumTomatoSauce implements Sauce { } ######## public class SlicedPepperoni implements Pepperoni{ } ######### public class SlicePepperoni implements Pepperoni{ } ######## public class ThinCrustDough implements Dough { } ######## public class ThickCrustDough implements Dough { } ######################################################## public interface PizzaIngredientFactory { public Sauce createSauce(); public Cheese createCheese(); public Veggies[] createVeggies(); public Pepperoni createPepperoni(); public Clams createClam(); public Dough createDough(); } ################### public class NYPizzaIngredientFactory implements PizzaIngredientFactory { public Dough createDough(){ return new ThinCrustDough(); } public Sauce createSauce(){ return new MarinaraSauce(); } public Cheese createCheese(){ return new ReggianoCheese(); } public Veggies[] createVeggies(){ Veggies veggies[]={new Garlic(),new Mushroom(),new RedPepper()}; return veggies; } public Pepperoni createPepperoni(){ return new SlicePepperoni(); } public Clams createClam(){ return new FreshClams(); } } ######### public class ChicagoPizzaIngredientFactory implements PizzaIngredientFactory { public Dough createDough(){ return new ThickCrustDough(); } public Sauce createSauce(){ return new PlumTomatoSauce(); } public Cheese createCheese(){ return new MozzarellaCheese(); } public Veggies[] createVeggies(){ Veggies veggies[]={new BlackOlives(),new Spinach(),new Eggplant()}; return veggies; } public Pepperoni createPepperoni(){ return new SlicedPepperoni(); } public Clams createClam(){ return new FrozenClams(); } } ####### ############################################### public abstract class Pizza { String name; Dough dough; Sauce sauce; Veggies veggies[]; Cheese cheese; Pepperoni pepperoni; Clams clam; abstract void prepare(); void bake(){ System.out.print("Baking"); }; void cut(){ System.out.print("cut"); }; void box(){ System.out.print("box"); }; void setName(String name){ this.name=name; } String getName(){ return name; } public String toString(){ return name; } } ############### public class CheesePizza extends Pizza{ PizzaIngredientFactory ingreditentFactory; public CheesePizza(PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory){ this.ingreditentFactory=ingredientFactory; } void prepare(){ System.out.print("Preparing"+name); dough=ingreditentFactory.createDough(); sauce=ingreditentFactory.createSauce(); cheese=ingreditentFactory.createCheese(); } } ############# public class ClamPizza extends Pizza { PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory; public ClamPizza(PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory){ this.ingredientFactory=ingredientFactory; } void prepare(){ System.out.print("Preparing"+name); dough=ingredientFactory.createDough(); sauce=ingredientFactory.createSauce(); clam=ingredientFactory.createClam(); } } ###################### public class PepperoniPizza extends Pizza { PizzaIngredientFactory ingreditentFactory; public PepperoniPizza(PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory){ this.ingreditentFactory=ingredientFactory; } void prepare(){ System.out.print("Preparing"+name); dough=ingreditentFactory.createDough(); sauce=ingreditentFactory.createSauce(); cheese=ingreditentFactory.createCheese(); } } ################ public class VeggiePizza extends Pizza { PizzaIngredientFactory ingreditentFactory; public VeggiePizza(PizzaIngredientFactory ingredientFactory){ this.ingreditentFactory=ingredientFactory; } void prepare(){ System.out.print("Preparing"+name); dough=ingreditentFactory.createDough(); sauce=ingreditentFactory.createSauce(); cheese=ingreditentFactory.createCheese(); } } ############################################################################################### public abstract class PizzaStore { public Pizza orderPizza(String type){ Pizza pizza; pizza=createPizza(type); pizza.prepare(); pizza.bake(); pizza.cut(); pizza.box(); return pizza; } abstract Pizza createPizza(String type); } ############################ public class NYPizzaStore extends PizzaStore{ protected Pizza createPizza(String item){ Pizza pizza=null; PizzaIngredientFactory nyIngredientFactory=new NYPizzaIngredientFactory(); if(item.equals("cheese")){ pizza=new CheesePizza(nyIngredientFactory); pizza.setName("New York Style Cheese Pizza"); }else if(item.equals("veggie")){ pizza=new VeggiePizza(nyIngredientFactory); pizza.setName("New York Style Veggie Pizza"); }else if(item.equals("clam")){ pizza=new ClamPizza(nyIngredientFactory); pizza.setName("New York Style Clam Pizza"); }else if(item.equals("pepperoni")){ pizza=new PepperoniPizza(nyIngredientFactory); pizza.setName("New York Style Pepperoni Pizza"); } return pizza; } } ################### public class ChicagoPizzaStore extends PizzaStore{ protected Pizza createPizza(String item){ Pizza pizza=null; PizzaIngredientFactory nyIngredientFactory=new ChicagoPizzaIngredientFactory(); if(item.equals("cheese")){ pizza=new CheesePizza(nyIngredientFactory); pizza.setName("New York Style Cheese Pizza"); }else if(item.equals("veggie")){ pizza=new VeggiePizza(nyIngredientFactory); pizza.setName("New York Style Veggie Pizza"); }else if(item.equals("clam")){ pizza=new ClamPizza(nyIngredientFactory); pizza.setName("New York Style Clam Pizza"); }else if(item.equals("pepperoni")){ pizza=new PepperoniPizza(nyIngredientFactory); pizza.setName("New York Style Pepperoni Pizza"); } return pizza; } } ########################################################################### public class javatest1 { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException,ClassNotFoundException{ PizzaStore nyPizzaStore=new NYPizzaStore(); nyPizzaStore.orderPizza("cheese"); System.out.print("\n"); PizzaStore chicagoPizzaStore=new ChicagoPizzaStore(); chicagoPizzaStore.orderPizza("clam"); } }
#举个例子(python)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- __author__ = 'Andy' """ 大话设计模式 设计模式——抽象工厂模式 抽象工厂模式(Abstract Factory Pattern):提供一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖对象的接口,而无需指定它们的类 """ import sys #抽象用户表类 class User(object): def get_user(self): pass def insert_user(self): pass #抽象部门表类 class Department(object): def get_department(self): pass def insert_department(self): pass #操作具体User数据库类-Mysql class MysqlUser(User): def get_user(self): print 'MysqlUser get User' def insert_user(self): print 'MysqlUser insert User' #操作具体Department数据库类-Mysql class MysqlDepartment(Department): def get_department(self): print 'MysqlDepartment get department' def insert_department(self): print 'MysqlDepartment insert department' #操作具体User数据库-Orcal class OrcaleUser(User): def get_user(self): print 'OrcalUser get User' def insert_user(self): print 'OrcalUser insert User' #操作具体Department数据库类-Orcal class OrcaleDepartment(Department): def get_department(self): print 'OrcalDepartment get department' def insert_department(self): print 'OrcalDepartment insert department' #抽象工厂类 class AbstractFactory(object): def create_user(self): pass def create_department(self): pass class MysqlFactory(AbstractFactory): def create_user(self): return MysqlUser() def create_department(self): return MysqlDepartment() class OrcaleFactory(AbstractFactory): def create_user(self): return OrcalUser() def create_department(self): return OrcalDepartment() if __name__ == "__main__": db = sys.argv[1] myfactory = '' if db == 'Mysql': myfactory = MysqlFactory() elif db == 'Orcal': myfactory = OrcaleFactory() else: print "不支持的数据库类型" exit(0) user = myfactory.create_user() department = myfactory.create_department() user.insert_user() user.get_user() department.insert_department() department.get_department()
代码来自https://www.cnblogs.com/onepiece-andy/p/python-abstract-factory-pattern.html
#工厂方法模式与抽象工厂模式对比
)都是负责创建对象,工厂方法模式 用的方法是通过继承,抽象工厂模式 用的方法是对象的组合
)工厂方法模式 通过子类来创建对象,客户只需要知道所使用的抽象类型,右子类来负责决定具体类型。换句话说 工厂方法模式只负责将客户从具体类型中解耦。
)抽象工厂模式 用来创建一个产品家族的抽象类型,也可以把客户从所使用的具体产品中解耦。可以把一组相关的产品集合起来。
如果需要扩展这组相关产品,就必须改变接口,这是抽象工厂的缺点。工厂方法模式只涉及一个产品。
)抽象工厂模式经常使用工厂方法模式来实现它(抽象工厂模式)的具体工厂,纯粹是用来创建产品。
参考
《Head First设计模式》
https://blog.csdn.net/qq_28859325/article/details/60580578
https://www.jianshu.com/p/610a26d9d958