用oracle来演示外键的使用
在用外键进行表之间的数据关联的时候,如果外键没有定义级联删除,只能先删除有外键定义的子表,才能能删除有被外键引用的基表。
如果外键定义了级联删除,删除了被外键引用的基表之后,对应的子表中的数据也没有了。如果只删除有外键定义的子表,则被外键引用的基表中的数据依旧存在。
-- 先创建一个表sm_grade create table sm_grade( gradeId number(8) not null primary key, gradeName nvarchar2(20) ); -- 再创建有外键的sm_student(和sm_grade的gradeId关联) create table sm_student( studentId number(8) not null primary Key, studentName Nvarchar2(20), gender Nvarchar2(2), gradeId Number(8) ); -- 添加外键,这种外键不会级联删除数据 alter table sm_student add constraint fk_gradeId foreign key(gradeId) references sm_grade(gradeId); -- 正常插入一条数据 insert Into sm_grade select 1, 'grade1' from dual; insert Into sm_student select 1001, 'wanglc', 'm', 1 from dual; select * from sm_grade purge; select * from sm_student purge; -- 插入一条无外键引用的数据 insert Into sm_student select 1002, 'baby', 'm', 2 from dual; -- ORA-02291: 违反完整约束条件 (SYSTEM.FK_GRADEID) - 未找到父项关键字 -- 删除有外键的数据,删除的表有外键,可以正常删除 delete from sm_student where studentId = 1001; -- 恢复有外键的数据 insert Into sm_student select 1001, 'wanglc', 'm', 1 from dual; -- 删除存在外键引用的数据 delete from sm_grade where gradeId=1; -- ORA-02292: 违反完整约束条件 (SYSTEM.FK_GRADEID) - 已找到子记录 -- 删除的顺序很重要 delete from sm_student purge; delete from sm_grade purge; COMMIT; -- 删除不会级联删除的外键,创建一个会级联删除的外键 ALTER TABLE sm_student DROP CONSTRAINT fk_gradeId; alter table sm_student add constraint fk_gradeId foreign key(gradeId) references sm_grade(gradeId) ON DELETE CASCADE; -- 准备数据 insert Into sm_grade select 1, 'grade1' from dual; insert Into sm_student select 1001, 'wanglc', 'm', 1 from dual; -- 因为有级联,可以删除基表,同时,引用表中也没有数据了 delete from sm_grade where gradeId=1; COMMIT; select * from sm_grade purge; select * from sm_student purge; -- 准备数据 insert Into sm_grade select 1, 'grade1' from dual; insert Into sm_student select 1001, 'wanglc', 'm', 1 from dual; -- 这种删除方式,基表中的数据依旧存在。 delete from sm_student where studentId = 1001; COMMIT; select * from sm_grade purge; select * from sm_student purge;