英语写作里会遇到需要列举的时候,常用的方式和使用的表达有such as,for example,etc.等等。在这里,我想介绍的是如何正确使用这些表达。
一、”例如” 与 ”等等” 区别:
- such as…和for example…都表示“例如”的意思,即提示下面将会举例子,但是这两个词组表示下面所列的仅为全部例子中的一部分,不会列举完。
- …, etc.和…, and so on.都表示“等等”的意思,即提示所列的项没有列完,但是所有其他项都被这两个表达包括进来了。
因此上面两组表达是对立的(The two expressions are at loggerheads),不能在一个句子同时使用。
- 举例:
- a. These institutes are located in various parts of Italy such as Pisa, Turin and Rome.
- b. The collection includes precious gemstones such as diamonds, rubies, and emeralds.或The collection includes precious gemstones: diamonds, rubies, emeralds, etc.
二、具体每个的用法:
1. etc是拉丁语et cetera的书面简写:
- 它本身代表的意思是“and other things”,因此不可以写“and etc.”
- 也不可以与表示只列举一部分的引导词如“such as”、“for example”、“including”连用。使用etc时需在前面用逗号隔开(, etc.)
- 另外美式英语中使用etc必须加句号(. period),即”etc.”,并且在句中出现时必须加逗号(, comma),例如Letters, packages, etc., should go here. 在句末时,其后的句号则省去不用
- 另外etc之前必须至少有两个举例(there should be at least two items listed)。
- 在列举人的时候,不可以用etc。例如All our favorite characters, Jimmy, Slick Sam, Annie from Miami, etc.et al., were at the party.
2. i.e. 是拉丁语id est的简写,可等同于“that is”,“namely”,“in other words”。
- 例句:The cough may last for a short period of time—i.e., three to five days.
3. e.g.是拉丁语exempli gratia的简写,可等同于“for example”。
- e.g.和i.e.的区别在于,e.g.用于给出一个或多个例子,具有不确定性,而i.e.是对之前的描述做进一步补充和强调。
- 比较下面两个例句的区别:
- 1. After work, I’ll walk over to that new sports arena, i.e., Thunderdome.
- 2. After work, I’ll walk over to a sports arena, e.g., Thunderdome or Victory Court. 其实只要记住一个代表that is,一个代表for example就很好区分了。
- e.g. 和 etc. 不能出现在同一句话中,
总结小测验:
看看下面4句句子,你能說出哪些是正確的,哪些是錯誤的嗎?
1. The evaluation noted that the employee had frequently exhibited irresponsible behavior (i.e., coming to work late, failing to complete projects).
2. Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e.g., organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc.)
3. The general rule is that if a number can be expressed in three words or fewer, it should be written out (e.g., two hundred seventy).
4. Use a comma to enclose (i.e., both before and after) the year in a month-day-year sequence.
上面4句話中,只有第三和第四句是正確的。
第一句中,應該用“e.g.”而不是用“i.e.”,因為插入句是對“irresponsible behavior ”的舉例。
第二句中,“e.g.”是正確的,但是不應該在句末再用“etc.”,因為“e.g.”本身就暗示了這只是一部分例子。