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GLIBC中的库函数fflush究竟做了什么?

目录

目录 1

1. 库函数fflush原型 1

2. FILE结构体 1

3. fflush函数实现 2

4. fclose函数实现 4

1:强弱函数名 5

2:属性__visibility__ 6

 

1. 库函数fflush原型

先瞧瞧fflush的原型:

#include <stdio.h>

int fflush(FILE *stream);

 

可看到fflush操作的是FILE,这里的FILE又长什么样?如果参数传入NULL,则对所有已打开的有效。

 

2. FILE结构体

直接查看源码,或者在GDB上执行ptype,即可看到FILE的庐山真面目如下:

// The value returned by fgetc and similar functions to indicate the end of the file.

// #define EOF (-1)

type = struct _IO_FILE {

    int _flags;

    char *_IO_read_ptr;

    char *_IO_read_end;

    char *_IO_read_base;

    char *_IO_write_base; //  写缓冲区起始地址 (Start of put area)

    char *_IO_write_ptr; //  写的起始地址 (Current put pointer)

    char *_IO_write_end; //  写缓冲区的末端

    char *_IO_buf_base;

    char *_IO_buf_end;

    char *_IO_save_base;

    char *_IO_backup_base;

    char *_IO_save_end;

    _IO_marker *_markers;

    _IO_FILE *_chain;

    int _fileno; // 文件描述符

    int _flags2;

    __off_t _old_offset;

    unsigned short _cur_column;

    signed char _vtable_offset;

    char _shortbuf[1];

    _IO_lock_t *_lock;

    __off64_t _offset;

    void *__pad1;

    void *__pad2;

    void *__pad3;

    void *__pad4;

    size_t __pad5;

    int _mode; // 文件打开模式,参见系统调用open的mode参数取值

    char _unused2[20];

} FILE;

 

_IO_write_ptr_IO_write_base之间为已写入缓冲区的数据,_IO_write_end_IO_write_base为写缓冲区的大小,_IO_write_end_IO_write_ptr之间为写缓冲区可用区域。

3. fflush函数实现

LIBC库函数fflush主要做的是借助系统调用write_IO_write_ptr_IO_write_base间的数据写入内核。可借助下列小段代码看出真相:

$ cat ggg.cpp

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <unistd.h>

int main() {

  FILE* fp = fopen("/tmp/ggg.txt", "w+");

  if (fp == NULL) {

    perror("fopen");

    exit(1);

  }

 

  fputs("hello", fp); // 这一步并不会调用write

  fflush(fp); // 间接调用write

  fclose(fp);

  return 0;

}

 

借助GDB即可看到fflush时的调用栈:

(gdb) bt

#0  0x00007ffff72e0840 in write () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#1  0x00007ffff726cfb3 in _IO_new_file_write () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#2  0x00007ffff726e41c in __GI__IO_do_write () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#3  0x00007ffff726c810 in __GI__IO_file_sync () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#4  0x00007ffff72620a2 in fflush () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#5  0x00000000004007bd in main () at ggg.cpp:12

 

函数__GI__IO_file_sync源码:

int _IO_new_file_sync (FILE *fp)

{

  ssize_t delta;

  int retval = 0;

 

  /* char* ptr = cur_ptr(); */

  if (fp->_IO_write_ptr > fp->_IO_write_base)

    if (_IO_do_flush(fp)) return EOF;

  delta = fp->_IO_read_ptr - fp->_IO_read_end;

  if (delta != 0)

  {

    off64_t new_pos = _IO_SYSSEEK (fp, delta, 1);

    if (new_pos != (off64_t) EOF)

      fp->_IO_read_end = fp->_IO_read_ptr;

    else if (errno == ESPIPE)

      ; /* Ignore error from unseekable devices. */

    else

      retval = EOF;

  }

  if (retval != EOF)

    fp->_offset = _IO_pos_BAD;

  /* FIXME: Cleanup - can this be shared? */

  /*    setg(base(), ptr, ptr); */

  return retval;

}

libc_hidden_ver (_IO_new_file_sync, _IO_file_sync)

 

// 下面的“_f”类型为FILE

#define _IO_do_flush(_f) \

  ((_f)->_mode <= 0 \

  ? _IO_do_write(_f, (_f)->_IO_write_base, (_f)->_IO_write_ptr-(_f)->_IO_write_base) \

  : _IO_wdo_write(_f, (_f)->_wide_data->_IO_write_base, \

      ((_f)->_wide_data->_IO_write_ptr - (_f)->_wide_data->_IO_write_base)))

 

extern int _IO_do_write (FILE *, const char *, size_t);

libc_hidden_proto (_IO_do_write)

extern int _IO_wdo_write (FILE *, const wchar_t *, size_t);

libc_hidden_proto (_IO_wdo_write)

 

函数_IO_do_write源代码:

int

_IO_new_do_write (FILE *fp, const char *data, size_t to_do)

{

  // new_do_write实际调用write

  return (to_do == 0

  || (size_t) new_do_write (fp, data, to_do) == to_do) ? 0 : EOF;

}

libc_hidden_ver (_IO_new_do_write, _IO_do_write)

4. fclose函数实现

如果省掉fflush,代码变成如下:

$ cat ggg.cpp

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <unistd.h>

int main() {

  FILE* fp = fopen("/tmp/ggg.txt", "w+");

  if (fp == NULL) {

    perror("fopen");

    exit(1);

  }

 

  fputs("hello", fp);

  //fflush(fp);

  fclose(fp);

  return 0;

}

 

可看到write发生在fclose时:

(gdb) bt

#0  0x00007ffff72e0840 in write () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#1  0x00007ffff726cfb3 in _IO_new_file_write () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#2  0x00007ffff726e41c in __GI__IO_do_write () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#3  0x00007ffff726dd10 in __GI__IO_file_close_it () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#4  0x00007ffff7261c40 in fclose@@GLIBC_2.2.5 () from /lib64/libc.so.6

#5  0x000000000040076d in main () at ggg.cpp:13

 

但如果在flcose之前已调用了fflush,则fclose时不会再调用write

1:强弱函数名

调用一个函数时,如果存在强符号,则调用强函数;否则如果存在弱符号,则调用弱函数,可简单将“弱函数”看成为函数指针,如果弱函数对应的函数并不存在,仍然可以编译链接成功,这个时候类似于野指针或空指针,运行时会段错误。

 

1) 定义弱函数名weak_alias

是一个宏,用来定义别名GLIBC中大量使用,如:

weak_alias (_IO_fflush, fflush) // fflush为别名

 

2) 定义强弱函数名strong_alias

是一个宏,用来定义别名GLIBC中大量使用,如:

strong_alias (_IO_fflush, __fflush_unlocked)

 

3) 示例(f为弱函数名,_f为强函数名):

$ cat aaa.c

#include <stdio.h>

static void f() __attribute__((weakref, alias("_f")));

int main() {

  f();

  return 0;

}

 

$ cat bbb.c

#include <stdio.h>

void _f() { printf("hello\n"); }

 

如果如下方式编译,则运行时段错误:

gcc -g -o aaa aaa.c

 

而如下方式,则实际执行文件bbb.c中的函数“_f”:

gcc -g -o aaa aaa.c bbb.c

 

4) GLIBCweak_alias的定义(定义在文件libc-symbols.h中)

/* Define ALIASNAME as a weak alias for NAME.

   If weak aliases are not available, this defines a strong alias.  */

# define weak_alias(name, aliasname) _weak_alias (name, aliasname)

 

# define _weak_alias(name, aliasname) \

  extern __typeof (name) aliasname __attribute__ ((weak, alias (#name))) \

    __attribute_copy__ (name);

 

也可用weak_hidden_alias定义隐藏别名:

/* Same as WEAK_ALIAS, but mark symbol as hidden.  */

# define weak_hidden_alias(name, aliasname) _weak_hidden_alias (name, aliasname)

 

# define _weak_hidden_alias(name, aliasname) \

  extern __typeof (name) aliasname \

    __attribute__ ((weak, alias (#name), __visibility__ ("hidden"))) __attribute_copy__ (name);

2:属性__visibility__

先看一小段代码:

$ cat eee.cpp

#include <stdio.h>

__attribute ((visibility("default"))) void ff1() {

  printf("ff1\n");

}

__attribute ((visibility("hidden"))) void ff2() {

  printf("ff2\n");

}

 

 

$ g++ -g -o libeee.so -fPIC -shared eee.cpp

$ nm libeee.so

0000000000201030 B __bss_start

0000000000201030 b completed.6337

                 w __cxa_finalize@@GLIBC_2.2.5

0000000000000600 t deregister_tm_clones

0000000000000670 t __do_global_dtors_aux

0000000000200dd0 t __do_global_dtors_aux_fini_array_entry

0000000000200de0 d __dso_handle

0000000000200de8 d _DYNAMIC

0000000000201030 D _edata

0000000000201038 B _end

000000000000070c T _fini

00000000000006b0 t frame_dummy

0000000000200dc8 t __frame_dummy_init_array_entry

00000000000007c8 r __FRAME_END__

0000000000201000 d _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_

                 w __gmon_start__

00000000000005a0 T _init

                 w _ITM_deregisterTMCloneTable

                 w _ITM_registerTMCloneTable

0000000000200dd8 d __JCR_END__

0000000000200dd8 d __JCR_LIST__

                 w _Jv_RegisterClasses

                 U puts@@GLIBC_2.2.5

0000000000000630 t register_tm_clones

0000000000201030 d __TMC_END__

00000000000006e8 T _Z3ff1v

00000000000006fa t _Z3ff2v

 

上面中的T”和“t”均表示该符号文本(代码)段在,但visibility为“default”的对应大写“T”,而visibility为“hidden”的对应小写“t”,为小写“t”的符号对外并不可见。

 

通过下段代码,可以看到引用大写T”的符号,可得到预期的结果:

$ cat fff.cpp

extern void ff1();

int main() {

  ff1();

  return 0;

}

 

$ g++ -g -o fff fff.cpp libeee.so -Wl,-rpath=.

$ ./fff

ff1

 

而引用小写t”的符号,在链接时报“符号未定义”错误:

$ cat fff2.cpp

extern void ff2();

int main() {

  ff2();

  return 0;

}

 

$ g++ -g -o fff2 fff2.cpp libeee.so -Wl,-rpath=.

/tmp/ccwoSyAu.o:在函数‘main’中:

/tmp/fff.cpp:3:对‘ff2()’未定义的引用

collect2: 错误:ld 返回 1

posted on 2019-11-14 12:48  #蓝天  阅读(1198)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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