scala的trait接口&模式匹配
trait
trait不想java那样,必须将方法全部实现,使用extends或者with来继承接口
重写方法需要加上override关键字。
object TraitDemo {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val t = new TestTClass
t.func1
println(t.func2())
}
}
trait TestT{
def func1
def func2():Int=2
def func3(x:Int, y:Int) = x * y
}
class TestTClass extends TestT{
override def func1 = println("TestClass func1 ")
override def func2():Int = 5
}
可以混入多个trait接口,使用的trait是前面trait的子类
使用super方法调用父trait
trait Logger{
def log
def log2 = println("Logger log2")
}
trait InfoLogger extends Logger{
override def log = println("InfoLogger log")
override def log2 {
println("InfoLogger log2")
}
}
trait WarnLogger extends Logger{
// this:Human =>
override def log = println("WarnLogger log")
override def log2 = {
super.log2
println("WarnLogger log2")
}
}
class Human{
}
class StudentT extends Human with WarnLogger with InfoLogger{
override def log = println("Student log")
}
object MainTest{
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
// val s = new Student
// s.log
// s.log2
// val logger:Logger = new InfoLogger
// logger.log2
val s1 = new Human with WarnLogger
s1.log2
}
}
模式匹配
import java.io.IOException
object PatterMatchDemo {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
judgeGrade2("leo", "E")
val s1 = new String("How")
val s2 = new String("How")
println(s1.==(s2))
// processException(new IOException)
// greeting(Array("Leo", "hh", "dd", "eee"));
// greeting(List("Leo", "hh"));
getGrade("zhangsan")
}
// Scala是没有Java中的switch case语法的,相对应的,Scala提供了更加强大的match case语法,即模式匹配,类替代switch case,match case也被称为模式匹配
// Scala的match case与Java的switch case最大的不同点在于,Java的switch case仅能匹配变量的值,比1、2、3等;而Scala的match case可以匹配各种情况,比如变量的类型、集合的元素、有值或无值
// match case的语法如下:变量 match { case 值 => 代码 }。如果值为下划线,则代表了不满足以上所有情况下的默认情况如何处理。此外,match case中,只要一个case分支满足并处理了,就不会继续判断下一个case分支了。(与Java不同,java的switch case需要用break阻止)
// match case语法最基本的应用,就是对变量的值进行模式匹配
// 案例:成绩评价
def judgeGrade(grade: String) {
grade match {
case "A" => println("Excellent")
case "B" => println("Good")
case "C" => println("Just so so")
case _ => println("you need work harder")
}
}
// Scala的模式匹配语法,有一个特点在于,可以在case后的条件判断中,不仅仅只是提供一个值,而是可以在值后面再加一个if守卫,进行双重过滤
// 案例:成绩评价(升级版)
def judgeGrade(name: String, grade: String) {
grade match {
case "A" => println(name + ", you are excellent")
// case "A" if name == "leo" => println(name + ", you are excellent@@@@@@@@@")
case "B" => println(name + ", you are good")
case "C" => println(name + ", you are just so so")
case _ if name == "leo" => println(name + ", you are a good boy, come on")
case _ => println("you need to work harder")
}
}
// Scala的模式匹配语法,有一个特点在于,可以将模式匹配的默认情况,下划线,替换为一个变量名,此时模式匹配语法就会将要匹配的值赋值给这个变量,从而可以在后面的处理语句中使用要匹配的值
// 为什么有这种语法??思考一下。因为只要使用用case匹配到的值,是不是我们就知道这个只啦!!在这个case的处理语句中,是不是就直接可以使用写程序时就已知的值!
// 但是对于下划线_这种情况,所有不满足前面的case的值,都会进入_这种默认情况进行处理,此时如果我们在处理语句中需要拿到具体的值进行处理呢?那就需要使用这种在模式匹配中进行变量赋值的语法!!
// 案例:成绩评价(升级版)
def judgeGrade2(name: String, grade: String) {
grade match {
case "A" => println(name + ", you are excellent")
case "B" => println(name + ", you are good")
case "C" => println(name + ", you are just so so")
case xx if name == "leo" => println(name + ", you are a good boy, come on, your grade is " + xx)
case grd => println("you need to work harder, your grade is " + grd)
}
}
// Scala的模式匹配一个强大之处就在于,可以直接匹配类型,而不是值!!!这点是java的switch case绝对做不到的。
// 理论知识:对类型如何进行匹配?其他语法与匹配值其实是一样的,但是匹配类型的话,就是要用“case 变量: 类型 => 代码”这种语法,而不是匹配值的“case 值 => 代码”这种语法。
// 案例:异常处理
import java.io._
def processException(e: Exception) {
e match {
case e1: IllegalArgumentException => println("you have illegal arguments! exception is: " + e1)
case e2: FileNotFoundException => println("cannot find the file you need read or write!, exception is: " + e2)
case e3: IOException => println("you got an error while you were doing IO operation! exception is: " + e3)
case _: Exception => println("cannot know which exception you have!" )
}
}
// 对Array进行模式匹配,分别可以匹配带有指定元素的数组、带有指定个数元素的数组、以某元素打头的数组
// 对List进行模式匹配,与Array类似,但是需要使用List特有的::操作符
// 案例:对朋友打招呼
def greeting(arr: Array[String]) {
arr match {
case Array("Leo") => println("Hi, Leo!")
case Array(girl1, girl2, girl3) => println("Hi, girls, nice to meet you. " + girl1 + " and " + girl2 + " and " + girl3)
case Array("Leo", _*) => println("Hi, Leo, please introduce your friends to me.")
case _ => println("hey, who are you?")
}
}
def greeting(list: List[String]) {
list match {
case "Leo" :: Nil => println("Hi, Leo!")
case girl1 :: girl2 :: girl3 :: Nil => println("Hi, girls, nice to meet you. " + girl1 + " and " + girl2 + " and " + girl3)
case "Leo" :: xx => println("Hi, Leo, please introduce your friends to me.")
case _ => println("hey, who are you?")
}
}
// Scala中提供了一种特殊的类,用case class进行声明,中文也可以称作样例类。case class其实有点类似于Java中的JavaBean的概念。即只定义field,并且由Scala编译时自动提供getter和setter方法,但是没有method。
// case class的主构造函数接收的参数通常不需要使用var或val修饰,Scala自动就会使用val修饰(但是如果你自己使用var修饰,那么还是会按照var来)
// Scala自动为case class定义了伴生对象,也就是object,并且定义了apply()方法,该方法接收主构造函数中相同的参数,并返回case class对象
// 案例:学校门禁
class Person
class Teacher(var name: String, var subject: String) extends Person
object Teacher{
def apply(name: String, subject: String):Teacher={
new Teacher(name, subject)
}
def unapply(t:Teacher):Option[(String, String)]={
if(t == null){
None
}else{
Some(t.name, t.subject)
}
}
// def isEmpty():Boolean={
// false
// }
}
case class Student(name: String, classroom: String) extends Person
def judgeIdentify(p: Person) {
p match {
case Teacher(name, subject) => println("Teacher, name is " + name + ", subject is " + subject)
case Student(name, classroom) => println("Student, name is " + name + ", classroom is " + classroom)
case _ => println("Illegal access, please go out of the school!")
}
}
// Scala有一种特殊的类型,叫做Option。Option有两种值,一种是Some,表示有值,一种是None,表示没有值。
// Option通常会用于模式匹配中,用于判断某个变量是有值还是没有值,这比null来的更加简洁明了
// Option的用法必须掌握,因为Spark源码中大量地使用了Option,比如Some(a)、None这种语法,因此必须看得懂Option模式匹配,才能够读懂spark源码。
// 案例:成绩查询
val grades = Map("Leo" -> "A", "Jack" -> "B", "Jen" -> "C")
def getGrade(name: String) {
val grade = grades.get(name)
grade match {
case Some(grade) => println("your grade is " + grade)
case None => println("Sorry, your grade information is not in the system")
}
}
}