[MySQL]多表关联查询技巧
示例表A:
author_id | author_name |
1 | Kimmy |
2 | Abel |
3 | Bill |
4 | Berton |
示例表B:
book_id | author_id | start_date | end_date |
9 | 1 | 2017-09-25 21:16:04 | 2017-09-25 21:16:06 |
10 | 3 | ||
11 | 2 | 2017-09-25 21:21:46 | 2017-09-25 21:21:47 |
12 | 1 | ||
13 | 8 |
示例表C:
order_id | book_id | price | order_date |
1 | 9 | 0.2 | 2017-09-24 21:21:46 |
2 | 9 | 0.6 | 2017-09-25 21:16:04 |
3 | 11 | 0.1 | 2017-09-25 21:21:46 |
在以上表中执行AB表关联
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SELECT `authors`.*, `books`.book_id FROM `authors` LEFT JOIN `books` ON `authors`.author_id = `books`.author_id |
结果
author_id | author_name | book_id |
1 | Kimmy | 9 |
3 | Bill | 10 |
2 | Abel | 11 |
1 | Kimmy | 12 |
4 | Berton |
结果出现了2条author_id为1的记录,因为右表中存在了两条关联author_id=1的行
右边出现N条关联左边的记录,结果就会相应出现N条关联了右表出现的记录
在以上表中执行ABC表关联
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SELECT `authors`.*, `books`.book_id, `orders`.order_id, `orders`.price FROM `authors` LEFT JOIN `books` ON `authors`.author_id = `books`.author_id LEFT JOIN `orders` ON `books`.book_id = `orders`.book_id |
结果
author_id | author_name | book_id | order_id | order_price |
1 | Kimmy | 9 | 1 | 0.2 |
1 | Kimmy | 9 | 2 | 0.6 |
2 | Abel | 11 | 3 | 0.1 |
3 | Bill | 10 | ||
1 | Kimmy | 12 | ||
4 | Berton |
结果出现了3条author_id=1的记录,因为authors第一次关联了books表book_id为9和12的book关联了author_id为1的作者,而book_id为9的书本则关联了两个orders记录,所以结果集包含3条author_id为1的记录
可以运用
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count (), sum () |
等函数通过
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group by |
来统计结果
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SELECT `authors`.*, sum (`orders`.price) FROM `authors` LEFT JOIN `books` ON `authors`.author_id = `books`.author_id LEFT JOIN `orders` ON `books`.book_id = `orders`.book_id GROUP BY `books`.book_id |
结果集会基于book_id来统计每一本书的订单总额
author_id | author_name | book_id | sum(order_price) |
4 | Berton | ||
1 | Kimmy | 9 | 0.80 |
3 | Bill | 10 | |
2 | Abel | 11 | 0.10 |
1 | Kimmy | 12 |
book_id为9的订单总额为0.80,并且9的记录从多条合并为1条。
多条件join
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SELECT `authors`.*, `books`.book_id, `orders`.order_id, sum (`orders`.price) FROM `authors` LEFT JOIN `books` ON `authors`.author_id = `books`.author_id LEFT JOIN `orders` ON `books`.book_id = `orders`.book_id AND `orders`.order_date >= `books`.start_date AND `orders`.order_date <= `books`.end_date GROUP BY `books`.book_id |
选取在一定时间区间范围内的order订单,可以看到订单order_id为1的订单不再纳入book_id为9的统计当中,因为它的时间区间不符合join条件
author_id | author_name | book_id | order_id | sum(`order`.price) |
4 | Berton | |||
1 | Kimmy | 9 | 2 | 0.60 |
3 | Bill | 10 | ||
2 | Abel | 11 | 3 | 0.10 |
1 | Kimmy | 12 |
关于where的使用,看下面示范
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SELECT `authors`.*, `books`.book_id, `orders`.order_id, sum (`orders`.price) AS prices FROM `authors` LEFT JOIN `books` ON `authors`.author_id = `books`.author_id LEFT JOIN `orders` ON `books`.book_id = `orders`.book_id AND `orders`.order_date >= `books`.start_date AND `orders`.order_date <= `books`.end_date WHERE prices is not NULL GROUP BY `books`.book_id |
以上语句假设选取price不为空的记录,导致了一个错误的出现
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[Err] 1054 - Unknown column 'prices' in 'where clause' |
因为where不能用于选取列的AS别名判断,MYSQL的处理机制是先进行选取,再进行筛选,在选取阶段就启用了where条件,因为这时并不存在prices的筛选结果后才产生的字段,所以这里会抛出错误
我们可以这样做
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SELECT `authors`.*, `books`.book_id, `orders`.order_id, sum (`orders`.price) AS prices FROM `authors` LEFT JOIN `books` ON `authors`.author_id = `books`.author_id LEFT JOIN `orders` ON `books`.book_id = `orders`.book_id AND `orders`.order_date >= `books`.start_date AND `orders`.order_date <= `books`.end_date WHERE `orders`.price is not NULL GROUP BY `books`.book_id |
选取阶段order表是存在price字段的,所以只有price不为空的记录才会被选取
author_id | author_name | book_id | order_id | prices |
2 | Abel | 11 | 3 | 0.10 |
1 | Kimmy | 9 | 2 | 0.60 |
运用
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having |
对那些无法进行 WHERE 的AS别名的字段进行一些筛选查询
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SELECT `authors`.*, `books`.book_id, sum (`orders`.price) AS prices FROM `authors` LEFT JOIN `books` ON `authors`.author_id = `books`.author_id LEFT JOIN `orders` ON `books`.book_id = `orders`.book_id GROUP BY `books`.book_id HAVING prices > 0.1 |
这时只有sum为0.8的结果被选中
author_id | author_name | book_id | sum(order_price) |
1 | Kimmy | 9 | 0.80 |
对于组合其他语法查询,也是没问题的
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SELECT `authors`.*, `books`.book_id, sum (`orders`.price) AS prices FROM `authors` LEFT JOIN `books` ON `authors`.author_id = `books`.author_id LEFT JOIN `orders` ON `books`.book_id = `orders`.book_id GROUP BY `books`.book_id HAVING prices >= 0.1 ORDER BY prices asc LIMIT 1,1 |