Linux-发行版入门指南-全-

Ocmcoftid.W-91

$ sudo dnf update

$ su root:      # you are going to switch here your user with root
Password:       # you have to introduce here the root password
# dnf update:   # then you can update, don't forget to log out (exit) after end

# usermod -a -G wheel youruser

$ sudo dnf install fedup

$ sudo fedup --network 23    # 23 would be the number of the relese to update to

$ sudo rpm --rebuilddb
$ sudo dnf distro-sync --setopt=deltarpm=0
$ sudo dnf install rpmconf
$ sudo dnf install rpmconf

$ su root
Password:                      # enter the root password
# chown john /home/john/data/  # user your username instead of john
# rm lost+found/ -r            # delete the lost+found folder
# exit                         # never let the root user log in
$

$ sudo chown john /home/john/data/  # user your username instead of john
Password:                           # enter your user password
$ sudo rm lost+found/ -r            # delete the lost+found folder
$

# aptitude install gnome-chess

# aptitude remove gnome-chess

# aptitude update

# leafpad /etc/apt/sources.list   # open the file with Leafpad

# deb cd rom:
deb cd rom:

# apt-get update         # update the current packates using apt tools
# apt-get upgrade        # a first minimal upgrade to avoid conflicts later
# apt-get dist-upgrade   # the full upgrade of the distribution

# loadkeys es

# ping 8.8.8.8
PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=46.6.ms
64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=14.5.ms
^C
--- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1002ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev/ = 14.505/30.585/46.666/16.081 ms

# elinks wiki.archlinux.org

# timedatectl set-ntp true

# timedatectl status

# lsblk --paths
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
/dev/sda          8:0    0     2T  0 disk
/dev/sr0         11:0    1   701M  0 rom  /run/archiso/bootmnt
/dev/loop0        7:0    0 307.8M  1 loop /run/archiso/sfs/airports

# parted /dev/sda
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted)

(parted) mklabel gpt

(parted) mkpart ESP fat32 1MiB 513MiB
(parted) set 1 boot on

(parted) mkpart primary ext4 513MiB 50.5GiB
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 50.5GiB 100%

(parted) unit GiB
(parted) print

(parted) quit
# lsblk --paths
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
/dev/sda          8:0    0     2T  0 disk
 ├─/dev/sda1        8:1    0   512M  0 part
 ├─/dev/sda2        8:2    0    50G  0 part
 └─/dev/sda3        8:3    0     2T  0 part
/dev/sr0         11:0    1   701M  0 rom  /run/archiso/bootmnt
/dev/loop0        7:0    0 307.8M  1 loop /run/archiso/sfs/airports

# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3

# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
# mkdir -p /mnt/home
# mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/home

# pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel

# genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab

# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash

# vi /etc/locale.gen
# locale-gen

# vi /etc/locale.conf
# cat /etc/locale.conf
LANG=en_US.UTF-8

# tzselect
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York /etc/localtime
# hwclock --systohc --utc

# bootctl install
# vi /boot/loader/loader.conf
# cat /boot/loader/loader.conf
default  arch
timeout  3
editor   0
# blkid -s PARTUUID -o value /dev/sda2
58507240-c577-41c0-b228-e5fee0dfaee3
# vi /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf
# cat /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf
title          Arch Linux
linux          /vmlinuz-linux
initrd         /initramfs-linux.img
options        root=PARTUUID=58507240-c577-41c0-b228-e5fee0dfaee3 rw

# echo myarch /etc/hostname
# cat /etc/hostname
Myarch
# ip link
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT group default
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp0s3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:2a:3b:64:15 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
# systemctl enable dhcpcd@enp0s3.service

# passwd
# exit
# umount -R /mnt
# reboot

# useradd -m -G users,wheel johndoe
# passwd johndoe
# pacman -S sudo

# EDITOR=nano visudo
# visudo

# sudo -lU johndoe
User johndoe may run the following commands on myarch:
    (ALL) ALL
# pacman -S bash-completion

# pacman -S xorg-server xorg-server-utils xorg-apps
# lspci | grep -e VGA -e 3D
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v2/3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller
# pacman -Ss xf86-video
# pacman -S xf86-video-intel

# pacman -S lightdm lightdm-gtk-greeter
# systemctl enable lightdm.service

# pacman -S i3 dmenu termite
# pacman -S chromium htop ttf-dejavu

# systemctl reboot

# pacman -S firefox

# pacman -R firefox

# pacman -Syu

# ping gentoo.org
# links gentoo.org

# lsblk --paths
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
/dev/sda          8:0    0     2T  0 disk
/dev/sr0         11:0    1   256M  0 rom  /mnt/cdrom
/dev/loop0        7:0    0 224.5M  1 loop /mnt/livecd
# parted /dev/sda
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) u GiB
(parted) p
Error: /dev/sda: unrecognised disk label
Model: ATA QEMU HARDISK (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 2048GiB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: Unknow
Disk Flags:

# parted /dev/sda
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) u GiB
(parted) mklabel msdos
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 1MiB 50.5GiB
(parted) set 1 boot on
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 50.5GiB 100%
(parted) q
# lsblk --paths
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
/dev/sda          8:0    0     2T  0 disk
├─/dev/sda1         8:2    0    50G  0 part
└─/dev/sda2         8:3    0     2T  0 part
/dev/sr0         11:0    1   256M  0 rom  /mnt/cdrom
/dev/loop0        7:0    0 224.5M  1 loop /mnt/livecd

# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo
# mkdir -p /mnt/gentoo/home
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/gentoo/home

# date

# cd /mnt/gentoo

# links https://www.gentoo.org/downloads/mirrors/

# tar xvjpf stage3-*.tar.bz2 --xattrs

# vi /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf
# cat /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf
# These settings were set by the catalyst build script that automatically
# built this stage.
# Please consult /usr/share/portage/config/make.conf.example for a more
# detailed example.
CFLAGS="-march=native -O2 -pipe"
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"
# WARNING: Changing your CHOST is not something that should be done lightly.
# Please consult http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/change-chost.xml before changing.
CHOST="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu"
# These are the USE flags that were used in addition to what is provided by the
# profile used for building.
USE="bindist mmx sse sse2"
PORTDIR="/usr/portage"
DISTDIR="${PORTDIR}/distfiles"
PKGDIR="${PORTDIR}/packages"
MAKEOPTS="-j7"

# mirrorselect -i -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf
# mkdir /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/repos.conf
# cp /mnt/gentoo/usr/share/portage/config/repos.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/repos.conf/gentoo.conf
# cp -L /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/

# mount -t proc proc /mnt/gentoo/proc
# mount --rbind /sys /mnt/gentoo/sys
# mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/sys
# mount --rbind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev
# mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/dev

# chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash
# source /etc/profile
# export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"

# emerge-webrsync
# emerge --sync --quiet

# eselect profile list
Available profile symlink targets:
  [1]   default/linux/amd64/13.0 *
  [2]   default/linux/amd64/13.0/selinux
  [3]   default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop
  [4]   default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/gnome
  [5]   default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/gnome/systemd
  [6]   default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/kde
  [7]   default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/kde/systemd
  [8]   default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/plasma
  [9]   default/linux/amd64/13.0/desktop/plasma/systemd
  [10]  default/linux/amd64/13.0/developer
  [11]  default/linux/amd64/13.0/no-multilib
  [12]  default/linux/amd64/13.0/systemd
  [13]  default/linux/amd64/13.0/X32
...
# eselect profile set 3

# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo

# echo "America/New_York" > /etc/timezone
# emerge --config sys-libs/timezone-data
# nano -w /etc/locale.gen
# locale-gen
# eselect locale list
Available targets for the LANG variable:
  [1] C
  [2] POSIX
  [3] en_US.utf8
  [ ] (free form)
# eselect locale set 3
# env-update
# source /etc/profile
# export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"

# emerge --ask sys-kernel/gentoo-sources

# emerge --ask sys-kernel/genkernel

# nano -w /etc/fstab
# cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# noatime turns off atimes for increased performance (atimes normally aren't
# needed); notail increases performance of ReiserFS (at the expense of storage
# efficiency). It's safe to drop the noatime options if you want and to
# switch between notail / tail freely.
#
# The root filesystem should have a pass number of either 0 or 1.
# All other filesystems should have a pass number of 0 or greater than 1.
#
# See the manpage fstab(5) for more information.
#

# <fs>          <mountpoint>    <type>      <opts>      <dump/pass>

# NOTE: If your BOOT partition is ReiserFS, add the notail option to opts.
#/dev/BOOT      /boot       ext2        noauto,noatime  1 2
/dev/sda1       /           ext4        noatime     0 1
/dev/sda2       /home       ext4        noatime     0 2
#/dev/SWAP      none        swap        sw      0 0
/dev/cdrom      /mnt/cdrom  auto        noauto,ro   0 0
#/dev/fd0       /mnt/floppy auto        noauto      0 0

# genkernel all

# emerge --ask sys-kernel/linux-firmware

# nano -w /etc/conf.d/hostname
# cat /etc/conf.d/hostname
# Set the hostname variable to the selected host name
hostname="does_pc"
# emerge --ask --noreplace net-misc/netifrc
# nano -w /etc/conf.d/net
# cat /etc/conf.d/net
config_eth0="dhcp"
# cd /etc/init.d
# ln -s net.lo net.eth0
# rc-update add net.eth0 default

# passwd

# nano -w /etc/conf.d/keymaps

# emerge --ask app-admin/sysklogd
# emerge --ask app-admin/logrotate
# rc-update add sysklogd default
# emerge --ask sys-process/cronie
# rc-update add cronie default
# emerge --ask sys-apps/mlocate
# emerge --ask sys-fs/e2fsprogs
# emerge --ask net-misc/dhcpcd

# emerge --ask sys-boot/grub:2

# grub2-install /dev/sda
# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

# exit
# cd
# umount -l /mnt/gentoo/dev{/shm,/pts,}
# umount /mnt/gentoo{/boot,/sys,/proc,}
# reboot

# useradd -m -G users, wheel,audio -s /bin/bash johndoe
# passwd johndoe

# rm /stage3-*.tar.bz2*

# emerge --ask x11-drivers/xf86-video-intel

# genkernel all
# emerge --ask x11-base/xorg-server

# emerge --ask x11-misc/slim
# vi /etc/conf.d/xdm
# cat /etc/conf.d/xdm
DISPLAYMANAGER="slim"
# rc-update add xdm default
# emerge --ask x11-wm/awesome
$ mkdir -p ∼/.config/awesome/
$ cp /etc/xdg/awesome/rc.lua ∼/.config/awesome/rc.lua
# emerge --ask xterm
# emerge --ask feh
# /etc/init.d/xdm start

# emerge firefox

# emerge --search firefox
# emerge --ask www-client/firefox-bin

# emerge --unmerge firefox

# emerge --sync
# emerge --uD world

# parted /dev/sda
(parted) mklabel msdos
(parted) mkpart pri ext4 1MB 50GB
(parted) mkpart pri ext4 50GB 100%
(parted) set 1 boot on
(parted) u GiB
Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 2199GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition table: msdos
Disk Flags:

Number   Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1       1049kB  50.0GB  50.0GB  primary  ext4         boot
 2       50.0GB  2199GB  2149GB  primary  ext4
(parted) q
# lsblk
NAME       MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda          8:0    0     2T  0 disk
!─sda1       8:1    0    50G  0 part
`sda2        8:2    0     2T  0 part
sr0         11:0    1   2.3G  0 rom

# reboot

# adduser
Login name for new user []: johndoe
User ID ('UID') [defaults to next available]:
Initial group [users]:
Additional UNIX groups:
...
Press ENTER to continue without adding any additional groups
Or press the UP arrow to add/select/edit additional groups
: audio cdrom plugdev video power
Home directory [ /home/johndoe]:
Shell [/bin/bash]:
Expiry date (YYYY-MM-DD) []:
...
Creating new account:
...
Full Name []: John Doe
Room Number []:
Work Phone []:
Home Phone []:
Other []:

...
New password:
Re-enter new password:
...
Account setup complete
# exit
myslack login: johndoe
password:
$

# slackpkg update
# slackpkg search firefox
# slackpkg install mozilla-firefox-24.1.0esr-x86_64_1

# slackpkg remove mozilla-firefox-24.1.0esr-x86_64_1

# slackpkg upgrade mozilla-firefox-24.1.0esr-x86_64_1

# slackpkg update
# slackpkg install-new
# slackpkg upgrade-all
# slackpkg clean-system

# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
# mnt /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom
# cd /mnt/cdrom
# less UPGRADE.txt

# lsblk -pf
# mount /dev/disk/by-label/nixos /mnt
# mkdir /mnt/home
# mount /dev/disk/by-label/home /mnt/home

# nixos-generate-config --root /mnt
# kate /mnt/etc/nixos/configuration.nix &>/dev/null

# kate /mnt/etc/nixos/configuration.nix &> /dev/null

# Edit this configuration file to define what should be installed on
# your system. Help is available in the configuration.nix(5) man page
# and in the NixOS manual (accessible by running 'nixos-help').

{ config, pkgs, ... }:

{
  imports =
    [ # Include the results of the hardware scan.
      ./hardware-configuration.nix
    ];

  # Use the GRUB 2 boot loader.
  boot.loader.grub.enable = true;
  boot.loader.grub.version = 2;
  # Define on which hard drive you want to install Grub.
  boot.loader.grub.device = "/dev/sda";

  networking.hostName = "nixos"; # Define your hostname.
  # networking.wireless.enable = true;  # Enables wireless support via wpa_supplicant.

  # Select internationalisation properties.
  i18n = {
     consoleFont = "Lat2-Terminus16";
     consoleKeyMap = "us";
     defaultLocale = "en_US.UTF-8";
  };

  # Set your time zone.
  time.timeZone = "America/New_York";

  # List packages installed in system profile. To search by name, run:
  # $ nix-env -qaP | grep wget
  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
     wget
     firefox
     htop
  ];

  # List services that you want to enable:

  # Enable the OpenSSH daemon.
  # services.openssh.enable = true;

  # Enable CUPS to print documents.
  services.printing.enable = true;

  # Enable the X11 windowing system.
  services.xserver.enable = true;
  services.xserver.layout = "us";
  # services.xserver.xkbOptions = "eurosign:e";

  # Enable the KDE Desktop Environment.
  #services.xserver.displayManager.kdm.enable = true;
  services.xserver.desktopManager.kde4.enable = true;

  # Define a user account. Don't forget to set a password with 'passwd'.
  users.extraUsers.johndoe = {
    isNormalUser = true;
    uid = 1000;
    description = "John Doe";
    extraGroups = ["wheel" "audio"];
  };

  # The NixOS release to be compatible with for stateful data such as databases.
  system.stateVersion = "16.03";

}

# nixos-install

# nixos-install --chroot
# passwd johndoe
# exit
# reboot

$ sudo nixos-rebuild test

$ sudo nixos-rebuild switch

# Enable the KDE Desktop Environment.
# services.xserver.displayManager.kdm.enable = true;
services.xserver.displayManager.gdm.enable = true;
# services.xserver.desktopManager.kde4.enable = true;
services.xserver.desktopManager.gnome3.enable = true;

$ nix-env -i firefox

# This would remove the package (remember, not phisically from disk)
$ nix-env -e firefox

# This would perform a rollback
$ nix-env rollback

$ nix-channel --update nixos

$ nix-env -u firefox

$ nix-env -u '*'

$ nixos-rebuild switch

$ nix-channel --list | grep nixos

$ nix-channel --list | grep nixos
nixos https://nixos.org/channels/nixos-16.09
$ nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixos-16.09 nixos

$ nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade

龙哥盟

掠夺·扩张·投机·博弈

Linux 发行版入门指南（全）

一、解构 Linux 发行版

Linux 在这里

Linux 的起源

GNU 项目

Linux 发行版的诞生

为什么这么多发行版？

我必须选择一个吗？不都是一样的吗？

摘要

二、Linux 发行版选择标准

选择 Linux 发行版时要考虑的因素

通用

面向任务

环境

桌面

计算机网络服务器

云/虚拟化

嵌入式/移动

支持

社区

商业

方便用户的

初学者

高级用户

稳定性

标准版本

滚动释放

硬件支持

美学

桌面环境

初始化系统

sysvinit(传统初始化)

系统

BSD 风格

OpenRC

其他人

包装管理系统

每分钟转数

dpkg

pacman/AUR、Portage/emerge 和 tgz

NixOS/粉笔

体系结构

美国英特尔公司(财富 500 强公司之一ˌ以生产 CPU 芯片著称)

手臂ˌ武器ˌ袖子ˌ装备

其他人

安全性/匿名性

原则/道德

自由软件基金会:关于自由 Linux 发行版

现场 CD

专业认证

Linux 标准库

摘要

三、Linux 发行版家族树

Linux 发行版系谱

1991-1995 年:大爆炸

1996-2005:Linux 世界的扩张

红帽子

注意

一种自由操作系统

原件

Slackware

2006-2015:整合——几颗恒星，许多行星

摘要

四、Ubuntu

历史

批评和争议

哲学

发行版选择标准

目的和环境

支持

用户友好性

稳定性

硬件支持

美学

桌面环境

初始化系统

包装管理系统