History of FreeBSD
来自: https://klarasystems.com/articles/history-of-freebsd-unix-and-bsd/
This is part of our article series published as “History of FreeBSD“. Subscribe to our article series to find out more about the beginnings of FreeBSD
这是我们作为“ FreeBSD 历史”发表的系列文章的一部分。订阅我们的文章系列 以了解有关 FreeBSD 起源的更多信息
FreeBSD, a free and open-source Unix-like operating system has been around since 1993. However, its origins are directly linked to that of BSD, and further back, those of Unix. During this History of FreeBSD series, we will talk about how Unix came to be, and how Berkeley’s Unix developed at Bell Labs.
FreeBSD 是一种免费且开源的类 Unix 操作系统，自 1993 年以来一直存在。然而，它的起源与 BSD 的起源直接相关，更早于 Unix 的起源。在这个 FreeBSD 历史系列中，我们将讨论 Unix 是如何形成的，以及伯克利的Unix 是如何在贝尔实验室开发的。
在 FreeBSD 之前，有 Unix
The story of Unix starts back in the mid-1960s with Multics(操作系统). MIT, AT&T Bell Labs, and GE started jointly developing Multics as an experimental operating system for the GE-645 mainframe.
Unix 的故事始于 1960 年代中期的 Multics。麻省理工学院、AT&T 贝尔实验室和 GE 开始联合开发 Multics 作为 GE-645 大型机的实验性操作系统。
Multics had many new ideas that paved the way for all modern Operating Systems. Some of those ideas are still in use today such as, dynamic linking, a hierarchical file system, and memory mapped files. In 1969, Bell Labs pulled out of the project due to dissatisfaction with the projects progress.
Multics 有许多新想法，为所有现代操作系统铺平了道路。其中一些想法今天仍在使用，例如动态链接、分层文件系统和内存映射文件。1969年，贝尔实验室 因对项目进展不满意而退出该项目。
As a skunkworks project and without a name at the time, Unix was created at Bell Labs. Due to a desire to implement some of the goals of Multics, but on a smaller scale a new Operating System was created. Many of those Bell Labs engineers are well known even today.
作为一个 skunkworks 项目，当时没有名字，Unix 是在贝尔实验室创建的。由于希望实现 Multics 的一些目标，但在较小的规模上创建了一个新的操作系统。许多贝尔实验室的工程师即使在今天也是众所周知的。
Dennis Ritchie who later created the C programming language and Ken Thompson who co-invented the Go programming language. The Operating System was originally written in assembly, but in 1973 Version 4 Unix was rewritten in C.
后来创建了 C 编程语言的 Dennis Ritchie 和共同发明了 Go 编程语言的 Ken Thompson。操作系统最初是用汇编语言编写的，但在 1973 年第 4 版 Unix 用 C 重写。 Unix 的系统是由 Ken Thompson “在”Dennis Ritchie 的帮助下开发的。
In 1975 the first source license was sold to the University of Illinois’s Department of Computer Science. In the late 1970s the influence of Unix in academic circles led to it being used by many new companies. Bell Labs produced several versions of Unix that are collectively known as “Research Unix.”
1975 年，第一个源许可证出售给伊利诺伊大学计算机科学系。在 1970 年代后期，Unix 在学术界的影响导致它被许多新公司使用。贝尔实验室生产了几个版本的 Unix，统称为“Research Unix”。
伯克利的 Unix 到来
The year is 1974, and BSD began taking shape when Unix first arrived at the University of California at Berkeley. Ken Thompson took a sabbatical from Bell Labs in 1975 and came to visit his Alma Mater as a visiting professor. During this time he helped install Version 6 Unix and started working on a Pascal implementation.
这一年是 1974 年，当 Unix 第一次来到加州大学伯克利分校时，BSD 开始成型。Ken Thompson 于 1975 年从贝尔实验室休假，并以客座教授的身份访问了他的母校。在此期间，他帮助安装了 Unix 版本 6 并开始研究 Pascal 实现。
As students continued working on Pascal and implemented an improved text editor called ex, other universities became interested in the software. So, in 1977 Bill Joy, one of those students, started compiling the first Berkeley Software Distribution, or 1BSD which was released on March 9th of the following year with some 30 copies sent out.
随着学生们继续研究 Pascal 并实施了一个名为 ex 的改进文本编辑器，其他大学开始对该软件产生兴趣。因此，在 1977 年，其中一名学生 Bill Joy 开始编译第一个伯克利软件发行版，即 1BSD，该发行版于次年 3 月 9 日发布，并发出了大约 30 个副本。
Some well-known software that is still in use today had its start in the next version, 2BSD, such as vi and csh, which saw approximately 75 copies distributed.
一些今天仍在使用的知名软件从下一个版本 2BSD 开始，例如 vi 和 csh，分发了大约 75 个副本。
In 1978 a new more powerful VAX computer was installed at Berkeley and provided a new target for BSD software. Over time large parts of the Operating System had to be replaced, for instance the initial Unix port to the VAX architecture did not take advantage of the VAX’s virtual memory capabilities so much of the kernel was rewritten. The release of 3BSD in 1979 contained this new kernel and ports of the other BSD programs to the VAX architecture.
1978 年，在Berkeley(伯克利)安装了一台新的更强大的 VAX 计算机，并为 BSD 软件提供了一个新的目标。随着时间的推移，操作系统的大部分必须被替换，例如 VAX 架构的初始 Unix 端口没有利用 VAX 的虚拟内存功能，因此大部分内核都被重写。1979 年发布的 3BSD 包含了这个新内核和其他 BSD 程序到 VAX 架构的移植。
补充:
1978 年，Digital 推出了 VAX（虚拟地址扩展）计算机，可以说是历史上最成功的小型计算机.
As BSD spread to more and more institutions, users began adding additional functionality and programs, and sending those back to the team at Berkeley to be included in the next release of BSD. This was the start of the open source movement, before it had a name.
In 1989 a new release called Network Release 1 or Net/1 was made under the BSD license. This contained work that was done on implementing the OSI network protocol stack and new TCP/IP algorithms. It was motivated by the increasing cost of AT&T software licenses and several groups had started to express interest in a separate release of just the network code.
随着 BSD 传播到越来越多的机构，用户开始添加额外的功能和程序，并将它们发送回伯克利的团队，以包含在 BSD 的下一个版本中。这是开源运动的开始，在它有名字之前。
1989 年，在 BSD 许可下发布了名为 Network Release 1 或 Net/1 的新版本。这包括在实现 OSI 网络协议栈和新的 TCP/IP 算法方面所做的工作。它的动机是 AT&T 软件许可证成本不断增加，并且一些团体已经开始对单独发布网络代码表示兴趣。
After Net/1 Keith Bostic proposed that more of the system be released under the BSD license and so he lead a project to reimplement most of the standard Unix utilities without any AT&T code.
在 Net/1 之后，Keith Bostic 提议在 BSD 许可下发布更多系统，因此他领导了一个项目，以重新实现大多数标准 Unix 实用程序，而无需任何 AT&T 代码。
补充:
Keith Bostic是一位美国软件工程师，也是伯克利软件分发(BSD) Unix 和开源软件历史上的关键人物之一。
Within the next 18 months, all of the AT&T utilities had been rewritten and only a few AT&T files remained in the kernel. In 1991 Network Release 2 or Net/2 was made available without those files, resulting in nearly a complete operating system that was freely distributable.
在接下来的 18 个月内，所有 AT&T 实用程序都被重写，内核中只剩下几个 AT&T 文件。1991 年，网络版本 2 或 Net/2 在没有这些文件的情况下可用，从而产生了几乎可以自由分发的完整操作系统。
In 1992, Bill and Lynne Jolitz, both Berkeley alumni, release 386BSD 0.0, the first version of BSD for the Intel 386, a computer many had in their homes. This was made possible by Keith Bostic and partially influenced by Richard Stallman.
在 Net/1 之后，Keith Bostic 提议在 BSD 许可下发布更多系统，因此他领导了一个项目，以重新实现大多数标准 Unix 实用程序，而无需任何 AT&T 代码。
… and so FreeBSD begins(于是 FreeBSD 开始了)
Later in 1992 386BSD 0.1 was released and set the stage for the formation of FreeBSD and NetBSD. A group of users began releasing an unofficial patchkit, by collecting bug fixes and enhancements. This group disagreed with the future direction and release schedule of 386BSD, so in 1993 they founded The FreeBSD Project.
后来在 1992 年发布了 386BSD 0.1，为 FreeBSD 和 NetBSD 的形成奠定了基础。一群用户通过收集错误修复和增强功能开始发布非官方补丁包。这个小组不同意 386BSD 的未来方向和发布时间表，因此在 1993 年他们成立了 The FreeBSD Project。
Bill Joy简短介绍：
在伯克利大学读研究生时，他在BSD UNIX的早期开发中发挥了不可或缺的作用，并且他是vi文本编辑器的原作者。他还撰写了 2000 年的文章《为什么未来不需要我们》，在其中表达了对现代技术发展的深切关注。由于对操作系统和网络软件的贡献， Joy 被选为美国国家工程院院士（1999 年）。他于 2011 年入选计算机历史博物馆院士，并于 1986 年获得 ACM 的 Grace Murray Hopper 奖。他还是美国艺术与科学学院的成员，以及阿斯彭研究所
Bill Joy：Sun Microsystems 的联合创始人。
参考:
开源历史：为什么 BSD 没有击败 GNU 和 Linux？ 作者： Christopher Tozzi 2017 年 4 月 10 日
multicians操作系统的故事: https://www.multicians.org/
