殿堂级的实验室-贝尔（Bell Labs）


贝尔实验室官方网站：http://www.bell-labs.com

本文来自:https://codedocs.org/what-is/bell-labs

Bell Labs

For buildings named Bell Telephone Laboratories, see Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan).

 关于名为贝尔电话实验室的建筑物，请见“贝尔实验室大楼（曼哈顿）”。　　

诺基亚贝尔实验室
类型 子公司
行业 电信、信息技术、材料科学
成立 1925 年；96 年前（作为贝尔电话实验室公司）
总部 美国新泽西州默里山
关键人物
Marcus Weldon（生于 1968 年 7 月 25 日）是贝尔实验室的第 13 任总裁。他还担任诺基亚公司的首席技术官。
家长 AT&T (1925–96)
西部电气 (1925–83)
朗讯 (1996–2006)
阿尔卡特朗讯 (2006–16)
诺基亚 (2016–至今)
网站 www.bell-labs.com



　　Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named Bell Labs Innovations (1996–2007),AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984–1996)and Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984)) is an American industrial research and scientific development company owned by Finnish company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, the company operates several laboratories in the United States and around the world. Bell Labs has its origins in the complex past of the Bell System.

　　诺基亚贝尔实验室 （原 名贝尔实验室创新 (1996–2007)、AT&T 贝尔实验室 (1984–1996) 和 贝尔电话实验室 (1925–1984) ）是一家美国工业研究和科学开发公司芬兰公司诺基亚拥有的公司。该公司总部位于新泽西州默里山，在美国和世界各地设有多个实验室。贝尔实验室起源于贝尔系统复杂的过去。

　　In the late 19th century, the laboratory began as the Western Electric Engineering Department, and was located at 463 West Street in New York City. In 1925, after years of conducting research and development under Western Electric, the Engineering Department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories, and placed under the shared ownership of American Telephone & Telegraph Company and Western Electric.
　　19 世纪后期，该实验室前身为西部电气工程部，位于纽约市西街 463 号。1925年，经过西电多年的研发，电气工程部改制为贝尔电话实验室，归美国电话电报公司和西电共同所有。
　　这里西电可以到这里了解下 https://www.westernelectric.com/company-history

　　Researchers working at Bell Labs are credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, and others. Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.

　　在贝尔实验室工作的研究人员因射电天文学、 晶体管、激光器、光伏电池、电荷耦合器件 (CCD)、 信息论、  Unix 操作系统和编程语言 B、  C、C++的发展而受到赞誉、  S、  SNOBOL、  AWK、  AMPL等。 在贝尔实验室完成的工作已获得九项 诺贝尔奖


起源和历史地点

　　Bell's personal research after the telephone(贝尔继电话之后的个人研究)

　　In 1880, when the French government awarded Alexander Graham Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs (approximately US$10,000 at that time; about $280,000 in January 2019's dollars)for the invention of the telephone, he used the award to fund the Volta Laboratory (Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory) in Washington, D.C. in collaboration with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell.The laboratory was variously known as the Volta Bureau, the Bell Carriage House, the Bell Laboratory and the Volta Laboratory.
　　1880 年，当法国政府授予亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔 50,000 法郎（当时约为 10,000 美元；按 2019 年 1 月的美元计算约为 280,000 美元）的伏打奖时，他用该奖项资助了伏打实验室（Alexander Graham Bell 实验室）在华盛顿特区与 Sumner Tainter 和 Bell 的表弟 Chichester Bell 合作。该实验室被称为 Volta Bureau、  Bell Carriage House、  Bell Laboratory 和 Volta Laboratory。

 

An oblique view of a large salmon colored two-story stone building, of some prominence
 
Bell's 1893 Volta Bureau building in Washington, D.C.

It focused on the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education to permit the "[increased] diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf":resulting in the founding of the Volta Bureau (c. 1887) which was located at Bell's father's house at 1527 35th Street N.W. in Washington, D.C. Its carriage house became their headquarters in 1889.

　　它专注于声音的分析、记录和传输。贝尔利用他从实验室获得的可观利润用于进一步的研究和教育，以允许“[增加]与聋人有关的知识的传播”：导致成立沃尔特局（约 1887 年），该局位于贝尔父亲的家中华盛顿特区西北第 35 街 1527 号它的马车房于 1889 年成为他们的总部。

　　In 1893, Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab.This building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.

　　1893 年，贝尔在西北 35 街 1537 号附近建造了一座新建筑，专门用于安置实验室。这座建筑于 1972 年被宣布为国家历史地标。

　　After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.

　　继电话发明后，贝尔与整个 “贝尔系统” 保持着相对远的距离，但继续追求自己的个人研究兴趣。

Early antecedent(早期的前因)

The Bell Patent Association was formed by Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard when filing the first patents for the telephone in 1876.

　　贝尔专利协会由亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔、托马斯·桑德斯和加德纳·哈伯德在 1876 年为电话申请第一个专利时成立。

　　Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later. It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company.

　　一年后，第一家电话公司贝尔电话公司成立。它后来成为美国贝尔电话公司的一部分。

　　American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and its own subsidiary company, took control of American Bell and the Bell System by 1889.

　　美国电话电报公司 (AT&T) 及其子公司于 1889 年控制了美国贝尔和贝尔系统。

　　American Bell held a controlling interest in Western Electric (which was the manufacturing arm of the business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers.

　　American Bell 持有 Western Electric（该公司的制造部门）的控股权，而 AT&T 则对服务提供商进行研究。

　　In 1884, the American Bell Telephone Company created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier.
　　1884 年，美国贝尔电话公司从一年前成立的电气和专利部门创建了机械部门。

 

正式组织和地点变更

463 West Street New York Bell Labs
 
　　The original home of Bell Laboratories beginning in 1925, 463 West Street, New York.

　　In 1896, Western Electric bought property at 463 West Street to station their manufacturers and engineers who had been supplying AT&T with their product. This included everything from telephones, telephone exchange switches, and transmission equipment.

　　On January 1, 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. was organized to consolidate the development and research activities in the communication field and allied sciences for the Bell System. Ownership was evenly shared between Western Electric and AT&T. The new company had existing personnel of 3600 engineers, scientists, and support staff. In addition to the existing research facilities of 400,000 square feet of space, its space was extended with a new building on about one quarter of a city block.

　　The first chairman of the board of directors was John J. Carty, the vice-president of AT&T, and the first president was Frank B. Jewett, also a board member, who stayed there until 1940. The operations were directed by E. B. Craft, executive vice-president, and formerly chief engineer at Western Electric.

　　By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to Murray Hill, New Jersey.

　　Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were Holmdel, Crawford Hill, the Deal Test Site, Freehold, Lincroft, Long Branch, Middletown, Neptune, Princeton, Piscataway, Red Bank, Chester, and Whippany. Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by Telcordia Technologies and the Whippany site was purchased by Bayer).

　　The largest grouping of people in the company was in Illinois, at Naperville-Lisle, in the Chicago area, which had the largest concentration of employees (about 11,000) prior to 2001. There also were groups of employees in Indianapolis, Indiana; Columbus, Ohio; North Andover, Massachusetts; Allentown, Pennsylvania; Reading, Pennsylvania; and Breinigsville, Pennsylvania; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to Greensboro 1980s) and Westminster, Colorado. Since 2001, many of the former 　　locations have been scaled down or closed.

　　1896年，Western Electric 在西街 463 号购买了房产，以安置他们的制造商和工程师，这些制造商和工程师一直在为 AT&T 提供产品。这包括电话、电话交换交换机和传输设备的所有内容。

　　1925年1月1日，贝尔电话实验室公司成立，以巩固贝尔系统在通信领域和相关科学领域的开发和研究活动。所有权由西部电气和 AT&T 平均分配。新公司现有 3600 名工程师、科学家和支持人员。除了现有的 400,000 平方英尺的研究设施外，它的空间还在大约四分之一的城市街区内扩建了一座新建筑。

　　董事会的第一任主席是 AT&T 的副总裁 John J. Carty，第一任总裁是 Frank B. Jewett，他也是董事会成员，一直待到 1940年。业务由 EB Craft 领导，执行副总裁，曾任西部电气总工程师。

　　到 1940年代初，贝尔实验室的工程师和科学家已经开始搬到远离纽约市拥挤和环境干扰的其他地方，1967 年，贝尔实验室总部正式搬迁到新泽西州的默里山。

　　贝尔实验室后来在新泽西的地点包括 Holmdel、Crawford Hill、Deal Test Site、Freehold、Lincroft、Long Branch、Middletown、Neptune、Princeton、Piscataway、Red Bank、Chester 和 Whippany。其中，Murray Hill 和 Crawford Hill 仍然存在（Piscataway 和 Red Bank 的地点已转移到 Telcordia Technologies 并由其运营，而 Whippany 的地点已被拜耳收购）。

　　该公司最大的员工群体位于伊利诺伊州芝加哥地区的 Naperville-Lisle，这是 2001 年之前员工最集中的地区（约 11,000 人）。印第安纳州印第安纳波利斯也有员工群体；俄亥俄州哥伦布；马萨诸塞州北安多弗；宾夕法尼亚州阿伦敦；宾夕法尼亚州雷丁；和宾夕法尼亚州布赖尼斯维尔；北卡罗来纳州伯灵顿（1950 年代至 1970 年代，1980 年代搬到格林斯伯勒）和科罗拉多州威斯敏斯特。自 2001 年以来，许多以前的地点已经缩小或关闭。
   

 

老贝尔实验室霍姆德尔复合体
Old Bell Labs Holmdel Complex. Located in New Jersey, about 20 miles south of New York.
老贝尔实验室霍姆德尔复合体。位于新泽西州，纽约市以南约 20 英里。
 

　　The Holmdel site, a 1.9 million square foot structure set on 473 acres, was closed in 2007. The mirrored-glass building was designed by Eero Saarinen. In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project. A 2012 article expressed doubt on the success of the newly named Bell Works site,but several large tenants had announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017.

　　Holmdel 场地占地 190 万平方英尺，占地 473 英亩，于 2007 年关闭。镜面玻璃建筑由 Eero Saarinen 设计。2013 年 8 月，Somerset Development 购买了该建筑，打算将其重新开发为一个混合商业和住宅项目。2012 年的一篇文章对新命名的 Bell Works 工地的成功表示怀疑，但一些大租户已宣布计划在 2016 年和 2017 年搬入。

 

 

发现和发展
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Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1969 until 1983
 　　Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the operating system Unix, the programming languages C and C++, solar cells, the charge-coupled device (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems.
   


       1920s

　In 1926, the laboratories invented an early example synchronous-sound motion picture system, in competition with Fox Movietone and DeForest Phonofilm.

　　1926 年，实验室发明了一种早期的同步声音电影系统示例，与 Fox Movietone 和 DeForest Phonofilm 竞争。
　　补充：
       https://ethw.org/Phonofilm(关于留声机)

　　In 1924, Bell Labs physicist Walter A. Shewhart proposed the control chart as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control. Shewhart's methods were the basis for statistical process control (SPC): the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes. This was the origin of the modern quality movement, including Six Sigma.

　　1924 年，贝尔实验室的物理学家 Walter A. Shewhart 提出了控制图作为确定过程何时处于统计控制状态的一种方法。Shewhart 的方法是统计过程控制 (SPC) 的基础：使用基于统计的工具和技术来管理和改进过程。这就是包括六西格码在内的现代质量运动的起源。

　　In 1927, a Bell team headed by Herbert E. Ives successfully transmitted long-distance 128-line television images of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover from Washington to New York. In 1928 the thermal noise in a resistor was first measured by John B. Johnson, and Harry Nyquist provided the theoretical analysis; this is now termed Johnson noise. During the 1920s, the one-time pad cipher was invented by Gilbert Vernam and Joseph Mauborgne at the laboratories. Bell Labs' Claude Shannon later proved that it is unbreakable.

　　1927年，以 Herbert E. Ives 为首的贝尔团队成功地将商务部长 John B. Johnson 的128线电视图像从华盛顿远程传送到纽约。1928 年，John B. Johnson 首次测量了电阻器中的热噪声，Harry Nyquist 提供了理论分析；这现在被称为 约翰逊噪声。在 1920 年代，一次性密本密码由 Gilbert Vernam 和 Joseph Mauborgne 在实验室发明。贝尔实验室的克劳德香农后来证明它是牢不可破的。

　　补充：
      Harry Nyquist 是瑞典物理学家和电子工程师，对通信理论做出了重要贡献
       John B. Johnson 是瑞典出生的美国电气工程师和物理学家。他首先详细解释了随机干扰在电线上传输的信息的基本来源。

 

1930s

 

   In 1931, a foundation for radio astronomy was laid by Karl Jansky during his work investigating the origins of static on long-distance shortwave communications. He discovered that radio waves were being emitted from the center of the galaxy. In 1931 and 1932, experimental high fidelity, long playing, and even stereophonic recordings were made by the labs of the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Leopold Stokowski. In 1933, stereo signals were transmitted live from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. In 1937, the vocoder, an electronic speech compression device, or codec, and the Voder, the first electronic speech synthesizer, were developed and demonstrated by Homer Dudley, the Voder being demonstrated at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Bell researcher Clinton Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson for the discovery of electron diffraction, which helped lay the foundation for solid-state electronics.

 1931 年，Karl Jansky 在研究长距离短波通信中静电的起源时奠定了射电天文学的基础。他发现无线电波是从银河系中心发射出来的。1931 年和 1932 年，由利奥波德·斯托科夫斯基指挥的费城交响乐团的实验室制作了实验性的高保真、长时间演奏甚至立体声录音。1933 年，立体声信号从费城现场传输到华盛顿特区。 1937 年，声码器（一种电子语音压缩设备或编解码器）和 Voder（第一个电子 语音合成器），由 Homer Dudley 开发和演示，Voder 在 1939 年纽约世界博览会上演示。贝尔研究员克林顿戴维森与乔治佩吉特汤姆森分享了诺贝尔物理学奖，因为电子衍射的发现为固态电子学奠定了基础。
   补充
  Karl Jansky  是一位美国物理学家和无线电工程师，他于 1933 年 4 月首次宣布他在射手座发现了从银河系发出的无线电波。他被认为是射电天文学的奠基人之一
  光的衍射：光在传播过程中，遇到障碍物或小孔时，光将偏离直线传播的路径而绕到障碍物后面传播的现象，叫光的衍射（Diffraction of light）
  电子衍射(electron diffraction): 电子衍射是电子束在原子结构周围弯曲的现象。这种波的典型行为适用于电子，因为波粒二象性表明电子既是粒子又是波。由于衍射光束会发生干涉，它们会产生衍射图案，广泛用于分析引起衍射的物体。因此，电子衍射也可以参考用于材料表征的衍生实验技术。该技术类似于X 射线和中子衍射.
 Reconstruction of the directional antenna used in the discovery of radio emission of extraterrestrial origin by Karl Guthe Jansky at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1932

 1932 年贝尔电话实验室的 Karl Guthe Jansky 对用于发现地外无线电发射的定向天线进行了重建

1940s

In the early 1940s, the photovoltaic cell was developed by Russell Ohl. In 1943, Bell developed SIGSALY, the first digital scrambled speech transmission system, used by the Allies in World War II. The British wartime codebreaker Alan Turing visited the labs at this time, working on speech encryption and meeting Claude Shannon.

Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as Walter A. Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming, Harold F. Dodge, George D. Edwards, Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and Mary N. Torrey. During World War II, Emergency Technical Committee – Quality Control, drawn mainly from Bell Labs' statisticians, was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures.

In 1947, the transistor, probably the most important invention developed by Bell Laboratories, was invented by John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley (and who subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956). In 1947, Richard Hamming invented Hamming codes for error detection and correction. For patent reasons, the result was not published until 1950. In 1948, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", one of the founding works in information theory, was published by Claude Shannon in the Bell System Technical Journal. It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley, but it greatly extended these. Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade. Shannon was also the founder of modern cryptography with his 1949 paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems.
第一个 晶体管是一种点接触锗器件

 The first transistor, a point-contact germanium device, was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947. This image shows a replica.
第一个 晶体管是一种点接触锗器件，于 1947 年在贝尔实验室发明。这张图片显示了一个复制品

 

Calculators 计算器

  • Model I: A complex number calculator, completed in 1939 and put into operation in 1940, for doing calculations of complex numbers.
  • Model II: Relay Computer / Relay Interpolator,[26] September 1943, for interpolating data points of flight profiles (needed for performance testing of a gun director).[27] This model introduced error detection (self checking).[28][29]
  • Model III: Ballistic Computer,[30] June 1944, for calculations of ballistic trajectories
  • Model IV: Error Detector Mark II, March 1945,[31] improved ballistic computer
  • Model V:[32] General purpose electromechanical computer, of which two were built, July 1946 and February 1947[33][31][34]
  • Model VI: 1949, an enhanced Model V

1950s

In 1952, William Gardner Pfann revealed the method of zone melting which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping.

The 1950s also saw developments based upon information theory. The central development was binary code systems. Efforts concentrated on the prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances, including the N-carrier system. TD microwave radio relay, direct distance dialing, E-repeater, wire spring relay, and the Number Five Crossbar Switching System.

In 1953, Maurice Karnaugh developed the Karnaugh map, used for managing of Boolean algebraic expressions. In 1954, the first modern solar cell was invented at Bell Laboratories. In 1956 TAT-1, the first transatlantic communications cable, was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland in a joint effort by AT&T, Bell Laboratories, and British and Canadian telephone companies. In 1957, Max Mathews created MUSIC, one of the first computer programs to play electronic music. Robert C. Prim and Joseph Kruskal developed new greedy algorithms that revolutionized computer network design. In 1958, a technical paper by Arthur Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes first described the laser. In 1959, Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng invented the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).[35] The MOSFET has achieved electronic hegemony and sustains the large-scale integration (LSI) of circuits underlying today's information society.[citation needed]

1960s

 
George E. Smith and Willard Boyle
 　　In December 1960, Ali Javan and his associates William Bennett and Donald Heriot successfully operated the first gas laser, the first continuous-light laser, operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity. In 1962, the electret microphone was invented by Gerhard M. Sessler and James Edward Maceo West.
　　Also in 1962, John R. Pierce's vision of communications satellites was realized by the launch of Telstar. In 1964, the Carbon dioxide laser was invented by Kumar Patel and the discovery/operation of the Nd:YAG laser was demonstrated by J.E. Geusic et al.. The research of Philip W. Anderson into electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems led to improved understanding of metals and insulators for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977. 
　　In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.

　　Frank W. Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, Kenneth C. Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll made computer-animated movies during the early to mid-1960s. Ken C. Knowlton invented the computer animation language BEFLIX. The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll. In 1966, Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), a key technology in wireless services, was developed and patented by R. W. Chang. In 1968, Molecular beam epitaxy was developed by J.R. Arthur and A.Y. Cho; molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time. In 1969, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson created the computer operating system UNIX for the support of telecommunication switching systems as well as general purpose computing. From 1969 to 1971, Aaron Marcus, the first graphic designer involved with computer graphics, researched, designed, and programmed a prototype interactive page-layout system for the Picturephone. In 1969, the charge-coupled device (CCD) was invented by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009. In the 1960s, the New York City site was sold and became the Westbeth Artists Community complex.
   The charge-coupled device was invented by
George E. Smith and Willard Boyle

 

1970s

 
The C programming language was developed in 1972.

The 1970s and 1980s saw more and more computer-related inventions at the Bell Laboratories as part of the personal computing revolution. In 1972, Dennis Ritchie developed the compiled programming language C as a replacement for the interpreted language B which was then used in a worse is better rewrite of UNIX. Also, the language AWK was designed and implemented by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories. In 1972, Marc Rochkind invented the Source Code Control System.

In 1970, A. Michael Noll invented a tactile, force-feedback system, coupled with interactive stereoscopic computer display. In 1971, an improved task priority system for computerized telephone exchange switching systems for telephone traffic was invented by Erna Schneider Hoover, who received one of the first software patents for it. In 1976, Optical fiber systems were first tested in Georgia and in 1980, the first single-chip 32-bit microprocessor, the Bellmac 32A was demonstrated. It went into production in 1982.

The 1970s also saw a major central office technology evolve from crossbar electromechanical relay-based technology and discrete transistor logic to Bell Labs-developed thick film hybrid and transistor–transistor logic (TTL), stored program-controlled switching systems; 1A/#4 TOLL Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) and 2A Local Central Offices produced at the Bell Labs Naperville and Western Electric Lisle, Illinois facilities. This technology evolution dramatically reduced floor space needs. The new ESS also came with its own diagnostic software that needed only a switchman and several frame technicians to maintain.
   

 

1980s


BellLaboratories logo

In 1980, the TDMA and CDMA digital cellular telephone technology was patented. In 1982, Fractional quantum Hall effect was discovered by Horst Störmer and former Bell Laboratories researchers Robert B. Laughlin and Daniel C. Tsui; they consequently won a Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery. In 1985,[38] the programming language C++ had its first commercial release.[39]Bjarne Stroustrup started developing C++ at Bell Laboratories in 1979 as an extension to the original C language.[39]

In 1984, the first photoconductive antennas for picosecond electromagnetic radiation were demonstrated by Auston and others. This type of antenna became an important component in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. In 1984, Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming was developed by mathematician Narendra Karmarkar. Also in 1984, a divestiture agreement signed in 1982 with the American Federal government forced the break-up of AT&T: Bellcore (now Telcordia Technologies) was split off from Bell Laboratories to provide the same R&D functions for the newly created local exchange carriers. AT&T also was limited to using the Bell trademark only in association with Bell Laboratories. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. became a wholly owned company of the new AT&T Technologies unit, the former Western Electric. The 5ESS Switch was developed during this transition. In 1985, laser cooling was used to slow and manipulate atoms by Steven Chu and team. In 1985, the modeling language A Mathematical Programming Language AMPL was developed by Robert Fourer, David M. Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories. Also in 1985, Bell Laboratories was awarded the National Medal of Technology "For contribution over decades to modern communication systems". During the 1980s, the operating system Plan 9 from Bell Labs was developed extending the UNIX model. Also, the Radiodrum, an electronic music instrument played in three space dimensions was invented. In 1988, TAT-8 became the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable. Bell Labs in Freehold, NJ developed the 1.3-micron fiber, cable, splicing, laser detector, and 280 Mbit/s repeater for 40,000 telephone-call capacity.

Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers. A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them. He immediately began studying biological systems using the optical tweezers, which are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life.[40] He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2018) for his work involving optical tweezers and their application to biological systems.
说明 Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1984 until 1995

 


 

 

1990s

 
Lucent Logo bearing the "Bell Labs Innovations" tagline

In the early 1990s, approaches to increase modem speeds to 56K were explored at Bell Labs, and early patents were filed in 1992 by Ender Ayanoglu, Nuri R. Dagdeviren and their colleagues.[41] In 1994, the quantum cascade laser was invented by Federico Capasso, Alfred Cho, Jerome Faist and their collaborators. Also in 1994, Peter Shor devised his quantum factorization algorithm. In 1996, SCALPEL electron lithography, which prints features atoms wide on microchips, was invented by Lloyd Harriott and his team. The operating system Inferno, an update of Plan 9, was created by Dennis Ritchie with others, using the then-new concurrent programming language Limbo. A high performance database engine (Dali) was developed which became DataBlitz in its product form.[42]

In 1996, AT&T spun off Bell Laboratories, along with most of its equipment manufacturing business, into a new company named Lucent Technologies. AT&T retained a small number of researchers who made up the staff of the newly created AT&T Labs.

In 1997, the smallest then-practical transistor (60 nanometers, 182 atoms wide) was built. In 1998, the first optical router was invented.
   

 

2000s

 
Pre-2013 logo of Alcatel-Lucent, parent company of Bell Labs
 

　　2000 was an active year for the Laboratories, in which DNA machine prototypes were developed; progressive geometry compression algorithm made widespread 3-D communication practical; the first electrically powered organic laser invented; a large-scale map of cosmic dark matter was compiled, and the F-15 (material), an organic material that makes plastic transistors possible, was invented.

　　In 2002, physicist Jan Hendrik Schön was fired after his work was found to contain fraudulent data. It was the first known case of fraud at Bell Labs.

　　In 2003, the New Jersey Institute of Technology Biomedical Engineering Laboratory was created at Murray Hill, New Jersey.

　　In 2005, Jeong H. Kim, former President of Lucent's Optical Network Group, returned from academia to become the President of Bell Laboratories.

　　In April 2006, Bell Laboratories' parent company, Lucent Technologies, signed a merger agreement with Alcatel. On December 1, 2006, the merged company, Alcatel-Lucent, began operations. This deal raised concerns in the United States, where Bell Laboratories works on defense contracts. A separate company, LGS Innovations, with an American board was set up to manage Bell Laboratories' and Lucent's sensitive U.S. government contracts. In March 2019, LGS Innovations was purchased by CACI.

　　In December 2007, it was announced that the former Lucent Bell Laboratories and the former Alcatel Research and Innovation would be merged into one organization under the name of Bell Laboratories. This is the first period of growth following many years during which Bell Laboratories progressively lost manpower due to layoffs and spin-offs making the company shut down for a short period of time.

　　As of July 2008, however, only four scientists remained in physics research, according to a report by the scientific journal Nature.

　　On August 28, 2008, Al
   

　　catel-Lucent announced it was pulling out of basic science, material physics, and semiconductor research, and it will instead focus on more immediately marketable areas, including networking, high-speed electronics, wireless networks, nanotechnology and software.

　　In 2009, Willard Boyle and George Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and development of the charge-coupled device (CCD).

2010s

 
Nokia Bell Labs entrance 

　　Gee Rittenhouse, former Head of Research, returned from his position as chief operating officer of Alcatel-Lucent's Software, Services, and Solutions business in February 2013, to become the 12th President of Bell Labs.

　　Gee Rittenhouse，前研究主管，于 2013 年 2 月从阿尔卡特朗讯软件、服务和解决方案业务的首席运营官职位上回归，成为贝尔实验室的第 12 任总裁

　　On November 4, 2013, Alcatel-Lucent announced the appointment of Marcus Weldon as President of Bell Labs. His stated charter was to return Bell Labs to the forefront of innovation in Information and communications technology by focusing on solving the key industry challenges, as was the case in the great Bell Labs innovation eras in the past.

　　2013 年 11 月 4 日，阿尔卡特朗讯宣布任命 Marcus Weldon 为贝尔实验室总裁。他声明的章程是通过专注于解决关键的行业挑战，让贝尔实验室回到信息和通信技术创新的前沿  ，就像过去贝尔实验室伟大的创新时代一样

　　In July 2014, Bell Labs announced it had broken "the broadband Internet speed record" with a new technology dubbed XG-FAST that promises 10 gigabits per second transmission speeds.

　　2014 年 7 月，贝尔实验室宣布，它打破了“宽带互联网速度记录”，采用了一项名为 XG-FAST 的新技术，该技术承诺每秒 10 吉比特的传输速度

　　In 2014, Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs in the Semiconductor Physics Research Department.

　　2014 年，埃里克·贝齐格 (Eric Betzig) 分享了诺贝尔化学奖，因为他在贝尔实验室半导体物理研究部开始从事超分辨荧光显微镜研究。

　　On April 15, 2015, Nokia agreed to acquire Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs' parent company, in a share exchange worth $16.6 billion. Their first day of combined operations was January 14, 2016.
　　2015 年 4 月 15 日，诺基亚同意以 166 亿美元的价格收购贝尔实验室的母公司阿尔卡特朗讯。 他们联合行动的第一天是 2016 年 1 月 14 日

　　In September 2016, Nokia Bell Labs, along with Technische Universität Berlin, Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the Technical University of Munich achieved a data rate of one terabit per second by improving transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in an optical communications field trial with a new modulation technique.
　　2016 年 9 月，诺基亚贝尔实验室与柏林工业大学、德国电信 T-Labs 和慕尼黑工业大学通过在光通信现场试验中提高传输容量和频谱效率，实现了每秒 1 TB 的数据速率 。调制技术

　　In 2018, Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" which was developed at Bell Labs in 1980s.
　　2018 年，亚瑟·阿什金 (Arthur Ashkin) 因其在 1980 年代贝尔实验室开发的“光镊及其在生物系统中的应用” [40]方面的工作而分享了诺贝尔物理学奖。
 入口  Nokia Bell Labs entrance sign at New Jersey headquarters in 2016

 

2020s

　　In 2020, Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman shared the Turing Award for their work on Compilers.

　　2020 年，Alfred Aho 和 Jeffrey Ullman 因在编译器方面的工作而分享了图灵奖。该奖被公认为计算机科学领域的最高荣誉。
 

Nobel Prizes and Turing Awards

　　Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.

  • 1937: Clinton J. Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating the wave nature of matter.
  • 1956: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley received the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the first transistors.
  • 1977: Philip W. Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing an improved understanding of the electronic structure of glass and magnetic materials.
  • 1978: Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics. Penzias and Wilson were cited for their discovering cosmic microwave background radiation, a nearly uniform glow that fills the Universe in the microwave band of the radio spectrum.
  • 1997: Steven Chu shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
  • 1998: Horst Störmer, Robert Laughlin, and Daniel Tsui, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering and explaining the fractional quantum Hall effect.
  • 2009: Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Charles K. Kao. Boyle and Smith were cited for inventing charge-coupled device (CCD) semiconductor imaging sensors.
  • 2014: Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs.
  • 2018: Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems" which was developed at Bell Labs.

The Turing Award has been won five times by Bell Labs researchers.

  • 1968: Richard Hamming for his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes.
  • 1983: Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie for their work on operating system theory, and for developing Unix.
  • 1986: Robert Tarjan with John Hopcroft, for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
  • 2018: Yann LeCun and Yoshua Bengio shared the Turing Award with Geoffrey Hinton for their work in Deep Learning.
  • 2020: Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman shared the Turing Award for their work on Compilers.

Presidents

 PeriodName of PresidentLifetime
13 2013–2021 Marcus Weldon b. 1968
12 2013–2013 Gee Rittenhouse  
11 2005–2013 Jeong Hun Kim b. 1961
10 2001–2005 Bill O'Shea b. 1957
9 1999–2001 Arun Netravali b. 1946
8 1995–1999 Dan Stanzione b. 1945
7 1991–1995 John Sullivan Mayo b. 1930
6 1979–1991 Ian Munro Ross 1927–2013
5 1973–1979 William Oliver Baker 1915–2005
4 1959–1973 James Brown Fisk 1910–1981[63]
3 1951–1959 Mervin Kelly 1895–1971
2 1940–1951 Oliver Buckley 1887–1959
1 1925–1940 Frank Baldwin Jewett 1879–1949

著名校友

  • __ Nobel Prize (诺贝尔奖)
  • __ Turing Award (图灵奖点击这里)
 Alumni(校友)说明
  Alfred Aho Advanced compiler theory and wrote the well known Dragon Book
with Jeffrey Ullman on compiler design.
Javan ali.jpg Ali Javan Invented the gas laser in 1960.
Arno Penzias.jpg Arno Allan Penzias Discovered background radiation, with Robert W. Wilson, originating from the Big Bang and won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for the discovery.
  Arthur Ashkin Has been considered as the father of the topical field of optical tweezers,
for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018.
  Arthur Hebard Noted for leading the discovery of superconductivity in Buckminsterfullerene
in 1991.
  Bishnu Atal Developed new speech processing and encoding algorithms, including fundamental work on linear prediction of speech and linear predictive coding (LPC), and the development of code-excited linear prediction (CELP) speech encoding, the basis for all speech communication codecs in mobile and Internet voice communications.
BjarneStroustrup.jpg Bjarne Stroustrup Was the head of Bell Labs Large-scale Programming Research department, from its creation until late 2002 and created the C++ programming language.
Brian Kernighan in 2012 at Bell Labs 2.jpg Brian Kernighan Helped create Unix, AWK, AMPL, and The C Programming Language (book)
  Claire F. Gmachl Developed novel designs for solid-state lasers leading to advances in the development of quantum cascade lasers.
ClaudeShannon MFO3807.jpg
 Claude Shannon Founded information theory with the publishing of A Mathematical Theory of Communication in 1948. He is perhaps equally well known for founding both digital computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937, when, as a 21-year-old master's degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical, numerical relationship.[66] Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for national defense during World War II, including his basic work on codebreaking and secure telecommunications. For two months early in 1943, Shannon came into contact with the leading British cryptanalyst and mathematician Alan Turing. Shannon and Turing met at teatime in the cafeteria.[67] Turing showed Shannon his 1936 paper that defined what is now known as the "Universal Turing machine";[68][69] this impressed Shannon, as many of its ideas complemented his own.
Clinton Davisson.jpg Clinton Davisson Davisson and Lester Germer performed an experiment showing that electrons were diffracted at the surface of a crystal of nickel. This celebrated Davisson-Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that particles of matter have a wave-like nature, which is a central tenet of quantum mechanics. Their observation of diffraction allowed the first measurement of a wavelength for electrons. He shared the Nobel Prize in 1937 with George Paget Thomson, who independently discovered electron diffraction at about the same time as Davisson.
  Corinna Cortes Head of Google Research, New York.
Daniel Chee Tsui.jpg Daniel Tsui Along with Robert Laughlin and Horst Störmer discovered new form of quantum fluid.
Stanford2010DavidMiller.png David A. B. Miller  
Dawon Kahng.jpg Dawon Kahng Invented the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) with Mohamed M. Atalla in 1959.[35][70] It revolutionized the electronics industry,[71][72] and is the most widely used semiconductor device in the world.[73][74]
Dennis Ritchie 2011.jpg Dennis Ritchie Created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system.
  Donald Cox Received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1993)
  Elizabeth Bailey Worked in technical programming at Bell Laboratories from 1960 to 1972, before transferring to the economic research section from 1972 to 1977.
  Eric Betzig An American physicist who worked to develop the field of fluorescence microscopy and photoactivated localization microscopy. He was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" along with Stefan Hell and fellow Cornell alumnus William E. Moerner.
Eric Schmidt at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 037.jpg Eric Schmidt Did a complete re-write with Mike Lesk of Lex, a program to generate lexical analysers for the Unix computer operating system.
  Erna Schneider Hoover Invented the computerized telephone switching method.
  Esther M. Conwell Studied effects of high electric fields on electron transport in semiconductors, member of the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
  Evelyn Hu Pioneer in the fabrication of nanoscale electronic and photonic devices.
Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-27.jpg George E. Smith Led research into novel lasers and semiconductor devices. During his tenure, Smith was awarded dozens of patents and eventually headed the VLSI device department. George E. Smith shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics with Willard Boyle for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography".[75]
  Gil Amelio Amelio was on the team that demonstrated the first working charge-coupled device (CCD). Worked at Fairchild Semiconductor, and the semiconductor division of Rockwell International but is best remembered as a CEO of National Semiconductor and Apple Inc.
  Harvey Fletcher "father of stereophonic sound". As Director of Research at Bell Labs, he oversaw research in electrical sound recording, including more than 100 stereo recordings with conductor Leopold Stokowski in 1931–1932.[76][77]
Horst Störmer.jpg Horst Ludwig Störmer Along with Robert Laughlin and Daniel Tsui discovered new form of quantum fluid.
Hopcrofg.jpg John Hopcroft Received the Turing Award jointly with Robert Tarjan in 1986 for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
Ingrid Daubechies (2005).jpg Ingrid Daubechies Developed the orthogonal Daubechies wavelet and the biorthogonal Cohen–Daubechies–Feauveau wavelet. She is best known for her work with wavelets in image compression (such as JPEG 2000) and digital cinema.
  Jeffrey Ullman Advanced compiler theory and wrote the well known Dragon Book with Alfred Aho on compiler design.
  Jessie MacWilliams Developed the MacWilliams identities in coding theory.
  Dr. John E. Abate AT&T Fellow (1996) and Bell Telephone Labs Fellow (1990), awarded for: "Substantial and fundamental contributions, nationally and internationally, in the area of digital synchronization planning for public and private networks." He was a Distinguished MTS and Manager at AT&T's BTL during its golden age of innovation. His scientific contributions are cited in numerous articles on communications and astronautics systems. He was responsible for AT&T's network synchronization, digital network design and architecture, network planning and modeling of customer private networks, synchronization industry interface standards, and analysis of video and speech networks. In 1983, he founded the ANSI Standards Working Group responsible for developing synchronization standards for digital telecommunication networks within the United States. From 1983 to 1986, he served as its chairman. From 1986 to 1989, he served as a member of the Panel for Basic Standards, Board on Assessment of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards). He was cited in Who's Who in America, and in Who's Who in Science and Engineering. In 1992, he was awarded the NJIT Alumni Honor Roll Award.[78]
  John Mashey Worked on the PWB/UNIX operating system at Bell Labs from 1973 to 1983, authoring the PWB shell, also known as the "Mashey Shell".[79]
  John M. Chambers Developed the statistical programming language S which is the forerunner to R.
Bardeen.jpg John Bardeen With William Shockley and Walter Brattain, the three scientists invented the point-contact transistor in 1947 and were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
2015-03-19 Jon Hall by Olaf Kosinsky-4.jpg Jon Hall Executive Director of Linux International,[80]
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.jpg Ken Thompson Designed and implemented the original Unix operating system. He also invented the B programming language, the direct predecessor to the C programming language, and was one of the creators and early developers of the Plan 9 operating systems. With Joseph Henry Condon he designed and built Belle, the first chess machine to earn a master rating. Since 2006, Thompson has worked at Google, where he co-invented the Go programming language.
  Laurie Spiegel Electronic musician and engineer known for developing the algorithmic composition software Music Mouse.
  Margaret H. Wright Pioneer in numerical computing and mathematical optimization, head of the Scientific Computing Research Department and Bell Labs Fellow, president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
  Max Mathews Wrote MUSIC, the first widely used program for sound generation, in 1957.
Atalla1963.png Mohamed M. Atalla Developed the silicon surface passivation process in 1957,[70][81] and then invented the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), the first practical implementation of a field-effect transistor, with Dawon Kahng in 1959.[71][72][73][74] This led to a breakthrough in semiconductor technology,[82][83] and revolutionized the electronics industry.[71][72]
  Narendra Karmarkar Developed Karmarkar's algorithm.
  Osamu Fujimura Japanese physicist, phonetician and linguist, recognized as one of the pioneers of speech science. Invented the C/D model of speech articulation.
Persi Diaconis 2010.jpg Persi Diaconis Known for tackling mathematical problems involving randomness and randomization, such as coin flipping and shuffling playing cards.
Andersonphoto.jpg Philip Warren Anderson In 1977 Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, which allowed for the development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers.
  Phyllis Fox Co-wrote the DYNAMO simulation programming language, principal author of the first LISP manual, and developed the PORT Mathematical Subroutine Library.
  Richard Hamming Created a family of mathematical error-correcting code, which are called Hamming codes. Programmed one of the earliest computers, the IBM 650, and with Ruth A. Weiss developed the L2 programming language, one of the earliest computer languages, in 1956.
Robert Laughlin, Stanford University.jpg Robert Laughlin Along with Horst Störmer and Daniel Tsui discovered new form of quantum fluid.
Rob-pike-oscon.jpg Rob Pike A member of the Unix team and was involved in the creation of the Plan 9 and Inferno operating systems, as well as the Limbo programming language. Co-authored the books The Unix Programming Environment and The Practice of Programming with Brian Kernighan. Co-created the UTF-8 character encoding standard with Ken Thompson, the Blit graphical terminal with Bart Locanthi Jr. and the sam and acme text editors. Pike has worked at Google, where he co-created the Go and Sawzall programming languages.
Bob Tarjan.jpg Robert Tarjan Received the Turing Award jointly with John Hopcroft in 1986 for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
Wilson penzias200.jpg Robert W. Wilson Discovered background radiation, with Arno Allan Penzias, originating from the Big Bang and won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for that.
Steve Bourne at SDWest2005.hires.jpg Steve Bourne Created the Bourne shell, the adb debugger and authored the book The Unix System. He also served as president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (2000–2002), was made a fellow of the ACM (2005), received the ACM Presidential Award (2008) and the Outstanding Contribution to ACM Award (2017).
Professor Steven Chu ForMemRS headshot.jpg Steven Chu Known for his research at Bell Labs and Stanford University in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, along with his scientific colleagues Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips.[84]
  Steven Cundiff Was instrumental in the development of the first frequency comb that led to one half of the 2005 Nobel prize.[85] Also made significant contributions to the ultrafast dynamics of semiconductor nanostructures, including the 2014 discovery of the dropleton quasi-particle.[86]
  Stuart Feldman Creator of the computer software program make for Unix systems. He was also an author of the first Fortran 77 compiler, and he was part of the original group at Bell Labs that created the Unix operating system.[87]
TrevorHastiePic.jpg Trevor Hastie Known for his contributions to applied statistics, especially in the field of machine learning, data mining, and bioinformatics.
  Zhenan Bao Development of the first all plastic transistor, or organic field-effect transistors which allows for its use in electronic paper.[88]
Brattain.jpg Walter Houser Brattain With fellow scientists John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the point-contact transistor in December 1947.[89] They shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention.
Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-23.jpg Willard Boyle Shares the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics with George E. Smith for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography."
  William B. Snow Made major contributions to acoustics from 1923 to 1940. Fellow of the Audio Engineering Society (AES), received its Gold Medal Award in 1968.
William Shockley, Stanford University.jpg William Shockley With John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, the three scientists invented the point-contact transistor in 1947 and were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
  Yann LeCun Recognized as a founding father of convolutional neural networks and for work on optical character recognition and computer vision. He received the Turing Award in 2018 with Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio for their work in deep learning.
  Yoshua Bengio Received the Turing Award in 2018 with Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun for their work in deep learning.
Edward Lawry Norton.jpg Edward Lawry Norton Famous for the Norton's theorem.
  Maurice Karnaugh Famous for the Karnaugh map.
  Warren P. Mason Founder of distributed-element circuits, inventor of the GT quartz crystal, and many discoveries and inventions in ultrasonics and acoustics.
  Sharon Haynie Developed DuPont's bio-3G product line and adhesives to close wounds.

Programs

On May 20, 2014, Bell Labs announced the Bell Labs Prize, a competition for innovators to offer proposals in information and communication technologies, with cash awards of up to $100,000 for the grand prize.[90]

Bell Labs Technology Showcase

The Murray Hill campus features a 3,000-square-foot (280 m2) exhibit, the Bell Labs Technology Showcase, showcasing the technological discoveries and developments at Bell Labs. The exhibit is located just off the main lobby and is open to the public.[91]

See also

  • Bell Labs Holmdel Complex
  • Bell Labs Technical Journal—Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories (1996–present)
  • Bell System Technical Journal—Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories (1922–1983)
  • Bell Labs Record
  • Industrial laboratory
  • George Stibitz—Bell Laboratories engineer—"father of the modern digital computer"
  • History of mobile phones—Bell Laboratories conception and development of cellular phones
  • High speed photography & Wollensak—Fastax high speed (rotating prism) cameras developed by Bell Labs
  • Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
  • Simplified Message Desk Interface
  • Sound film—Westrex sound system for cinema films developed by Bell Labs
  • TWX Magazine—A short-lived trade periodical published by Bell Laboratories (1944–1952)
  • Walter A. Shewhart—Bell Laboratories engineer—"father of statistical quality control"
  • "Worse is Better"—A software design philosophy also called "The New Jersey Style" under which UNIX and C were supposedly developed
  • Experiments in Art and Technology—A collaboration between artists and Bell Labs engineers & scientists to create new forms of art.

References

  1. ^ "Bell Labs Innovations". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  2. ^ "AT & T Bell Laboratories". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  3. ^ "Bell Telephone Laboratories". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
  4. ^ "2018 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate Arthur Ashkin delivers his Nobel Lecture at Nokia Bell Labs". Nokia. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  5. ^ 1634 to 1699: Harris, P. (1996). "Inflation and Deflation in Early America, 1634–1860: Patterns of Change in the British American Economy". Social Science History. 20 (4): 469–505. JSTOR 1171338. 1700-1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How much is that in real money?: a historical price index for use as a deflator of money values in the economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d Bruce, Robert V. Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8014-9691-8.
  7. ^ "Volta Bureau". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  8. ^ Unsigned (n.d.), National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Volta Bureau, National Park Service and Accompanying three photos, exterior, from 1972 (920 KB)
  9. ^ "Volta Laboratory & Bureau". Washington D.C. National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  10. ^ Mackay, James (1997). Alexander Graham Bell, A Life. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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Further reading

External links

该奖被公认为计算机科学领域的最高荣誉https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Guthe_Jansky
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