ES6常用知识点整理(一)

ES6:JS的第6个版本

一、let 和 const 声明 变量和常量

let

与var 区别:

1、var的作用域只体现在函数中,而let 的作用域只局限于当前代码块

{
    var str = 'aaa';
    console.log(str);
    
    let str1 = 'bbb';
    console.log(str1);
}

console.log('++++' + str);
console.log('----' + str1);//str1 is not defined

 

2、使用let 声明的变量作用域不会被提升,(var 会变量提升)

{
    console.log(str); //undefined
    var str = 'aaa';
}
{
    console.log(str1); //str1 is not defined
    let str1 = 'bbb';
}

 

3、相同的作用域下不能声明相同的变量,(var 可以覆盖值)

{
    var str = 'aaa';
    var str = 'bbb';
    console.log(str); //bbb
}
{
    let str1 = 'ccc';
    let str1 = 'ddd';
    console.log(str1); //Identifier 'str1' has already been declared
}

 

4、for 循环体现 let 的父子作用域

ES5中:

<body>
    <button>按钮1</button>
    <button>按钮2</button>
    <button>按钮3</button>
    <button>按钮4</button>
    <button>按钮5</button>
    
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var btns = document.querySelectorAll('button');
        for (var i = 0; i < btns.length; i++) {
            (function(i){
                btns[i].onclick = function(){
                    alert('点击了第' + (i+1) + '个')
                };                    
            })(i)
        }
    </script>
</body>

 

ES6 中:

<body>
    <button>按钮1</button>
    <button>按钮2</button>
    <button>按钮3</button>
    <button>按钮4</button>
    <button>按钮5</button>
    
    <script type="text/javascript">
        let btns = document.querySelectorAll('button');
        for (let i = 0; i < btns.length; i++) {
            btns[i].onclick = function(){
                alert('点击了第' + (i+1) + '个')
            };                    
        }
    </script>
</body>

 

 

5、子作用域不影响父作用域:

ES6:

for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    let i = 20;
    console.log(i) //20 20 20 20 20
}

 

ES5:

for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    var i = 20;
    console.log(i) //20
}

 

const

ES5的常量:

Object.defineProperty(window,"PI2",{
    value:3.1415926,
    writable:false,
})
//只读,无法赋值
console.log(window.PI2)    //3.1415926
window.PI2 = 4
console.log(window.PI2)    //3.1415926

 

ES6的常量:

const PI = 3.1415926

 

 

 1、只在当前代码块中有效 (同let)

{
    const a = 'aaa';
    console.log(a); //a
}
    console.log(a); //Error: a is not defined

 

2、作用域不会提升  (同let)

3、不能重复声明  (同let)

4、声明的常量必须赋值

{
    const name;
    name = 'abc';
    console.log(a); //Error: Missing initializer in const declaration
}

 

5、常量只能一次声明,不能修改

{
    const name = 'abc';
    name = 'def';
    console.log(name); //Error: Assignment to constant variable.
}

 

 但是:引用类型存放在堆区中,而在栈区中只是存放的指向地址,修改堆区的内容,指向地址并不变

const obj = {name: 'abc'};
console.log(obj); //{name: 'abc'}

obj.name = 'def';
console.log(obj); //{name: 'def'}

 

 

 二、解构赋值

ES6允许按照一定模式 从数组和对象中提取值对变量进行赋值,这被称为解构

1、基本用法

//let name = "张三",age = 18, sex = 'male';
let [name, age, sex] = ['李四', 20, 'female'];
console.log(name); //李四
console.log(age); //20
console.log(sex); //female

 

 

2、对象的解构赋值, key必须要一一对应

let {name, age, sex} = {name: '张三',age: 24, sex:'male'};
console.log(name);
console.log(age);
console.log(sex);

 

复杂对象也可以

let {name, age, sex,friend,pet} = {name: '张三',age: 24, sex:'male',friend:['abc','def'],pet:{name:'lulu',age:5}};
console.log(name);
console.log(age);
console.log(sex);
console.log(friend[1]); //def
console.log(pet.age,pet.name);//5 "lulu"

 

 

3、数组解构赋值,匹配要一一对应

    let [arr1,[arr2,arr3,[arr4,arr5]]] = [1,[2,3,[4,5]]];
    console.log(arr1,arr2,arr3,arr4,arr5); //1 2 3 4 5

 

    let [a,,c] = [1,2,3];
    console.log(a) //1
    console.log(c) //3

 

4、其他,'string'类型存在构造器,而number类型不存在

    let [a,b,c,d,e] = '我是中国人';
    console.log(a) //
    console.log(b) //
    console.log(c) //
    console.log(d) //
    console.log(e) //

 

三、数据集合 set

1、特点:

  • 类似数组,但没有重复的元素(唯一的);
  • 开发中用于去除重复数据
  • key 和 value都是相等的

 

2、开发中经常用于一些去重的操作;

let set = new Set(['张三','李四','王五','张三']);
console.log(set); //Set {"张三", "李四", "王五"}

 

 

3、一个属性,集合的长度用size表示

let set = new Set(['张三','李四','王五','张三']);
console.log(set); //Set {"张三", "李四", "王五"}
console.log(set.size); //3

 

 

4、四个方法

add 添加项,支持链式语法

delete 删除项

has 判断集合中有没有某个元素

clear 清掉集合里的所有元素

 

 

let set = new Set(['张三','李四','王五','张三']);

console.log(set); //Set {"张三", "李四", "王五"}
//add
set.add('刘德华');
console.log(set); //Set {"张三", "李四", "王五", "刘德华"}
//delete
set.delete('王五');
console.log(set); //Set {"张三", "李四", "刘德华"}
//has
console.log(set.has('张三')); //true
console.log(set.has('王五')); //false
//clear
set.clear();
console.log(set.clear()); //undefined
console.log(set); //Set {}

 

 

四、数据集合 map

1、特点:

  • 类似对象,本质上是键值对的集合
  • 键不局限于字符串,各种类型的值(包括对象)都可以当作键
  • 对象“字符串-值”,Map“值-值” 是一种更加完善的hash 结构实现

2、使用对象当作键,但是无法将对象区别出来

let obj1 = {a:1},obj2 = {b:2},obj = {};
obj.name = '张三';
obj[obj1] = '天空';
console.log(obj); //Object {name: "张三", [object Object]: "天空"}
obj[obj2] = '大海';
console.log(obj); //Object {name: "张三", [object Object]: "大海"}

console.log(obj1.toString()); //[object Object]
console.log(obj1.toString()); //[object Object]
console.log(obj1.toString() === obj2.toString()); //true

 

使用map 后

const map = new Map([
	['name', '张三'],
	['age', '18'],
	['sex', 'male']
]);
console.log(map); //Map {"name" => "张三", "age" => "18", "sex" => "male"}

 

let obj1 = {a:1},obj2 = {b:2};
const map = new Map([
    ['name', '张三'],
    ['age', '18'],
    ['sex', 'male'],
    [obj1,'今天天气很好'],
    [obj2,'适合敲代码']
]);
console.log(map); //Map {"name" => "张三", "age" => "18", 
"sex" => "male", Object {a: 1} => "今天天气很好", Object {b: 2} => "适合敲代码"}

 

 3、五个方法:

set:添加进map

let obj1 = {a:1},obj2 = {b:2};
const map = new Map([
    ['name', '张三'],
    ['age', '18'],
    ['sex', 'male']
]);
map.set('friends',['赵六','李七']).set(['dog'],'小花');
console.log(map);
//Map {"name" => "张三", "age" => "18", "sex" => "male", "friends" => ["赵六", "李七"], ["dog"] => "小花"}

 

get:获取值

const map = new Map([
    ['name', '张三'],
    ['age', '18'],
    ['sex', 'male']
]);

console.log(map.get('name')); //张三

 

delete :删除值

const map = new Map([
    ['name', '张三'],
    ['age', '18'],
    ['sex', 'male']
]);

console.log(map.get('name')); //张三
map.delete('sex');
console.log(map); //Map {"name" => "张三", "age" => "18"}

 

has :同set

clear : 同set

 

3、遍历

const map = new Map([
    ['name', '张三'],
    ['age', '18'],
    ['sex', 'male']
]);
map.forEach(function(value,index){
    console.log(index +':'+value);
    //name:张三
    //age:18
    //sex:male
})

 

 

五、ES6新增数据类型 symbol

表示独一无二的值,不会与其他属性名产生冲突

对对象或者变量命名时,使用symbol不会产生冲突

 

let str1 = Symbol();
let str2 = Symbol();

let str3 = Symbol('name');
let str4 = Symbol('name');

console.log(str3 === str4); //false
        
const obj = {};
obj.name = '张三';
obj.name = '李四';
obj[Symbol('name')] = '张三';
obj[Symbol('name')] = '李四';

console.log(obj);
//Object {name: "李四", Symbol(name): "张三", Symbol(name): "李四"}

 

 

六、新增的语法糖 class

面向对象时

ES5中

function Person(name,age){
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
}
Person.prototype = {
    constructor:Person,
    print(){
        console.log('我叫'+ this.name + ',今年' + this.age +'岁')
    }
}

let person = new Person('张三',19);
console.log(person); //Person {name: "张三", age: 19}

 

ES6中

class Person{
    constructor(name,age){
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
    
    print(){
        console.log('我叫'+ this.name + ',今年' + this.age +'岁')
    }
}
let person = new Person('张三',19);
console.log(person); //Person {name: "张三", age: 19}

 

 由于本质还是函数,所以类的原型和构造函数的原型指向是一样的。

 

七、内置对象扩展

 

1、模板字符串

    <style type="text/css">
        .test{
            width: 100px;;
            height: 100px;
            background-color: red;
        }
    </style>
<body>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        //模板字符串
        let str = '适合敲代码';
        let className = 'test';
        let html = `<html>
                        <head></head>
                        <body>
                            <p>今天的天气很好</p>
                            //加载class 和 文字
                            <div class='${className}'>${str}</div>
                        </body>
                    </html>`;
        
        console.log(html);
    </script> 
</body> 

 

 

 2、数组扩展

//Array.from  非正式数组转换成正式的数组

    let allLis= document.querySelectorAll('li');
    console.log(allLis); //[li, li, li, li, li, li]  伪数组
    console.log(Array.isArray(allLis)); false
    console.log(Array.from(allLis));//[li, li, li, li, li, li]  数组
    console.log(Array.isArray(Array.from(allLis))); //true
    
    
//Array.of 零零散散的数值统一成字符
    
    console.log(Array.of(1,2,3,4)); //[1.2.3.4]
    console.log(Array.of('abc','def','ghi')); //["abc", "def", "ghi"]

 

 

3、对象扩展

key 和 value是一样的,写一个就够了:

//key 和 value是一样的,写一个就够了
let name = '张三';
let age = 18;
let obj = {
    name,
    age
};
console.log(obj);
//Object {name: "张三", age: 18}

 

 Object.assign(); 合并多个对象到一个对象内

let obj1 = {name:'张三'};
let obj2 = {age:14};
let obj3 = {sex:'male'};
let obj4 = {friend:'李四'};
let obj = {}

Object.assign(obj,obj1,obj2,obj3,obj4);
console.log(obj);
//Object {name: "张三", age: 14, sex: "male", friend: "李四"}

 延展操作符:展开数值

let str = '今天天气不错;';
let strArr = [...str];
console.log(strArr); 
//["今", "天", "天", "气", "不", "错", ";"]

 

 

 一个数组去重的小实例:

//数组去重
let myArr = [1,2,5,10,'张三',5,2,"王五",1];
console.log(new Set(myArr));
//Set {1, 2, 5, 10, "张三","王五"}
//转换数组
let myNewArr = [...new Set(myArr)];
console.log(myNewArr);
//[1, 2, 5, 10, "张三", "王五"]

 

 

 

 八、函数扩展

 1、形参设置默认值

//相当于做了容错
function sum(num1 = 10,num2 = 10){
    console.log(num1 + num2);
}
sum(10,30); //40
sum(); //20

 

 2、参数形式

function sum(name,sex,...nums){
    let result = 0;
    for(let value of nums){
        result += value;
    }
    console.log(name); //张三
    console.log(sex); //male
    return result;
}

console.log(sum('张三','male',10,20,30,50)); //110

 

 

 

 九、箭头函数

1. ()小括号是用来包含参数的,如果参数只有一个是可以省略的

2. {}花括号中的表达式作为返回值是可以直接省略花括号的

ES5:
function
a(){ } ES6: () => { }

 

var evens = [1,2,3,4,5];
var odds = evens.map(function(v){
    return v + 1
})
console.log(evens,odds)    
// [1,2,3,4,5] [2,3,4,5,6]

 

let evens = [1,2,3,4,5]
let odds = evens.map(v => v + 1)
console.log(evens,odds)
//    [1,2,3,4,5]    [2,3,4,5,6]

 

 

3.二者区别

在ES5中:

var factory = function(){
    this.a = 'a'
    this.b = 'b'
    this.c = {
        a : 'a+',
        b: function() {
            return this.a
        }
        //b 是 c 调用的,所以this指向c
    }
}
console.log(new factory().c.b())    //a+

 

在ES6中:

var factory2 = function(){
    this.a = 'a'
    this.b = 'b'
    this.c = {
        a : 'a+',
        b: () => {
            return this.a
        }
        // 箭头函数this 指向是定义时this的指向
    }
}
console.log(new factory2().c.b())    //a

 

 

//() => {}
let sum = (num1,num2) => {return num1 + num2};
console.log(sum(100,300)); //400

//用作回调函数
let nameArr = ['张三','李四','王五'];
nameArr.forEach((value,index)=>{
    console.log(index +':'+value);
    //0:张三
    //1:李四
    //2:王五
});
//用作this指向,内部会自动做一个绑定
function demo(){
    setTimeout(function(){
        console.log(this); //window
    },1000)
    
    setTimeout(() => {
        console.log(this); //Object{}
    },1000)
}

let obj = {};
//obj 调用 demo方法
demo.call(obj);

 

十、默认参数

ES5默认参数:

function f(x,y,z){
    if(y===undefined){
        y=7;
    }
    if(z===undefined){
        z=42;
    }
    return x+y+z
}
console.log(f(1));//50

 

ES6默认参数:

function f(x,y=7,z=42){
    return x+y+z
}
console.log(f(1))    //50
console.log(f(1,3))    //46

 

抛出异常

function f(x,y=7,z=42){
    return x+y+z
}
console.log(f(1))    //50
console.log(f(1,3))    //46

function checkParameter(){
    throw new Error('can\'tbe empty')
}
function f(x=checkParameter(),y=7,z=42){
    return x+y+z
}

console.log(f(1))
try {
    f()
} catch (e) {
    console.log(e)
} finally {
    
}
//Error: can'tbe empty

 

 

可变参数

ES5中:

function f(){
    var a = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments)
    var sum = 0
    a.forEach(function(item){
        sum+=item*1
    })
    return sum
}
console.log(f(1,2,3,6)) //12

 

ES6中:

function f(...a){ //...扩展运算符,a为可变参数列表
    var sum = 0
    a.forEach(item=>{
        sum+=item*1
    })
    return sum
}
console.log(f(1,2,3,6))    //12

 

 

十一、合并数组

ES5中:

var params = ['hello',true,7]
var other = [1,2].concat(params)
console.log(other)
//[1, 2, "hello", true, 7]

 

ES6中:

var params = ['hello',true,7]
var other = [1,2,...params]
console.log(other)
//[1, 2, "hello", true, 7]

 

十二、对象代理

ES3中数据保护:

var Person = function(){
    var data = {
        name: 'es3',
        sex: 'male',
        age: 15,
    }
    this.get = function(key){
        return data[key]
    }
    this.set = function(key,value){
        if(key!=='sex'){
            data[key] = value
        }
    }
}
//声明一个实例
var person = new Person()
//    用表格形式读取
console.table({    
    name: person.get('name'),
    sex: person.get('sex'),
    age: person.get('age')
})
//修改名字
person.set('name','es3-cname');
console.table({    
    name: person.get('name'),
    sex: person.get('sex'),
    age: person.get('age')
})
//修改性别
person.set('sex','female')
console.table({    
    name: person.get('name'),
    sex: person.get('sex'),
    age: person.get('age')
})

 

 

 

 ES5中数据保护:

var Person = {
    name: 'es5',
    age: 15
}
Object.defineProperty(Person,'sex',{
    writable: false,
    value:'male'
})
console.table({
    name: Person.name,
    age: Person.age,
    sex: Person.sex
})
Person.name
= 'es5-cname' console.table({ name: Person.name, age: Person.age, sex: Person.sex })
Person.sex
= 'female' console.table({ name: Person.name, age: Person.age, sex: Person.sex })

 

 

 

ES6中数据保护:

let Person = {
    name: 'es6',
    sex: 'male',
    age: 15
}
let person = new Proxy(Person, {
    get(target, key) {
        return target[key]
    },
    set(target, key, value) {
        if(key !== 'sex') {
            target[key] = value
        }
    }
})

console.table({
    name: person.name,
    sex: person.sex,
    age: person.age
})

try {
    person.sex = 'female'
} catch(e) {
    console.log(e)
} finally {
    console.table({
        name: person.name,
        sex: person.sex,
        age: person.age
    })
}

 

 

 

posted @ 2018-05-03 14:13  言叶以上  阅读(208)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报