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nodejs

--摘自廖雪峰nodejs教程

No1：模块

var greet = require('./hello');
var s = 'Michael';
greet(s);

var s = 'Hello';

function greet(name){
    console.log(s+','+name+'!')
}

module.exports = greet;

一个模块想要对外暴露变量（函数也是变量），可以用module.exports = variable;，一个模块要引用其他模块暴露的变量，用var ref = require('module_name');就拿到了引用模块的变量。

Node利用JavaScript的函数式编程的特性，轻而易举地实现了模块的隔离

No2：

JavaScript程序是由事件驱动执行的单线程模型，Node.js也不例外

process.nextTick(function(){
    console.log('nextTick callback');
});
process.on('exit',function(code){
    console.log('about to exit with code: ' + code);
});
console.log('nextTick was set');

结果

nextTick was set
nextTick callback
about to exit with code: 0

process也是Node.js提供的一个对象，它代表当前Node.js进程

No3：

fs--文件系统模块，负责读写文件

异步读取文件中的字符串

var fs = require('fs');
fs.readFile('sample.txt','utf-8',function(err,data){
   if(err) {
       console.log(err);
   }else{
       console.log(data)
   }
});

同步读取文件

var fs = require('fs');
var data = fs.readFileSync('sample.txt','utf-8');
console.log(data)

异步写入文件

var fs = require('fs')
var data = 'Hello,Node.js';
fs.writeFile('output.txt',data,function(err){
    if(err){
        console.log(err);
    }else{
        console.log('ok.');
    }
});

同步写入文件

var fs = require('fs');
var data = 'Hello,Node.js';
fs.writeFileSync('output.txt',data);

获取文件的详细信息

var fs = require('fs');
fs.stat('sample.txt',function(err,stat){
    if(err){
        console.log(err);
    }else{
        //是否是文件
        console.log('isFile:'+stat.isFile());
        //是否是目录
        console.log('isDirectory:'+stat.isDirectory());
        if(stat.isFile()){
            //文件大小
            console.log('size:'+stat.size);
            //创建时间，Data对象
            console.log('birth time:'+stat.birthtime);
            //修改时间，Data对象
            console.log('modified time:'+stat.mtime);
        }
    }
});

No4:

stream--流

读取文件

var fs = require('fs')
var rs = fs.createReadStream('sample.txt','utf-8')
rs.on('data',function(chunk){
    console.log('DATA:')
    console.log(chunk);
});

rs.on('end',function(){
    console.log('END');
});

rs.on('error',function(err){
    console.log('ERROR:'+err);
});

写入文件

var fs = require('fs')

var ws1 = fs.createWriteStream('output1.txt','utf-8');
ws1.write('使用Stream写入文本数据...\n');
ws1.write('END');
ws1.end();

var ws2 = fs.createWriteStream('output2.txt');
ws2.write(new Buffer('使用Stream写入二进制...\n','utf-8'));
ws2.write(new Buffer('END.','utf-8'));
ws2.end();

复制文件

var fs = require('fs');
var rs = fs.createReadStream('sample.txt');
var ws = fs.createWriteStream('copied.txt');
rs.pipe(ws);

No5：

http

服务器：

var http = require('http');
var server = http.createServer(function(request,response){
    console.log(request.method+':'+request.url);
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    response.end('<h1>Hello world!</h1>');
});
server.listen(8080);
console.log('Server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8080/');

效果

文件服务器

var 
    fs = require('fs'),
    url = require('url'),
    path = require('path'),
    http = require('http');

var root = path.resolve(process.argv[2] || '.');

console.log('Static root dir: '+root);

var server = http.createServer(function(request,response){
    var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
    var filepath = path.join(root,pathname);
    fs.stat(filepath,function(err,stats){
        if(!err && stats.isFile()){
            console.log('200'+request.url);
            response.writeHead(200);
            fs.createReadStream(filepath).pipe(response);
        }else{
            console.log('404',request.url);
            response.writeHead(404);
            response.end('404 Not Found');
        }
    });
});

server.listen(8080);
console.log('Server is running at http://127.0.0.1:8080/');

效果

No6：

加密

const crypto = require('crypto');
const hash = crypto.createHash('md5');
// const hash = crypto.createHash('sha1');
hash.update('Hello,world!');
hash.update('Hello,nodejs!');
console.log(hash.digest('hex'));

const crypto = require('crypto');
const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256','secret-key');
hmac.update('Hello,world!');
hmac.update('Hello,nodejs!');
console.log(hmac.digest('hex'));

对称加密

const crypto = require('crypto');
function aesEncrypt(data,key){
    const cipher = crypto.createCipher('aes192',key);
    var crypted = cipher.update(data,'utf8','hex');
    crypted += cipher.final('hex');
    return crypted;
}

function aesDecrypt(encrypted,key){
    const decipher = crypto.createDecipher('aes192',key);
    var decrypted = decipher.update(encrypted,'hex','utf8');
    decrypted += decipher.final('utf8');
    return decrypted;
}

var data = 'Hello,this is a secret message!';
var key = 'Password!';
var encrypted = aesEncrypt(data,key);
var decrypted = aesDecrypt(encrypted,key);

console.log('Plain text: '+data);
console.log('Encrypted text: '+encrypted);
console.log('Decrypted text:'+decrypted);

No7：

Koa

const Koa = require('koa');
const app = new Koa();
app.use(async(ctx,next)=>{
    await next();
    ctx.response.type = 'text/html';
    ctx.response.body = '<h1>Hello,koa2!</h1>';
});

app.listen(3000);

console.log('app started at port 3000...');

koa把很多async函数组成一个处理链，每个async函数都可以做一些自己的事情，然后用await next()来调用下一个async函数。我们把每个async函数称为middleware，这些middleware可以组合起来，完成很多有用的功能。

app.use(async(ctx,next)=>{
    console.log('${ctx.request.method} ${ctx.request.url}');
    await next();
});

app.use(async(ctx,next)=>{
    const start = new Date().getTime();
    await next();
    const ms = new Date().getTime() - start;
    console.log('Time:${ms}ms');
});

app.use(async(ctx,next)=>{
    await next();
    ctx.response.type='text/html';
    ctx.response.body='<h1>Hello,koa2!</h1>';
});

No8:

koa-router

get请求

const Koa = require('koa');
const router = require('koa-router')();
const app = new Koa();

app.use(async(ctx,next)=>{
    console.log(`Process ${ctx.request.method} ${ctx.request.url}...`);
    await next();
});

router.get('/hello/:name',async(ctx,next)=>{
    var name = ctx.params.name;
    ctx.response.body = `<h1>Hello, ${name}!</h1>`;
});

router.get('/',async(ctx,next)=>{
    ctx.response.body = '<h1>Index</h1>';
});

app.use(router.routes());

app.listen(3000);
console.log('app started at port 3000...');

post请求

const Koa = require('koa');
const router = require('koa-router')();
const bodyParser = require('koa-bodyparser');
const app = new Koa();

app.use(async(ctx,next)=>{
    console.log(`Process ${ctx.request.method} ${ctx.request.url}...`);
    await next();
});
app.use(bodyParser());

router.get('/',async(ctx,next)=>{
    ctx.response.body = `<h1>Index</h1>
        <form action="/signin" method="post">
            <p>Name:<input name="name" value="koa"</p>
            <p>Password:<input name="password" type="password"></p>
            <p><input type="submit" value="Submit"></p>
        </form>`;
});

router.post('/signin',async(ctx,next)=>{
    var name = ctx.request.body.name || '',
        password = ctx.request.body.password || '';
    console.log(`signin with name:${name},password:${password}`);
    if(name==='koa' && password==='12345'){
        ctx.response.body=`<h1>Welcome,${name}!</h1>`;
    }else{
        ctx.response.body=`<h1>Loginfailed!</h1>
        <p><a href="/">Try again</a></p>`;

    }
});

app.use(router.routes());

app.listen(3000);
console.log('app started at port 3000...');

效果图

No9:

koa-router

小型工程https://github.com/michaelliao/learn-javascript/tree/master/samples/node/web/koa/url2-koa

No10：

Nunjucks：模板引擎

小型工程https://github.com/michaelliao/learn-javascript/tree/master/samples/node/web/koa/use-nunjucks

No11：

单元测试

module.exports=function(...rest){
    var sum = 0;
    for(let n of rest){
        sum+=n;
    }
    return sum;
}

const assert = require('assert');
const sum = require('./hello');

assert.strictEqual(sum(),0);
assert.strictEqual(sum(1),0);
assert.strictEqual(sum(1,2),3);
assert.strictEqual(sum(1,2,3),6);

const assert = require('assert');

const sum = require('../hello');

describe('#hello.js', () => {

    describe('#sum()', () => {
        before(function () {
            console.log('before:');
        });

        after(function () {
            console.log('after.');
        });

        beforeEach(function () {
            console.log('  beforeEach:');
        });

        afterEach(function () {
            console.log('  afterEach.');
        });

        it('sum() should return 0', () => {
            assert.strictEqual(sum(), 0);
        });

        it('sum(1) should return 1', () => {
            assert.strictEqual(sum(1), 1);
        });

        it('sum(1, 2) should return 3', () => {
            assert.strictEqual(sum(1, 2), 3);
        });

        it('sum(1, 2, 3) should return 6', () => {
            assert.strictEqual(sum(1, 2, 3), 6);
        });
    });
});

异步测试

const fs = require('mz/fs');

// a simple async function:
module.exports = async () => {
    let expression = await fs.readFile('./data.txt', 'utf-8');
    let fn = new Function('return ' + expression);
    let r = fn();
    console.log(`Calculate: ${expression} = ${r}`);
    return r;
};

const assert = require('assert');
const hello=require('../hello');
describe('#async hello',()=>{
    describe('#asyncCalculate()',()=>{
        it('#async with done',(done)=>{
            (async function(){
                try {
                    let r = await hello();
                    assert.strictEqual(r,15);
                    done();
                } catch (err) {
                    done(err);
                }
            })();
        });

        it('#async function',async()=>{
            let r = await hello();
            assert.strictEqual(r,15);
        });

        it('#sync function',()=>{
            assert(true);
        });
    });
});

No12：

为什么WebSocket连接可以实现全双工通信而HTTP连接不行呢？实际上HTTP协议是建立在TCP协议之上的，TCP协议本身就实现了全双工通信，但是HTTP协议的请求－应答机制限制了全双工通信。WebSocket连接建立以后，其实只是简单规定了一下：接下来，咱们通信就不使用HTTP协议了，直接互相发数据吧。

const WebSocket = require('ws');

const WebSocketServer = WebSocket.Server;

const wss = new WebSocketServer({
    port: 3000
});

wss.on('connection',function(ws){
    console.log(`[SERVER] connection`);
    ws.on('message',function(message){
        console.log(`[SERVER] Received: ${message}`);
        setTimeout(()=>{
            ws.send(`What's your name?`,(err)=>{
                if(err){
                    console.log(`[SERVER] error:${err}`);
                }
            });
        });
    })
});

console.log('ws server started at port 3000...');

let count = 0;

let ws = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:3000/ws/chat');

ws.on('open',function(){
    console.log(`[CLIENT] open()`);
    ws.send('Hello!');
});

ws.on('message',function(message){
    console.log(`[CLIENT] Received: ${message}`);
    count++;
    if(count>3){
        ws.send('Goodbye!');
        ws.close();
    }else{
        setTimeout(()=>{
            ws.send(`Hello,I'm Mr No.${count}!`);
        });
    }
});

效果

ws server started at port 3000...
app.js:23
[SERVER] connection
app.js:10
[CLIENT] open()
app.js:30
[SERVER] Received: Hello!
app.js:12
[CLIENT] Received: What's your name?
app.js:35
[SERVER] Received: Hello,I'm Mr No.1!
app.js:12
[CLIENT] Received: What's your name?
app.js:35
[SERVER] Received: Hello,I'm Mr No.2!
app.js:12
[CLIENT] Received: What's your name?
app.js:35
[SERVER] Received: Hello,I'm Mr No.3!
app.js:12
[CLIENT] Received: What's your name?
app.js:35
[SERVER] Received: Goodbye!
app.js:12
[SERVER] error:Error: not opened