TensorFlow - 分类与回归(Classification vs Regression)
分类与回归
分类(Classification)与回归(Regression)的区别在于输出变量的类型。
通俗理解,定量输出称为回归,或者说是连续变量预测;定性输出称为分类,或者说是离散变量预测。
回归问题的预测结果是连续的,通常是用来预测一个值,如预测房价、未来的天气情况等等。
一个比较常见的回归算法是线性回归算法(LR,Linear Regression)。
回归分析用在神经网络上,其最上层不需要加上softmax函数,而是直接对前一层累加即可。
回归是对真实值的一种逼近预测。
分类问题的预测结果是离散的,是用于将事物打上一个标签,通常结果为离散值。
分类通常是建立在回归之上,分类的最后一层通常要使用softmax函数进行判断其所属类别。
分类并没有逼近的概念,最终正确结果只有一个,错误的就是错误的,不会有相近的概念。
最常见的分类方法是逻辑回归(Logistic Regression),或者叫逻辑分类。
MNIST数据集
MNIST(Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology database)是一个计算机视觉数据集;
- 官方下载地址:http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/
- 包含70000张手写数字的灰度图片,其中60000张为训练图像和10000张为测试图像;
- 每一张图片都是28*28个像素点大小的灰度图像;
如果无法从网络下载MNIST数据集,可从官方下载,然后存放在当前脚本目录下的新建MNIST_data目录即可;
- MNIST_data\train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
- MNIST_data\train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
- MNIST_data\t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
- MNIST_data\t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
示例程序
1 # coding=utf-8 2 from __future__ import print_function 3 import tensorflow as tf 4 from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data # MNIST数据集 5 import os 6 7 os.environ['TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL'] = '2' 8 9 old_v = tf.logging.get_verbosity() 10 tf.logging.set_verbosity(tf.logging.ERROR) 11 12 mnist = input_data.read_data_sets('MNIST_data', one_hot=True) # 准备数据(如果本地没有数据,将从网络下载) 13 14 15 def add_layer(inputs, in_size, out_size, activation_function=None, ): 16 Weights = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([in_size, out_size])) 17 biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([1, out_size]) + 0.1, ) 18 Wx_plus_b = tf.matmul(inputs, Weights) + biases 19 if activation_function is None: 20 outputs = Wx_plus_b 21 else: 22 outputs = activation_function(Wx_plus_b, ) 23 return outputs 24 25 26 def compute_accuracy(v_xs, v_ys): 27 global prediction 28 y_pre = sess.run(prediction, feed_dict={xs: v_xs}) 29 correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y_pre, 1), tf.argmax(v_ys, 1)) 30 accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, tf.float32)) 31 result = sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={xs: v_xs, ys: v_ys}) 32 return result 33 34 35 xs = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 784]) # 输入数据是784(28*28)个特征 36 ys = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 10]) # 输出数据是10个特征 37 38 prediction = add_layer(xs, 784, 10, activation_function=tf.nn.softmax) # 激励函数为softmax 39 40 cross_entropy = tf.reduce_mean(-tf.reduce_sum(ys * tf.log(prediction), 41 reduction_indices=[1])) # loss函数(最优化目标函数)选用交叉熵函数 42 43 train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.5).minimize(cross_entropy) # train方法(最优化算法)采用梯度下降法 44 45 sess = tf.Session() 46 init = tf.global_variables_initializer() 47 sess.run(init) 48 49 for i in range(1000): 50 batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(100) # 每次只取100张图片,免得数据太多训练太慢 51 sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={xs: batch_xs, ys: batch_ys}) 52 if i % 50 == 0: # 每训练50次输出预测精度 53 print(compute_accuracy( 54 mnist.test.images, mnist.test.labels))
程序运行结果:
Extracting MNIST_data\train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Extracting MNIST_data\train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
Extracting MNIST_data\t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Extracting MNIST_data\t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
0.146
0.6316
0.7347
0.7815
0.8095
0.8198
0.8306
0.837
0.8444
0.8547
0.8544
0.8578
0.8651
0.8649
0.8705
0.8704
0.8741
0.8719
0.8753
0.8756
问题处理
问题现象
执行程序提示“Please use tf.data to implement this functionality.”等信息
WARNING:tensorflow:From D:/Anliven/Anliven-Code/PycharmProjects/TempTest/TempTest_2.py:13: read_data_sets (from tensorflow.contrib.learn.python.learn.datasets.mnist) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Please use alternatives such as official/mnist/dataset.py from tensorflow/models.
WARNING:tensorflow:From C:\Users\anliven\AppData\Local\conda\conda\envs\mlcc\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\contrib\learn\python\learn\datasets\mnist.py:260: maybe_download (from tensorflow.contrib.learn.python.learn.datasets.base) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Extracting MNIST_data\train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
Instructions for updating:
Please write your own downloading logic.
WARNING:tensorflow:From C:\Users\anliven\AppData\Local\conda\conda\envs\mlcc\lib\site-packages\tensorflow\contrib\learn\python\learn\datasets\mnist.py:262: extract_images (from tensorflow.contrib.learn.python.learn.datasets.mnist) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
Instructions for updating:
Please use tf.data to implement this functionality.
Extracting MNIST_data\train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
......
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处理方法
参考链接:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/49901806/tensorflow-importing-mnist-warnings
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