Objective-C 编程语言官网文档（十三 终结篇）-词汇表

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尽量尊重原文档，因为首次Objective-C,有些地方可能直译了没有注意该语言的专有词，希望指正。如需转载，请注明出处

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词汇表

• abstract class（抽象类）  单独定义的一个类一遍让其它的类可以继承它。程序不能使用抽象类的实例，而是使用它们的子类的实例。
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• abstract superclass（抽象子类）  

  与抽象类类似

  
  
• adopt（适配/采用/遵循）  

  在 Objective-C 语言中, 如果一个类实现了一个协议的所有要求的方法我们就说它遵循一个协议。通过在类或者类别声明后面的大括号内列出协议的名字来表示它遵循一个协议。

  
  
• anonymous object （匿名对象） 未知类的一个对象。匿名对象的接口通过一个协议声明被发布。
  
• AppKit  有时也叫

  Application Kit（应用工具包）. 是一个实现了应用用户界面的 Cocoa 框架。它提供了一个基础的应用程序框架，可以用来绘制界面以及响应事件。

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• asynchronous message （异步消息） 无须等待接到消息的应用进行响应就立即返回的远程消息。发送的应用以及接收的应用独立的运行，并且不是同步的。

  可以与 synchronous message （同步消息）进行对比。

  
  
• category（类别）  

   Objective-C 语言中,一组与定义在类中方法隔离开的方法声明。类别可以用于将一个类的声明分割成几个部分或者为一个已经存在的类添加新的方法。

  
  
• class（类） 

  Objective-C 语言中, 某种特定类型的对象的原型。类定义声明了实例变量并为类的所有成员定义的方法。拥有相同实例变量类型并可以访问相同方法的对象属于同一个类。参见 class object.

  
  
• class method（类方法） 

   Objective-C 语言中, 可以基于类对象操作的方法，而不是基于类的实例。

  
  
• class object（类对象）  可以代表一个类并且可以为该类创建实例的对象。类对象是由编译器创建的，缺少实例变量，不能被静态赋予类型，其它方面与其它对象是一样的。作为消息表达式的接收器，由该类的类名来代表类对象

   

  
  
• Cocoa  Mac OS X中的一个高级面向对象开发平台。它是一组框架，提供了 

  Objective-C 中的主要编程接口。

  
  
• compile time（编译时）  源码被编译的时刻。编译时可能产生的结果取决于源码中的信息量以及类型。
  
• conform（遵循）  如果一个类实现了声明在协议中的所有要求的方法那么我们就说这儿类遵循了该协议，那么该类的实例也遵循该协议。这样的话，这个实例就可以执行任何声明在协议中的实例方法。
  
• delegate（委派）  一个受另一个对象的委派执行某种操作。
  
• designated initializer（指定的初始化程序）  

  init... 负有为一个类的实例进行初始化任务的最高责任。每个类可以定义或者继承它自己指定的初始化工作。通过发消息给self, 其它的在同一个类中的 init... 方法直接或者间接的调用指定的初始化程序, 并且初始化程序通过发消息给 super, 会调用它的父类指定的初始化程序。

  
  
• dispatch table  

  The Objective-C runtime table that contains entries that associate method selectors with the class-specific addresses of the methods they identify.

  
  
• distributed objects （分不是对象） 一种帮组分布在不同地址空间的对象进行通信的架构。
  
• dynamic allocation（动态分配）  

  一种用于建立在C基础之上的语言的技术，操作系统会在应用运行时根据它的需要为其分配内存而不是在它启动时就分配。

  
  
• dynamic binding（动态绑定）  绑定一个方法到一条消息上

  —即，找到为响应消息应该调用的方法实现—运行时进行执行这项任务，而不是在编译时

  
  
• dynamic typing（动态赋予类型）  运行时查找某个对象的类

  而不是在编译时。

  
  
• encapsulation（封装）  一种编程技术，用来对使用者隐藏一个操作的具体实现，只为使用者提供抽象接口以供调用。这样做的好处是可以在不影响用户接口使用的情况下对具体实现进行升级或者改变。
  
• event（事件）  直接或者间接的外部动作的报告，尤其是用户的键盘，鼠标操作。
  
• factory（工厂）  

  与 class object （类对象）一样

  
  
• factory object（工厂对象） 与 class object （类对象）一样
  
  
• formal protocol（正式协议） 用

  @protocol 指令声明的协议. 类可以采用一个正式协议，运行时，当对象被询问是否遵循了某个协议时，对象可以进行响应，实例则可以被赋予它们所遵循的协议作为类型

  
  
• framework（框架）  

   一种给相关的一组类，协议，以及方法，在线文档。。。进行打包使用的技术。 Cocoa 提供了 Foundation 框架 以及 AppKit 框架。

  
  
• id  一种泛型，可以用于任何类型的对象，而忽略具体的类。

   id 被定义为指向一个对象数据结构的指针。它可以用于类对象也可以用于类的实例。

  
  
• implementation（实现）  

  Objective-C 类配置的一部分，定义了公有方法(定义在类的接口中的方法) 以及一些私有方法

  
  
• informal protocol（非正式协议）  

  有种协议声明成一个类别，通常是作为 NSObject 类的一个类别。本语言对正式协议有着良好的支持，但对非正式协议则没有。

  
  
• inheritance（继承）  在面向对象编程中，父类将它们的特性 (方法以及实例变量) 传递给子类的能力。
  
• inheritance hierarchy（继承关系）  

  在面向对象编程中，每个类 (除了根类，比如 NSObject) 都有一个父类，并有不限个数的子类。通过它的子类，每个都都从继承关系中延续父类，父父类中的特性

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• instance（实例）  属于（或者说是它的成员）某个特定的类的对象

  . 实例在运行时根据类的声明以及定义被创建。

  
  
• instance method（实例方法） 

   任何可以被类的实例使用的方法（而不是被类对象使用的那些）。

  
  
• instance variable（实例变量）  属于实例内部数据结构一部分的任何变量。实例变量是声明在类的定义中的并成为所有类（或者子类）实例的一部分。
  
• interface（接口） 

  Objective-C 中类配置（定义了它的公有接口，包括它的父类名，实例变量，以及公有方法原型）的一部分

  
  
• Interface Builder（界面构建器）  一个图形化工具，让你可以为你的应用指定用户界面。它里面有一些相应的组件让你可以很容易的为这些组件跟你代码建立起联系。
  
• link time（连接时）  当资源从不同的模块中编译到单个程序中的时刻。链接器执行的结果取决于编译后的代码以及包含在源码中的信息量。
  
• message（消息）  在面向对象编程时，方法选择器

   (名字) 以及陪同参数告诉消息表达式的接收对象应该做什么。

  
  
• message expression（消息表达式）  

  在面向对象编程时的一个表达式，它hi给一个对象发送一个消息。在 Objective-C 语言中，消息表达式是包含在一个一对中括号内，由一个接收器以及紧跟其后的消息 (方法选择器以及其参数)组成.

  
  
• method（方法）  

  在面向对象编程中，一个对象可以执行的进程

  
  
• mutex（互斥信号量）  

  mutual exclusion semaphore的缩写. 一个可以用于让线程执行同步的对象。

  
  
• namespace（命名空间）  一个程序的逻辑分区，这其中的所有命名在其作用域内都必须是唯一的。在一个命名空间里的命名标识与其它空间同名的标识并不冲突。

  例如， Objective-C 中, 一个类的实例方法是在该类的唯一命名空间内。类似的，类方法则在它们自己的命名空间里，类的实例变量也在它们自己的命名空间中。

  
  
• nil  

  在Objective-C 语言中,  一个 id 值为 0 的对象

  
  
• object（对象）  一个程序单元，包含有数据结构

   (实例变量) 以及操作 (方法) ，可以使用或者影响数据。对象是面向对象编程的核心。

  
  
• outlet  一个指向其它对象的实例变量。

  Outlet 实例变量是一个对象可以对其它它要对其发送消息对象保持追踪的途径。

  
  
• polymorphism （多态） 在面向对象编程中，不同对象对同一个消息以自己的方式做出不同响应的能力。
  
• procedural programming language（面向过程编程语言）  一种像C语言一样，在组织代码时是基于进程，有清晰的开始以及结束。
  
• protocol（协议）  

  在Objective-C 中, 对一组方法的声明，没有与任何特定的类进行关联。还可以参见 formal protocol, informal protocol.

  
  
• receiver（接受者/接收器）  在面向对象编程中，发送消息的对象
  
• reference counting（引用计数）  一种内存管理技术，每个实体要求对象的持有者对对象的引用数做增加计数操作，其后不用时会减少计数。当对象的引用达到0时，对象就会被释放。这种技术使对象在其它对象间的共享操作变的安全。
  
• remote message（远程消息）  从一个应用中发往另外一个应用的对象的消息
  
• remote object（远程对象）  处于另外一个应用中的对象，它是一个远程消息潜在的接受者。
  
• runtime（运行时）  一个程序启动了并当它在运行的时间内。运行结构会收到用户操作的影响。
  
• selector（选择器）  

  在 Objective-C 语言中, 在源码中发给一个对象的消息中的方法名，或者是在源码编译时用来替换该名字的唯一标示符。编译后的选择器的类型是 SEL.

  
  
• static typing（静态赋予类型）  通过给实例赋予类型，把它当做一个类的指针，来给编译器提供实例对象类型信息

   

  
  
• subclass（子类）  任何在继承关系中紧挨着另外一个在它上面的类的类。通俗点说就是继承

   自别的类的类。有时候也用作动词标识定义一个类的子类的过程

  
  
• superclass（父类）  与子类相对应。
  
• synchronous message（同步消息）  一个直到接收的应用完成对消息的响应才返回的远程消息。因为发送者要等待接受者响应才能返回，所以两个应用保持同步。可以与 

  asynchronous message 异步消息进行比较。
  
  

至此：本专栏有关Objective-C相关的文档已经全部翻译结束，希望广大猿友（程序猿），狮友（攻城狮）多提宝贵意见。桑Q歪理马奇 吼吼

• 
  
• 英文原文：点击打开链接

Glossary

• abstract class  

  A class that’s defined solely so that other classes can inherit from it. Programs don’t use instances of an abstract class; they use only instances of its subclasses.

  
  
• abstract superclass  

  Same as abstract class.

  
  
• adopt  

  In the Objective-C language, a class is said to adopt a protocol if it declares that it implements all the methods in the protocol. Protocols are adopted by listing their names between angle brackets in a class or category declaration.

  
  
• anonymous object  

  An object of unknown class. The interface to an anonymous object is published through a protocol declaration.

  
  
• AppKit  

  Sometimes called Application Kit. A Cocoa framework that implements an application's user interface. AppKit provides a basic program structure for applications that draw on the screen and respond to events.

  
  
• asynchronous message  

  A remote message that returns immediately, without waiting for the application that receives the message to respond. The sending application and the receiving application act independently, and are therefore not in sync. Compare synchronous message.

  
  
• category  

  In the Objective-C language, a set of method definitions that is segregated from the rest of the class definition. Categories can be used to split a class definition into parts or to add methods to an existing class.

  
  
• class  

  In the Objective-C language, a prototype for a particular kind of object. A class definition declares instance variables and defines methods for all members of the class. Objects that have the same types of instance variables and have access to the same methods belong to the same class. See also class object.

  
  
• class method  

  In the Objective-C language, a method that can operate on class objects rather than instances of the class.

  
  
• class object  

  In the Objective-C language, an object that represents a class and knows how to create new instances of the class. Class objects are created by the compiler, lack instance variables, and can’t be statically typed, but otherwise behave like all other objects. As the receiver in a message expression, a class object is represented by the class name.

  
  
• Cocoa  

  An advanced object-oriented development platform in Mac OS X. Cocoa is a set of frameworks whose primary programming interfaces are in Objective-C.

  
  
• compile time  

  The time when source code is compiled. Decisions made at compile time are constrained by the amount and kind of information encoded in source files.

  
  
• conform  

  In the Objective-C language, a class is said to conform to a protocol if it (or a superclass) implements the methods declared in the protocol. An instance conforms to a protocol if its class does. Thus, an instance that conforms to a protocol can perform any of the instance methods declared in the protocol.

  
  
• delegate  

  An object that acts on behalf of another object.

  
  
• designated initializer  

  The init... method that has primary responsibility for initializing new instances of a class. Each class defines or inherits its own designated initializer. Through messages to self, otherinit... methods in the same class directly or indirectly invoke the designated initializer, and the designated initializer, through a message to super, invokes the designated initializer of its superclass.

  
  
• dispatch table  

  The Objective-C runtime table that contains entries that associate method selectors with the class-specific addresses of the methods they identify.

  
  
• distributed objects  

  An architecture that facilitates communication between objects in different address spaces.

  
  
• dynamic allocation  

  A technique used in C-based languages where the operating system provides memory to a running application as it needs it, instead of when it launches.

  
  
• dynamic binding  

  Binding a method to a message—that is, finding the method implementation to invoke in response to the message—at runtime, rather than at compile time.

  
  
• dynamic typing  

  Discovering the class of an object at runtime rather than at compile time.

  
  
• encapsulation  

  A programming technique that hides the implementation of an operation from its users behind an abstract interface. It allows the implementation to be updated or changed without impacting the users of the interface.

  
  
• event  

  The direct or indirect report of external activity, especially user activity on the keyboard and mouse.

  
  
• factory  

  Same as class object.

  
  
• factory object  

  Same as class object.

  
  
• formal protocol  

  In the Objective-C language, a protocol that’s declared with the @protocol directive. Classes can adopt formal protocols, objects can respond at runtime when asked if they conform to a formal protocol, and instances can be typed by the formal protocols they conform to.

  
  
• framework  

   A way to package a logically related set of classes, protocols, and functions together with localized strings, online documentation, and other pertinent files. Cocoa provides the Foundation framework and the AppKit framework, among others.

  
  
• id  

  In the Objective-C language, the general type for any kind of object regardless of class. id is defined as a pointer to an object data structure. It can be used for both class objects and instances of a class.

  
  
• implementation  

  The part of an Objective-C class specification that defines public methods (those declared in the class’s interface) as well as private methods (those not declared in the class’s interface).

  
  
• informal protocol  

  In the Objective-C language, a protocol declared as a category, usually as a category of the NSObject class. The language gives explicit support to formal protocols, but not to informal ones.

  
  
• inheritance  

  In object-oriented programming, the ability of a superclass to pass its characteristics (methods and instance variables) on to its subclasses.

  
  
• inheritance hierarchy  

  In object-oriented programming, the hierarchy of classes that’s defined by the arrangement of superclasses and subclasses. Every class (except root classes such as NSObject) has a superclass, and any class may have an unlimited number of subclasses. Through its superclass, each class inherits from those above it in the hierarchy.

  
  
• instance  

  In the Objective-C language, an object that belongs to (is a member of) a particular class. Instances are created at runtime according to the specification in the class definition.

  
  
• instance method  

  In the Objective-C language, any method that can be used by an instance of a class rather than by the class object.

  
  
• instance variable  

  In the Objective-C language, any variable that’s part of the internal data structure of an instance. Instance variables are declared in a class definition and become part of all objects that are members of or inherit from the class.

  
  
• interface  

  The part of an Objective-C class specification that declares its public interface, which includes its superclass name, instances variables, and public-method prototypes.

  
  
• Interface Builder  

  A tool that lets you graphically specify your application’s user interface. It sets up the corresponding objects for you and makes it easy for you to establish connections between these objects and your own code where needed.

  
  
• link time  

  The time when files compiled from different source modules are linked into a single program. Decisions made by the linker are constrained by the compiled code and ultimately by the information contained in source code.

  
  
• message  

  In object-oriented programming, the method selector (name) and accompanying parameters that tell the receiving object in a message expression what to do.

  
  
• message expression  

  In object-oriented programming, an expression that sends a message to an object. In the Objective-C language, message expressions are enclosed within square brackets and consist of a receiver followed by a message (method selector and parameters).

  
  
• method  

  In object-oriented programming, a procedure that can be executed by an object.

  
  
• mutex  

  Short for mutual exclusion semaphore. An object used to synchronize thread execution.

  
  
• namespace  

  A logical subdivision of a program within which all names must be unique. Symbols in one namespace do not conflict with identically named symbols in another namespace. For example, in Objective-C, the instance methods of a class are in a unique namespace for the class. Similarly, the class methods of a class are in their own namespace, and the instance variables of a class are in their own namespace.

  
  
• nil  

  In the Objective-C language, an object id with a value of 0.

  
  
• object  

  A programming unit that groups together a data structure (instance variables) and the operations (methods) that can use or affect that data. Objects are the principal building blocks of object-oriented programs.

  
  
• outlet  

  An instance variable that points to another object. Outlet instance variables are a way for an object to keep track of the other objects to which it may need to send messages.

  
  
• polymorphism  

  In object-oriented programming, the ability of different objects to respond, each in its own way, to the same message.

  
  
• procedural programming language  

  A language, such as C, that organizes a program as a set of procedures that have definite beginnings and ends.

  
  
• protocol  

  In the Objective-C language, the declaration of a group of methods not associated with any particular class. See also formal protocol, informal protocol.

  
  
• receiver  

  In object-oriented programming, the object that is sent a message.

  
  
• reference counting  

  A memory-management technique in which each entity that claims ownership of an object increments the object’s reference count and later decrements it. When the object’s reference count reaches zero, the object is deallocated. This technique allows one instance of an object to be safely shared among several other objects.

  
  
• remote message  

  A message sent from one application to an object in another application.

  
  
• remote object  

  An object in another application, one that’s a potential receiver for a remote message.

  
  
• runtime  

  The time after a program is launched and while it’s running. Decisions made at runtime can be influenced by choices the user makes.

  
  
• selector  

  In the Objective-C language, the name of a method when it’s used in a source-code message to an object, or the unique identifier that replaces the name when the source code is compiled. Compiled selectors are of type SEL.

  
  
• static typing  

  In the Objective-C language, giving the compiler information about what kind of object an instance is, by typing it as a pointer to a class.

  
  
• subclass  

  In the Objective-C language, any class that’s one step below another class in the inheritance hierarchy. Occasionally used more generally to mean any class that inherits from another class. Also used as a verb to mean the process of defining a subclass of another class.

  
  
• superclass  

  In the Objective-C language, a class that’s one step above another class in the inheritance hierarchy; the class through which a subclass inherits methods and instance variables.

  
  
• synchronous message  

  A remote message that doesn’t return until the receiving application finishes responding to the message. Because the application that sends the message waits for an acknowledgment or return information from the receiving application, the two applications are kept in sync. Compareasynchronous message.