Django Rest Framework
一. 什么是RESTful
- REST与技术无关,代表的是一种软件架构风格,REST是Representational State Transfer的简称,中文翻译为“表征状态转移”
- REST从资源的角度类审视整个网络,它将分布在网络中某个节点的资源通过URL进行标识,客户端应用通过URL来获取资源的表征,获得这些表征致使这些应用转变状态
- REST与技术无关,代表的是一种软件架构风格,REST是Representational State Transfer的简称,中文翻译为“表征状态转移”
- 所有的数据,不过是通过网络获取的还是操作(增删改查)的数据,都是资源,将一切数据视为资源是REST区别与其他架构风格的最本质属性
- 对于REST这种面向资源的架构风格,有人提出一种全新的结构理念,即:面向资源架构(ROA:Resource Oriented Architecture)
二. RESTful API设计
- API与用户的通信协议,总是使用HTTPs协议。
- 域名
- https://api.example.com 尽量将API部署在专用域名(会存在跨域问题)
- https://example.org/api/ API很简单
- 版本
- URL,如:https://api.example.com/v1/
- 请求头 跨域时,引发发送多次请求
- 路径,视网络上任何东西都是资源,均使用名词表示(可复数)
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos
- https://api.example.com/v1/animals
- https://api.example.com/v1/employees
- method
- GET :从服务器取出资源(一项或多项)
- POST :在服务器新建一个资源
- PUT :在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变后的完整资源)
- PATCH :在服务器更新资源(客户端提供改变的属性)
- DELETE :从服务器删除资源
- 过滤,通过在url上传参的形式传递搜索条件
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?limit=10:指定返回记录的数量
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?offset=10:指定返回记录的开始位置
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?page=2&per_page=100:指定第几页,以及每页的记录数
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?sortby=name&order=asc:指定返回结果按照哪个属性排序,以及排序顺序
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?animal_type_id=1:指定筛选条件
- 状态码
常用状态码列表
- 错误处理,状态码是4xx时,应返回错误信息,error当做key。
123{
error:
"Invalid API key"
}
- 返回结果,针对不同操作,服务器向用户返回的结果应该符合以下规范。
123456GET
/
collection:返回资源对象的列表(数组)
GET
/
collection
/
resource:返回单个资源对象
POST
/
collection:返回新生成的资源对象
PUT
/
collection
/
resource:返回完整的资源对象
PATCH
/
collection
/
resource:返回完整的资源对象
DELETE
/
collection
/
resource:返回一个空文档
- Hypermedia API,RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia,即返回结果中提供链接,连向其他API方法,使得用户不查文档,也知道下一步应该做什么。
123456{
"link"
: {
"rel"
:
"collection https://www.example.com/zoos"
,
"href"
:
"https://api.example.com/zoos"
,
"title"
:
"List of zoos"
,
"type"
:
"application/vnd.yourformat+json"
}}
摘自:http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/05/restful_api.html
三. 基于Django实现
路由系统:
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urlpatterns = [ url(r '^users' , Users.as_view()), ] |
CBV视图:
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from django.views import View from django.http import JsonResponse class Users(View): def get( self , request, * args, * * kwargs): result = { 'status' : True , 'data' : 'response data' } return JsonResponse(result, status = 200 ) def post( self , request, * args, * * kwargs): result = { 'status' : True , 'data' : 'response data' } return JsonResponse(result, status = 200 ) |
四. 基于Django Rest Framework框架实现
1. 基本流程
url.py
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from django.conf.urls import url, include from web.views.s1_api import TestView urlpatterns = [ url(r '^test/' , TestView.as_view()), ] |
views.py
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from rest_framework.views import APIView from rest_framework.response import Response class TestView(APIView): def dispatch( self , request, * args, * * kwargs): """ 请求到来之后,都要执行dispatch方法,dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法 注意:APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能 """ return super ().dispatch(request, * args, * * kwargs) def get( self , request, * args, * * kwargs): return Response( 'GET请求,响应内容' ) def post( self , request, * args, * * kwargs): return Response( 'POST请求,响应内容' ) def put( self , request, * args, * * kwargs): return Response( 'PUT请求,响应内容' ) |
上述是rest framework框架基本流程,重要的功能是在APIView的dispatch中触发。
2. 认证和授权
a. 用户url传入的token认证
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b. 请求头认证
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c. 多个认证规则
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d. 认证和权限
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e. 全局使用
上述操作中均是对单独视图进行特殊配置,如果想要对全局进行配置,则需要再配置文件中写入即可。
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3. 用户访问次数/频率限制
a. 基于用户IP限制访问频率
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b. 基于用户IP显示访问频率(利于Django缓存)
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c. view中限制请求频率
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d. 匿名时用IP限制+登录时用Token限制
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e. 全局使用
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4. 版本
a. 基于url的get传参方式
如:/users?version=v1
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b. 基于url的正则方式
如:/v1/users/
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c. 基于 accept 请求头方式
如:Accept: application/json; version=1.0
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d. 基于主机名方法
如:v1.example.com
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e. 基于django路由系统的namespace
如:example.com/v1/users/
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f. 全局使用
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5. 解析器(parser)
根据请求头 content-type 选择对应的解析器就请求体内容进行处理。
a. 仅处理请求头content-type为application/json的请求体
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b. 仅处理请求头content-type为application/x-www-form-urlencoded 的请求体
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c. 仅处理请求头content-type为multipart/form-data的请求体
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d. 仅上传文件
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e. 同时多个Parser
当同时使用多个parser时,rest framework会根据请求头content-type自动进行比对,并使用对应parser
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f. 全局使用
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注意:个别特殊的值可以通过Django的request对象 request._request 来进行获取
6. 序列化
序列化用于对用户请求数据进行验证和数据进行序列化。
a. 自定义字段
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b. 基于Model自动生成字段
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c. 生成URL
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d. 自动生成URL
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7. 分页
a. 根据页码进行分页
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b. 位置和个数进行分页
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c. 游标分页
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8. 路由系统
a. 自定义路由
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b. 半自动路由
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c. 全自动路由
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9. 视图
a. GenericViewSet
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b. ModelViewSet(自定义URL)
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c. ModelViewSet(rest framework路由)
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10. 渲染器
根据 用户请求URL 或 用户可接受的类型,筛选出合适的 渲染组件。
用户请求URL:
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
用户请求头:
- Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8
a. json
访问URL:
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
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b. 表格
访问URL:
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
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c. Form表单
访问URL:
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
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d. 自定义显示模板
访问URL:
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=html
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
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e. 浏览器格式API+JSON
访问URL:
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
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注意:如果同时多个存在时,自动根据URL后缀来选择渲染器。