MySQL->索引的维护[20180504]
学习MySQL数据库中表的索引维护(新增和删除)
索引的好处:
提高查询的效率
可限定特定的资料(如唯一)
索引的不足:
如果过多的索引,会影响Insert,Update的速率,因为资料插入和更新同时也会维护索引。
消耗更多的存储空间
索引按列可分为,单列索引和组合索引。单列只包含表中的一列,组合索引可包含当前表中多列栏位。
创建普通索引
CREATE INDEX <index_name> ON <tab_name>(<col_name>(length));
如果列的类型是CHAR,VARCHAR可以不指定length的值。
如果列的类型是BLOB,TEXT则需指定length的值
创建表时建立索引
CREATE TABLE <tab_name>(
<col_name> TYPE,....
[INDEX_TYPE] <index_name>(<col_name>(length))
engine=InnoDB default charset=utf8;
mysql> create table index_tab03( -> id int, -> col01 varchar(20), -> index index_01(col01) -> )engine=InnoDB default charset=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> desc index_tab03; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | col01 | varchar(20) | YES | MUL | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show index from index_tab03\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: index_tab03 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: index_01 Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: col01 Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) m
ALTER语句维护索引
ALTER TABLE <tab_name> ADD PRIMARY KEY(<column_list>);#增加一个主键,唯一和非空
ALTER TABLE <tab_name> ADD UNIQUE <index_name>(<column_list>);#增加一个唯一索引,列中可以为NULL并且可以有多次
ALTER TABLE <tab_name> ADD INDEX <index_name>(<column_list>);#增加一个普通索引
ALTER TABLE <tab_name> ADD FULLTEXT <index_name>(<column_list>);增加一个全文索引,注意只有MyISAM引擎支持
mysql> alter table index_tab01 add primary key(id,col01);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table index_tab01 add index indx_01(col01);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table index_tab01 add fulltext indx_02(col01,col02(300));
ERROR 1214 (HY000): The used table type doesn't support FULLTEXT indexes
mysql> alter table index_tab01 engine=MyISAM;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table index_tab01 add fulltext index_02(col01,col02(30));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show index from index_tab01\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: index_tab01
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: PRIMARY
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Table: index_tab01
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: PRIMARY
Seq_in_index: 2
Column_name: col01
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Table: index_tab01
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: index_un
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: col01
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 4. row ***************************
Table: index_tab01
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: indx_01
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: col01
Collation: A
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 5. row ***************************
Table: index_tab01
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: index_02
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: col01
Collation: NULL
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: FULLTEXT
Comment:
*************************** 6. row ***************************
Table: index_tab01
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: index_02
Seq_in_index: 2
Column_name: col02
Collation: NULL
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null: YES
Index_type: FULLTEXT
Comment:
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
索引删除
DROP INDEX <index_name> ON <tab_name>;
ALTER TABLE <tab_name> DROP PRIMARY KEY;
ALTER TABLE <tab_name> DROP INDEX <index_name>;
mysql> alter table index_tab01 drop primary key;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> alter table index_tab01 drop index index_02;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> drop index index_01 on index_tab01;
查看索引结构
SHOW INDEX FROM <tab_name>\G