[设计模式之禅读书笔记]011_23种设计模式五:建造者模式
序言
建造者模式,这是一个无法从字面上推测出类图的模式,但是有了前面的模板方法模式的基础,在理解建造者模式上,会觉得很简单。我也尽量多用图来解释建造者模式,因为今天在看别人的文章的时候,我发现自己很懒,懒得看那一堆堆的文字。文字固然可以灵巧的组成散文诗歌,但是对于时间仓促,浮躁的程序员来说,如果不是需要这门技术,自己根本没闲心去看别人的文字。唉,序言有点罗嗦了,估计80%的人都不会完整的看完序言,不过没关系,看正文就行。
正文
1. 在脑子里形成一个需求图
稍微解释一下这个图,这个图定义了一个产品的模板,姑且叫产品这个名字吧!其中“执行”这个行为是“操作1”、“操作2”、“操作3”这三个操作的组合,不过,执行顺序是不定的,如何构造一个执行序列不一定的方法呢?我们可以靠数组来定义这个执行序列,参考下列代码:
1 void setSequence(vector<string> quen){ 2 this->sequen = quen; 3 } 4 void execute(){ 5 for(int i = 0; i < sequen.size(); i ++){ 6 if(sequen[i].compare("operator1") == 0){ 7 this->operator1(); 8 }else if(sequen[i].compare("operator2") == 0){ 9 this->operator2(); 10 }else if(sequen[i].compare("operator3") == 0){ 11 this->operator3(); 12 } 13 } 14 }
2. 同一产品系列产品执行序列不同到底是何意?
这是一个扩充的需求图,不过,我特意标识的红字部分只有dota玩家能懂。不过没关系,我来解释一下,这里我们看到产品系列1和产品系列2中的操作是不同的,但是仍然符合产品模板的规定。其次,两个产品系列下,都有各自的产品。可以看出,在各个产品中,操作执行序列是不同的。也就是说,操作序列是最后定义的。
现在抛出一个问题,上面的模型该怎么设计呢?由于这节学习的建造者模式,所以,下面我们来一步一步来实现这个建造者模式。
3. 产品模板
产品模板很简单,定义三个操作和一个执行序列就可以了,但是我们还需要一个可以设置执行序列的数组,这个数组由一个方法来设置。代码如下:
1 class AbstractProduct{ 2 public: 3 virtual void operator1(){} 4 virtual void operator2(){} 5 virtual void operator3(){} 6 void setSequence(vector<string> quen){ 7 this->sequen = quen; 8 } 9 void execute(){ 10 for(int i = 0; i < sequen.size(); i ++){ 11 if(sequen[i].compare("operator1") == 0){ 12 this->operator1(); 13 }else if(sequen[i].compare("operator2") == 0){ 14 this->operator2(); 15 }else if(sequen[i].compare("operator3") == 0){ 16 this->operator3(); 17 } 18 } 19 } 20 private: 21 vector<string> sequen; 22 };
聪明的小孩会看到,这不就是模板方法模式吗?把具体实现延迟到子类,父类定义好算法的框架,是的,没错,这就是模板方法模式。
2. 产品系列的实现
我们有两个产品系列,其中都实现了产品模板中没有实现的三个操作,那么两个产品系列是如何的呢?代码如下:
1 class ConcreteProduct1:public AbstractProduct{ 2 void operator1(){ cout<<"Product1: operator1 executing."<<endl; } 3 void operator2(){ cout<<"Product1: operator2 executing."<<endl; } 4 void operator3(){ cout<<"Product1: operator3 executing."<<endl; } 5 }; 6 7 class ConcreteProduct2:public AbstractProduct{ 8 void operator1(){ cout<<"Product2: operator1 executing."<<endl; } 9 void operator2(){ cout<<"Product2: operator2 executing."<<endl; } 10 void operator3(){ cout<<"Product2: operator3 executing."<<endl; } 11 };
3. 具体产品的简单构建(从这一点可以看出我们需要建造者模式)
现在产品系列出来了,如何建立我们需要的产品呢?一般来说,你肯定会如下这么写:
1 int main(){ 2 3 AbstractProduct* product = new ConcreteProduct1(); 4 vector<string> sequen; 5 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 6 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 7 sequen.push_back("operator1"); 8 product->setSequence(sequen); 9 product->execute(); 10 11 system("pause"); 12 return 0; 13 }
这样写是可以得到我们需要的结果,但是,试想如果我需要很多个不同操作序列的产品,那我这个main里面是不是会很庞大?那该怎么改进呢?
4. 我们需要建造者
建造者长什么样呢?至少能不用让我们自己一直new产品吧!代码参考如下:
1 class ConcreteBuilder1:public AbstractBuilder{ 2 public: 3 AbstractProduct *getProduct(){ 4 return product; 5 } 6 void setSequence(vector<string> quen){ 7 product = new ConcreteProduct1(); 8 product->setSequence(quen); 9 } 10 private: 11 ConcreteProduct1* product; 12 }; 13 14 class ConcreteBuilder2:public AbstractBuilder{ 15 public: 16 AbstractProduct *getProduct(){ 17 return product; 18 } 19 void setSequence(vector<string> quen){ 20 product = new ConcreteProduct2(); 21 product->setSequence(quen); 22 } 23 private: 24 ConcreteProduct2* product; 25 };
上面是两个产品系列的建造者,这个时候,我们的客户端调用就变成下面这个样子了:
1 int main(){ 2 3 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder1(); 4 vector<string> sequen; 5 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 6 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 7 sequen.push_back("operator1"); 8 builder->setSequence(sequen); 9 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 10 product->execute(); 11 12 system("pause"); 13 return 0; 14 }
看出来不同没?我们有Builder了,只要new一个Builder出来,下面我们就不用自己new各个产品了。那么这样的代码看起来还是不够明晰,main里面,即客户端调用的代码看起来还是不清爽,这时候我们需要引进一个新类——Director。
5. 隆重登场Director(封装了各种产品)
它的职责其实就是将上面main里面出现的那一堆代码封装起来,然后提供一些方法来构建我们的产品,代码参考如下:
1 class Director{ 2 public: 3 AbstractProduct* getConcreteProduct1_1_2_3(){ 4 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder1(); 5 vector<string> sequen; 6 sequen.push_back("operator1"); 7 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 8 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 9 builder->setSequence(sequen); 10 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 11 return product; 12 } 13 14 AbstractProduct* getConcreteProduct1_3_2_1(){ 15 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder1(); 16 vector<string> sequen; 17 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 18 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 19 sequen.push_back("operator1"); 20 builder->setSequence(sequen); 21 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 22 return product; 23 } 24 25 AbstractProduct* getConcreteProduct2_1_2_3(){ 26 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder2(); 27 vector<string> sequen; 28 sequen.push_back("operator1"); 29 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 30 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 31 builder->setSequence(sequen); 32 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 33 return product; 34 } 35 36 AbstractProduct* getConcreteProduct2_3_2_1(){ 37 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder2(); 38 vector<string> sequen; 39 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 40 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 41 sequen.push_back("operato1"); 42 builder->setSequence(sequen); 43 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 44 return product; 45 } 46 };
6. 新的客户端调用(变得很简洁了)
引进了Director后,再来看看我们的客户端调用吧:
1 int main(){ 2 3 Director* director = new Director(); 4 AbstractProduct* product1 = director->getConcreteProduct1_1_2_3(); 5 product1->execute(); 6 7 AbstractProduct* product2 = director->getConcreteProduct1_3_2_1(); 8 product2->execute(); 9 10 system("pause"); 11 return 0; 12 }
是不是很简洁了,这就是我们最终的结果!!!
UML图
我偷懒了,没有把方法放到里面,注意上面的红框内的组合,是一个模板方法模式,其他的咱就不多说了,自己研究研究吧!
总结
对于建造者模式的理解还仅限于代码而已,实际应用场景需要强化,我尽量找机会时间自己的建造者模式,呵呵!
PS:附上最终的完整代码:
1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <vector> 3 using namespace std; 4 5 class AbstractProduct{ 6 public: 7 virtual void operator1(){} 8 virtual void operator2(){} 9 virtual void operator3(){} 10 void setSequence(vector<string> quen){ 11 this->sequen = quen; 12 } 13 void execute(){ 14 for(int i = 0; i < sequen.size(); i ++){ 15 if(sequen[i].compare("operator1") == 0){ 16 this->operator1(); 17 }else if(sequen[i].compare("operator2") == 0){ 18 this->operator2(); 19 }else if(sequen[i].compare("operator3") == 0){ 20 this->operator3(); 21 } 22 } 23 } 24 private: 25 vector<string> sequen; 26 }; 27 28 class ConcreteProduct1:public AbstractProduct{ 29 void operator1(){ cout<<"Product1: operator1 executing."<<endl; } 30 void operator2(){ cout<<"Product1: operator2 executing."<<endl; } 31 void operator3(){ cout<<"Product1: operator3 executing."<<endl; } 32 }; 33 34 class ConcreteProduct2:public AbstractProduct{ 35 void operator1(){ cout<<"Product2: operator1 executing."<<endl; } 36 void operator2(){ cout<<"Product2: operator2 executing."<<endl; } 37 void operator3(){ cout<<"Product2: operator3 executing."<<endl; } 38 }; 39 40 class AbstractBuilder{ 41 public: 42 virtual AbstractProduct *getProduct(){ return NULL;} 43 virtual void setSequence(vector<string> quen){} 44 }; 45 46 class ConcreteBuilder1:public AbstractBuilder{ 47 public: 48 AbstractProduct *getProduct(){ 49 return product; 50 } 51 void setSequence(vector<string> quen){ 52 product = new ConcreteProduct1(); 53 product->setSequence(quen); 54 } 55 private: 56 ConcreteProduct1* product; 57 }; 58 59 class ConcreteBuilder2:public AbstractBuilder{ 60 public: 61 AbstractProduct *getProduct(){ 62 return product; 63 } 64 void setSequence(vector<string> quen){ 65 product = new ConcreteProduct2(); 66 product->setSequence(quen); 67 } 68 private: 69 ConcreteProduct2* product; 70 }; 71 72 class Director{ 73 public: 74 AbstractProduct* getConcreteProduct1_1_2_3(){ 75 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder1(); 76 vector<string> sequen; 77 sequen.push_back("operator1"); 78 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 79 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 80 builder->setSequence(sequen); 81 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 82 return product; 83 } 84 85 AbstractProduct* getConcreteProduct1_3_2_1(){ 86 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder1(); 87 vector<string> sequen; 88 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 89 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 90 sequen.push_back("operator1"); 91 builder->setSequence(sequen); 92 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 93 return product; 94 } 95 96 AbstractProduct* getConcreteProduct2_1_2_3(){ 97 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder2(); 98 vector<string> sequen; 99 sequen.push_back("operator1"); 100 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 101 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 102 builder->setSequence(sequen); 103 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 104 return product; 105 } 106 107 AbstractProduct* getConcreteProduct2_3_2_1(){ 108 AbstractBuilder* builder = new ConcreteBuilder2(); 109 vector<string> sequen; 110 sequen.push_back("operator3"); 111 sequen.push_back("operator2"); 112 sequen.push_back("operato1"); 113 builder->setSequence(sequen); 114 AbstractProduct* product = builder->getProduct(); 115 return product; 116 } 117 }; 118 int main(){ 119 120 Director* director = new Director(); 121 AbstractProduct* product1 = director->getConcreteProduct1_1_2_3(); 122 product1->execute(); 123 124 AbstractProduct* product2 = director->getConcreteProduct1_3_2_1(); 125 product2->execute(); 126 127 system("pause"); 128 return 0; 129 }