selenium-页面操作

1 web

1.1 简单介绍

Web应用程序的测试工具很多种，关于web前端技术如HTML，JS，CSS等的基础知识本文不作介绍，本节只介绍selenium工具在web应用程序自动化测试中的简单应用。

1.1.1 准备工作

[1].          安装pip

说明：见3 环境搭建

[2].          安装selenium

说明：pip install selenium

[3].           安装chrome.exe浏览器

说明：推荐版本 63.0.3239.84（正式版本）（32 位）

[4].          准备chromedriver2.33.exe

说明：存放在resource\tools\chromedriver2.33.exe，程序使用，不需要手动特别安装。

1.2 快速入门

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

def refresh(brower, trytimes=10):
    """
    Sometimes, the element actually exits and the way we locate is right,
    but there still raises exception like "cannot locate element"; the root
    cause not found; this function is a temperoary way to fix it.
    """
    try:
        all_div = brower.find_elements_by_tag_name("div")
        all_td = brower.find_elements_by_tag_name("td")
        for div in all_div:
            logging.debug(div.get_attribute("id"))
        for td in all_td:
            logging.debug(td.get_attribute("id"))
    except Exception as e:
        logging.debug(e)
        if (trytimes > 0):
            refresh(trytimes - 1)
        else:
            raise ValueError

#打开chrome浏览器，并带着http://admin:90123456@192.168.1.1请求加载web页面
#reates a new instance of the chrome driver.
b = webdriver.Chrome(r"D:\auto test\Together_v0.2\resource\tools\chromedriver2.33.exe")
#Loads a web page in the current browser session.
b.get("http://admin:90123456@192.168.1.1")
b.get("http://192.168.1.1") # sugget one more try.

#Switches focus to the specified frame, by index, name, or webelement.
b.switch_to.frame("fInfo")

#依次点击Features -> ACL， 转到ACL控制页面
#Finds an element by xpath. && Clicks the element.
b.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id=\"menu\"]/ul/li[3]").click() #click Features
b.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id=\"menu\"]/ul/li[3]/ul/li[3]/a").click() #click Features -> ACL

# suggest wait seconds after enter another page.
import time
time.sleep(7)

# temporary way to fix exception "cannot locate element".
refresh(b)

#设置ACL Rule Index旁边的下拉框为可见，只有可见之后，才能用Select库的相关选择函数。
#Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
b.execute_script('document.getElementById("RuleIndexSEL").style.display="block";')  #Features >> ACL , set select "ACL Rule Index" can be seen.
#选择ACL Rule Index旁边的下拉框为3
# for SELECT tag, select an option <option value="2">3</option>
Select(b.find_element_by_id("RuleIndexSEL")).select_by_value('2') #Features >> ACL ,  select option 3 in select "ACL Rule Index"

#点击Active旁边的按钮，设置为enable
#Finds an element by id. && Clicks the element.
b.find_element_by_id("RuleActiveRDO").click() #Features >> ACL , click "Active" to enable

#设置Interface旁边的下拉框为可见
b.execute_script('document.getElementById("InterfaceSEL").style.display="block";') #Features >> ACL ,set select "Interface" can be seen.
#选择Interface旁边的下拉框的选项为LAN
# for SELECT tag, select an option <option value="LAN">LAN</option>
Select(b.find_element_by_id("InterfaceSEL")).select_by_value("LAN") #Features >> ACL , elect option LAN in select "Interface"

#点击SET按钮，保存页面的配置。
b.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id=\"rightFunc\"]/li[4]/div[1]").click() #Features >> ACL , click "SET" button to save settings.

#关闭页面
b.close()

1.3 代码解释

1.3.1 初始化

需要先导入相关类库，导入方法如下：

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

实例化一个类WebDriver类，实例方法如下，参数是chromedriver的路径：

e.g: browser = webdriver.Chrome("resource\tools\chromedriver2.33.exe")

 

该函数参数详细介绍：

    webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="chromedriver", port=0,

                 chrome_options=None, service_args=None,

                 desired_capabilities=None, service_log_path=None):

        """

        Creates a new instance of the chrome driver.

 

        Starts the service and then creates new instance of chrome driver.

 

        :Args:

         - executable_path - path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the executable is in the $PATH

         - port - port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.

         - desired_capabilities: Dictionary object with non-browser specific

           capabilities only, such as "proxy" or "loggingPref".

         - chrome_options: this takes an instance of ChromeOptions

        """

1.3.2 加载页面

打开浏览器并加载指定url时，使用get(url函数

e.g: brower.get("http://loginName@loginPasword@192.168.1.1")

e.g: brower.get("http://192.168.1.1")

 

该函数参数详细介绍：

    browser.get(url):

        """

        Loads a web page in the current browser session.

        """

1.3.3 元素定位

定位元素的目的是为了改变或者获取元素的相关信息，在定位到指定元素之后，才可以对其执行点击鼠标、拖动鼠标等操作。元素定位的方法比较多也比较丰富，本节指出几个常用的定位方法。使用的例子依据的html源码如下图所示。关于selenium的元素定位的函数的详细介绍见 [附录A.2.1 find_elemet(s)_XXX]

 

 

 

 

 

 

通过XPath定位获取text为”LAN”的td元素 (关于XPath的获取参见[附录B.1])

element = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id=\"main\"]/table/tbody/tr/td[5]")
elements = browser.find_elements_by_xpath("//*[@id=\"main\"]/table/tbody/tr/td[5]")

 

find_element_XXXX(…) 与 find_elements_XXX(…)函数的参数及意义是一样的。区别在于它们的返回值，前者是返回一个element，后者是返回一个element列表；

 

通过id定位获取id值为RuleActiveRDO_ck的元素

element=browser.find_element_by_id("RuleActiveRDO_ck")

 

通过name定位获取name值为RuleActiveRDO_ck的元素

element=browser.find_element_by_name("RuleActiveRDO_ck")

 

通过tag_name定位获取td元素(tag_name指标签名称)

element=browser.find_element_by_tag_name("td")

 

通过class_name定位class值为mainTable的table元素

element=browser.find_element_by_class_name("mainTable")

1.3.4 元素信息

获取element的属性值

element = browser.find_element_by_id("InterfaceSEL")
val = element.get_attribute("id")   # InterfaceSEL
val = element.get_attribute("name") # InterfaceSEL
val = element.get_attribute("sb") # 30512517
val = element.get_attribute("style") # display: none;

 

获取element的标签名称

element = browser.find_element_by_id("InterfaceSEL")

val = element.tag_name # select

 

获取element的文本框

element=browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id=\"main\"]/table/tbody/tr/td[5]")
val = element.text # LAN

 

查看元素对用户是否可见

val = element.is_displayed() #True of False

 

查看元素是否被选中，比如可检查checkbox或radio按钮是否被选中

val = element.is_selected() #True of False

 

获取浏览器当前url

val = browser.current_url

 

获取当前页面的源码

val = browser.page_source

1.3.5 动作事件

获取到element元素后，可以对元素执行鼠标、键盘甚至执行script脚本等动作事件。本节介绍本人已知的并且经常用到的几个方法。

(一) WebDriver

在当前的window/frame中执行一段JaveScript脚本，比如下面这条语句是将id为InterfaceSEL的select元素由不可见变成可见：

browser = webdriver.Chrome(r"resource\tools\chromedriver2.33.exe")

browser.execute_script('document.getElementById("InterfaceSEL").style.display="block";') 

执行之前：

 

执行之后

 

 

如下语句效果是等同的。

browser.execute_script(‘'document.getElementById("hid_password").value = "admin";’)

browser.find_element_by_id("hid_password").send_keys("admin")

 

浏览器的历史记录中，退回到上一个页面

browser.back()

 

浏览器的历史记录中，前进到下一个页面

browser.forward()

 

页面刷新，同按F5效果类似

browser.refresh()

 

关于frame；在html页面中，存在着用frame标签嵌套另一个html页面的情况，如下面的名为debug.html的页面的源代码如下，在debug.html中又嵌套了两个frame， 其中一个frame的name属性为”finfo”, 如果要控制name=”fInfo”中的元素如id=”test”的input, 需要先把控制焦点转到fInfo的frame上。

 

转到特定frame：browser.switch_to.frame("fInfo")

回到默认frame：brower.switch_to.default_content()

 

debug.html

 

<html>

<frame name="fPanel" src="" scrolling="auto" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0">

         <html><head></head><body marginwidth="0" marginheight="0"></body></html>

</frame>

<frame name="fInfo" src="/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Home.asp">

         <html><input id="test"/></html>

</frame>

</html>

(二) WebElement

单击元素

element = browser.find_element_by_id("RuleActiveRDO_ck")
element.click()

 

清除文本，通常用于情况文本输入框的内容。

element = browser.find_element_by_name("fname")
element.clear()

 

在元素上模拟按键输入

element = browser.find_element_by_name("lname")
element.send_keys("auto test lname")

（三）Select标签

在对select标签运用selenium.webdriver.support.select之前，需要先使该标签对用户是可见的，设置方法见1.3.5 (一)，在selenium.webdriver中关于select标签的操作由Select提供。

导入：from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

 

 

 

#选中WAN_Option
Select(element).select_by_value("WAN")

#选中LAN_Option
Select(element).select_by_index(1)

（四）ActionChains

在selenium.webdriver中关于鼠标的操作由ActionChains提供。

导入：from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

常用的方法有

move_to_element(to_element)：鼠标悬停，有些菜单需要鼠标停在该位置处，才能出现下拉菜单。

double_click(on_element=None):在指定元素或者当前位置处双击鼠标

click(on_element=None): 在指定元素或者当前位置处单击鼠标

context_click(on_element=None): 在指定元素或者当前位置处右击鼠标

 

以上四个动作都需要调用perform()才会被执行。

 

以下是几个使用例子：

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

browser = webdriver.Chrome(r"D:\auto test\Together_v0.2\resource\tools\chromedriver2.33.exe")
browser.get("file:///C:/Users/20002106/Desktop/temp/auto-test.html")

#定位到提交按钮元素
element = browser.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/div[2]/form/input[3]")
#将鼠标悬停在提交按钮
ActionChains(browser).move_to_element(element).perform()
#在提交按钮处双击
ActionChains(browser).double_click(element).perform()
#在提交按钮处单击
ActionChains(browser).click(element).perform()
#在提交按钮处右击鼠标
ActionChains(browser).context_click(element).perform()

1.3.6 断开连接

需要关闭当前窗口并退出chrome浏览器时，可用quit()和close()中的任何一个函数。

e.g browser.quit()
e.g browser.close()

函数参数详细介绍

 browser.close():

        """

        Closes the current window.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.close()

        """

 

browser.quit():

        """

        Quits the driver and closes every associated window.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.quit()

        """

1.4 Reference

[1].          http://www.selenium.org

A.2 webdriver

A.2.1 find_element(s)_XXX

 def webdriver.find_element_by_id(id_):

        """Finds an element by id.

 

        :Args:

         - id\_ - The id of the element to be found.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_id('foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_elements_by_id(id_):

        """

        Finds multiple elements by id.

 

        :Args:

         - id\_ - The id of the elements to be found.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_elements_by_id('foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath):

        """

        Finds an element by xpath.

 

        :Args:

         - xpath - The xpath locator of the element to find.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div/td[1]')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_elements_by_xpath(xpath):

        """

        Finds multiple elements by xpath.

 

        :Args:

         - xpath - The xpath locator of the elements to be found.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'foo')]")

        """

        

    webdriver.find_element_by_link_text(link_text):

        """

        Finds an element by link text.

 

        :Args:

         - link_text: The text of the element to be found.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_link_text('Sign In')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_elements_by_link_text(text):

        """

        Finds elements by link text.

 

        :Args:

         - link_text: The text of the elements to be found.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_elements_by_link_text('Sign In')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(link_text):

        """

        Finds an element by a partial match of its link text.

 

        :Args:

         - link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text(link_text):

        """

        Finds elements by a partial match of their link text.

 

        :Args:

         - link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_element_by_name(name):

        """

        Finds an element by name.

 

        :Args:

         - name: The name of the element to find.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_name('foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_elements_by_name(self, name):

        """

        Finds elements by name.

 

        :Args:

         - name: The name of the elements to find.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_elements_by_name('foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_element_by_tag_name(name):

        """

        Finds an element by tag name.

 

        :Args:

         - name: The tag name of the element to find.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_tag_name('foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_elements_by_tag_name(name):

        """

        Finds elements by tag name.

 

        :Args:

         - name: The tag name the use when finding elements.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_element_by_class_name(name):

        """

        Finds an element by class name.

 

        :Args:

         - name: The class name of the element to find.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_class_name('foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_elements_by_class_name(name):

        """

        Finds elements by class name.

 

        :Args:

         - name: The class name of the elements to find.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_elements_by_class_name('foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_element_by_css_selector(css_selector):

        """

        Finds an element by css selector.

 

        :Args:

         - css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')

        """

        

    webdriver.find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector):

        """

        Finds elements by css selector.

 

        :Args:

         - css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.

 

        :Usage:

            driver.find_elements_by_css_selector('.foo')

        """