2002年考研英语真题-阅读4解析

2002 年考研英语真题 - 阅读 4 解析

The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. [1]

翻译:最高法院关于医生协助病人自杀的决定,对如何试图用药物减轻垂死病人的疼痛和折磨,有极其重要的含义。

1. Supreme Court 最高法院。

2. on physician-assisted suicide, 介词短语作定语,修饰 The Supreme Court's decisions。

3. physician-assisted 医生协助的。

4. for (how...), 介词短语作定语,修饰 important implications。

5. how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients (of...), 是 how 引导的从句,作 for 的宾语。

6. seek to do sth. 试图做;设法做某事。

7. dying patients 临终病人。

8. of pain and suffering. 介词短语作定语,修饰 dying patients。

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. [2]    

翻译:尽管最高法院做了如下规定:宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而法院实际上却支持 “双效” 的医疗原则,这是一个历史悠久的道德原则,即具有双重效果——希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果——的行为是允许的,前提是行为实施者只是想达到好的效果。

1. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, 是 although 引导的让步状语从句。

2. that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, 是 that 引导的从句,作 ruled 的宾语。

3. constitutional right 宪法权利。

4. to physician-assisted suicide, 介词短语作定语,修饰 constitutional right。

5. physician-assisted 医生协助的;physician-assisted suicide 医助自杀。

6. in effect 实际上;生效。

7. of "double effect" 介词短语作定语,修饰 the medical principle。

8. medical principle 医学原则;医疗原则。

9. double effect 双效;双重效果;双重影响。

10. a centuries-old moral principle (holding...), 名词短语作 the medical principle of "double effect" 的同位语,对其解释说明。

11. centuries-old 悠久的;历史悠久的。

12. moral principle 道德原则。

13. holding (that...), 是现在分词短语作定语,修饰 a centuries-old moral principle。

14. that an action...is permissible (if...), 是 that 引导的从句,作 holding 的宾语。

15. having two effects, 是现在分词短语作定语,修饰 an action。

16. --a good one (that...)and a harmful one(that...)--, 破折号内容作 two effects 的同位语,对其解释说明。

17. that is intended, 是 that 引导的定语从句,修饰 a good one。

18. that is foreseen, 是 that 引导的定语从句,修饰 a harmful one。

19. if the actor intends only the good effect. 是 if 引导的条件状语从句。

20. good effect 良好的效果;好的影响。

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. [3]     

翻译:近年来,医生们一直在使用这项原则来证明给病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡来镇痛是正确的,即使不断增加的剂量最终会导致病人死亡。

1. in recent years, 介词短语作时间状语。

2. use sth to do 使用某物做某事。

3. justify doing 证明… 是正确的;为… 辩解。

4. high dose 大剂量;高剂量。

5. terminally ill patient 终末期患者。

6. even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. 是 even though 引导的让步状语从句。

7. increasing dosage 增加剂量。

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." [4]   

翻译:Montefiore 医疗中心主任 Nancy Dubler 声称这项原则将会保护这些 “直到现在还非常坚持地认为,如果镇痛药可能会加速病人的死亡,那么就不能为了镇痛而给病人充足的镇痛药” 的医生。

1. director of Montefiore Medical Center, 作 Nancy Dubler 的同位语,对其解释说明。

2. medical center 医疗中心。

3. that the principle will shield doctors (who...), 是 that 引导的从句,作 contends 的宾语。

4. who "until now have very, very strongly insisted (that...)". 是 who 引导的定语从句,修饰 doctors。

5. until now 至今,直到现在,迄今为止。

6. that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain (if...), 是 that 引导的从句,作 insisted 的宾语。

7. to control their pain, 是 to do 不定式短语作目的状语。

8. if that might hasten death." 是 if 引导的条件状语从句。 

George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. [5]

翻译:波士顿大学健康法律系主任 George Annas 坚持认为,只要医生是出于合法的医疗目的开药,那么即使患者服用此药会加速死亡,医生的行为也没有违法。

1. chair of the health law department at Boston University, 作 George Annas 的同位语,对其解释说明。

2. chair of … 的主席;… 的主任。

3. health law department 卫生法律部门;健康法律系。

4. at Boston University, 介词短语作定语,修饰 the health law department。

5. that, (as long as...), the doctor has done nothing illegal (even if...), 是 that 引导的从句,作 maintains 的宾语。

6. as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, 是 as long as 引导的条件状语从句。

7. prescribe a drug, 开药。

8. for a legitimate medical purpose, 介词短语作目的状语。

9. legitimate medical purposes 合法的医疗目的。

10. even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. 是 even if 引导的让步状语从句。

"It's like surgery," he says. [6]  

翻译:“这就像做手术,” 他说。

1. 双引号内容是引语,作 says 的宾语。

"We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. [7]   

翻译:“我们不能称那些死亡为杀人是因为医生并没有想要杀死病人,尽管他们冒着病人的生命危险。

1. 该句子内容也是引语,参照上一句。

2. homicides, 作宾语 those deaths 的补语。

3. because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, (although...), 是 because 引导的原因状语从句。

4. intend to do sth 想要做某事;打算做某事。

5. although they risked their death. 是 although 引导的让步状语从句。

If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." [8]       

翻译:假定你是一名医生,只要你不是有意让病人自杀,你就可以冒病人自杀的风险。”

1. 该句子内容也是引语,参照上一句。

2. If you're a physician, 是 if 引导的条件状语从句。

3. as long as you don't intend their suicide. 是 as long as 引导的让步状语从句。

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. [9]   

翻译:在另一个层面上,许多医学界人士承认,致使医生协助病人自杀这场争论加剧的部分原因,是病人们的绝望,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前身体的痛苦。

1. On another level 在另一个层面上。

2. in the medical community, 介词短语作定语,修饰 many。

3. medical community 医学界。

4. that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair (of patients for whom...), 是 that 引导的从句,作 acknowledge 的宾语。

5. assisted-suicide 协助自杀;帮助自杀。

6. be fueled by 由… 刺激引起;由… 所加剧。

7. in part 部分地;在某种程度上。

8. the despair of 令… 毫无办法的人或物;令… 绝望。

9. of patients (for whom...), 是介词短语作定语,修饰 the despair。

10. for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 是 for+whom 引导的定语从句,修饰 patients。

11. modern medicine 现代医学。

12. physical agony 身体的痛苦。

13. of dying, 是介词短语作定语,修饰 the physical agony。

Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. [10]   

翻译:就在最高法庭对医生协助病人自杀问题进行裁决的前三周,国家科学院公布了一份长达两卷的报告——《临近死亡:临终前的护理改进》。

1. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, 作时间状语。

2. rule on 就… 进行裁决。

3. on physician-assisted suicide, 介词短语作定语,修饰 the Court's ruling。

4. physician-assisted suicide 医助自杀。

5. National Academy of Science 国家科学院。

6. two-volume 两卷装。

7. Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. 作宾语 a two-volume report 的同位语,对其解释说明。

8. approaching death 垂危;死期临近。

9. at the end of 在… 尽头;在… 结束时。

It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. [11]  

翻译:报告鉴定了临终护理的两处问题:对疼痛的处理不当,而且对无效而强制性的医疗过程的使用太激进,这些医疗过程可能会延长死亡时间,甚至会让死亡过程受辱。

1. 该句子的主干为:It identifies the undertreatment...and the aggressive use...as the twin problems...;其中 the undertreatment...and the aggressive use 作并列宾语;as the twin problems... 是介词短语作宾语补语。

2. of pain, 介词短语作定语,修饰 the undertreatment。

3. of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures (that...)", 介词短语作定语,修饰 the aggressive use。

4. medical procedure 医疗程序。

5. that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying", 是 that 引导的定语从句,修饰 ineffectual and forced medical procedures。

6. of end-of-life care, 介词短语作定语,修饰 the twin problems。

7. end-of-life 寿命终止。

8. end-of-life care 临终关怀;临终护理。

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. [12]

翻译:医疗行业正在采取措施:要求年轻医生去疗养院接受培训,对激进的疼痛管理疗法的相关知识进行测试,为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的医疗账单代码,以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。

1. 该句子的主干为:The profession is taking steps to require..., to test..., to develop..., and to develop...;其中四个 to do 不定式短语作目的状语。

2. take steps to do sth 采取行动做某事。

3. require sb to do sth 要求某人做某事。

4. in hospices 介词短语作地点状语。

5. of aggressive pain management therapies, 介词短语作定语,修饰 knowledge。

6. pain management 疼痛管理。

7. billing code 账单代码;计费代码。

8. for hospital-based care, 介词短语作方面(或目的)状语。

9. hospital-based 以医院为基础的。

10. new standard 新标准。

11. for assessing and treating pain, 介词短语作方面(或目的)状语。

12. at the end of life, 介词短语作时间状语。

Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. [13]

翻译:Annas 说,律师可以在坚决要求将这些善意的医疗方案变成更好的护理行动方面发挥关键性作用。

1. lawyers can play a key role in insisting (that...), 是省略引导词的从句,作 says 的宾语。

2. play a key role 起关键作用。

3. in insisting (that...), 介词短语作方面状语。

4. that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. 是 that 引导的从句,作 insisting 的宾语。

5. well-meaning 善意的;好心的。

6. medical initiatives 医疗计划;医疗倡议。

7. translate into 翻译成 转化为。

"Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." [14]    

翻译:“许多医生似乎对病人遭受的不必要的、可以预见的痛苦漠不关心”,甚至到了 “蓄意虐待病人” 的程度。

1. large numbers of 大量的;许多。

2. unconcerned with 对… 漠不关心。

3. their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, 是省略引导词的定语从句,修饰 the pain。

4. to the extent (that...), 介词短语作程度状语。

5. that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." 是 that 引导的同位语从句,修饰 the extent。

6. systematic patient abuse 蓄意虐待病人。

He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." [15]  

翻译:他说,医委执照委员会 “必须搞清楚:满怀痛苦的死亡可以假定是(医生)能力不足造成的,因此应该吊销其从医资格证。”

1. medical licensing boards "must make it clear... (that...), 是省略引导词的从句,作 says 的宾语。

2. medical licensing board 医委执照委员会,作从句主语。

3. make it clear 弄清楚。

4. it 是形式宾语,代指后面的 that 从句。

5. that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." 是 that 引导的定语从句,修饰 ones;从句中有两个并列的谓语:are managed...and should result。

5. result in 导致,结果是。

6. license suspension 吊扣驾照;吊销执照。

posted @   ahuai1949  阅读(546)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
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