hdu 4135 Co-prime（容斥定理入门）

Problem Description

Given a number N, you are asked to count the number of integers between A and B inclusive which are relatively prime to N.
Two integers are said to be co-prime or relatively prime if they have no common positive divisors other than 1 or, equivalently, if their greatest common divisor is 1. The number 1 is relatively prime to every integer.

Input

The first line on input contains T (0 < T <= 100) the number of test cases, each of the next T lines contains three integers A, B, N where (1 <= A <= B <= 10¹⁵) and (1 <=N <= 10⁹).

Output

For each test case, print the number of integers between A and B inclusive which are relatively prime to N. Follow the output format below.

Sample Input

2

1 10 2

3 15 5

Sample Output

Case #1: 5

Case #2: 10

Hint

In the first test case, the five integers in range [1,10] which are relatively prime to 2 are {1,3,5,7,9}.

解题思路：求区间[A,B]与N互质的数的个数，我们可以从其对立面来考虑：分别求区间[1,A-1]、区间[1,B]中与N不互质的数的个数为num1、num2，那么区间[A,B]与N互质的数的个数就有(B-num2)-(A-1-num1)。怎么求出区间[1,X]与N不互质的数的个数呢？先分解出N的所有素因子，然后用这些素因子来筛选计算出区间[1,X]中与N不互质的数的个数即X/p_i（p_i为素因子，X为区间右端点），因为任何一个不小于2的数都能表示成若干个素数的乘积，这样就得到区间[1,X]中是素因子的倍数的个数，但为了不重复和不遗漏计数，应采用容斥定理，公式：，其中选择某几个素因子可以看成是二进制对应bit上的1，如果当前所选个数为奇数，符号为正，否则为负。注意：容斥计数x/p_i中p_i是几个素数的最小公倍数，由于素数之间是互质的，所以可以直接相乘起来作为其最小公倍数。

AC代码：

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long LL;
int t,cnt,prime[15];LL a,b,n;
LL solve(LL x){//求与n不互质的总个数
    int num;LL ans=0,tp;
    for(int i=1;i<(1<<cnt);++i){//用二进制来表示每个质因子是否被使用，即有2^cnt-1种可能，此时cnt较小，题目中1e9最多也就8个素因子，二进制优化
        tp=1,num=0;
        for(int j=0;j<cnt;++j)
            if(i&(1<<j))num++,tp*=prime[j];//表示选择哪几个素因子
        if(num&1)ans+=x/tp;//奇加
        else ans-=x/tp;//偶减
    }
    return x-ans;
}
int main(){
    while(~scanf("%d",&t)){
        for(int i=1;i<=t;++i){
            scanf("%lld%lld%lld",&a,&b,&n);cnt=0;
            for(LL j=2;j*j<=n;++j){//求出n内的所有质因子
                if(n%j==0){
                    prime[cnt++]=j;
                    while(n%j==0)n/=j;
                }
            }
            if(n>1)prime[cnt++]=n;
            printf("Case #%d: %lld\n",i,solve(b)-solve(a-1));//区间差
        }
    }
    return 0;
}