HashMap 链表和红黑树的转换

HashMap在jdk1.8之后引入了红黑树的概念,表示若桶中链表元素超过8时,会自动转化成红黑树;若桶中元素小于等于6时,树结构还原成链表形式。

原因:

红黑树的平均查找长度是log(n),长度为8,查找长度为log(8)=3,链表的平均查找长度为n/2,当长度为8时,平均查找长度为8/2=4,这才有转换成树的必要;链表长度如果是小于等于6,6/2=3,虽然速度也很快的,但是转化为树结构和生成树的时间并不会太短。

还有选择6和8的原因是:

中间有个差值7可以防止链表和树之间频繁的转换。假设一下,如果设计成链表个数超过8则链表转换成树结构,链表个数小于8则树结构转换成链表,如果一个HashMap不停的插入、删除元素,链表个数在8左右徘徊,就会频繁的发生树转链表、链表转树,效率会很低。
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原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_37264997/article/details/106074846

jdk1.8的hashmap真的是大于8就转换成红黑树,小于6就变成链表吗?????

 

最近研究hashmap源码的时候,会结合网上的一些博客来促进理解。而关于红黑树和链表相互转换这一块,大部分的文章都会这样描述:hashmap中定义了两个常量:

 /**
     * The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
     * bin.  Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
     * bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
     * than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
     * tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
     * shrinkage.
     */
    static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;

    /**
     * The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a
     * resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at
     * most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.
     */
    static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;

当链表元素个数大于8的时候,就会转换为红黑树;当红黑树元素个数小于6的时候,就会转换回链表。
hashMap中确实定义了这两个常量,但并非简单通过元素个数的判断来进行转换。

链表转换为红黑树

链表转换为红黑树的最终目的,是为了解决在map中元素过多,hash冲突较大,而导致的读写效率降低的问题。在源码的putVal方法中,有关红黑树结构化的分支为:

            //此处遍历链表
            for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                //遍历到链表最后一个节点
                if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                    p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                    //如果链表元素个数大于等于TREEIFY_THRESHOLD
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                        //红黑树转换逻辑
                        treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                    break;
                }
                if (e.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    break;
                p = e;
            }

即网上所说的,链表的长度大于8的时候,就转换为红黑树,我们来看看treeifyBin方法:

    final void treeifyBin(Node<K,V>[] tab, int hash) {
        int n, index; Node<K,V> e;
        //首先tab的长度是否小于64,
        if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)
        //小于64则进行扩容
            resize();
        else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            //否则才将列表转换为红黑树
            TreeNode<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
            do {
                TreeNode<K,V> p = replacementTreeNode(e, null);
                if (tl == null)
                    hd = p;
                else {
                    p.prev = tl;
                    tl.next = p;
                }
                tl = p;
            } while ((e = e.next) != null);
            if ((tab[index] = hd) != null)
                hd.treeify(tab);
        }
    }

可以看到在treeifyBin中并不是简单地将链表转换为红黑树,而是先判断table的长度是否大于64,如果小于64,就通过扩容的方式来解决,避免红黑树结构化。
链表长度大于8有两种情况:

  • table长度足够,hash冲突过多
  • hash没有冲突,但是在计算table下标的时候,由于table长度太小,导致很多hash不一致的
    第二种情况是可以用扩容的方式来避免的,扩容后链表长度变短,读写效率自然提高。另外,扩容相对于转换为红黑树的好处在于可以保证数据结构更简单。
    由此可见并不是链表长度超过8就一定会转换成红黑树,而是先尝试扩容

红黑树转换为链表

基本思想是当红黑树中的元素减少并小于一定数量时,会切换回链表。而元素减少有两种情况:
1、调用map的remove方法删除元素

 final Node<K,V> removeNode(int hash, Object key, Object value,
                               boolean matchValue, boolean movable) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, index;
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (p = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
            Node<K,V> node = null, e; K k; V v;
            //根据hash值以及key判断当前的是否相等,如果相等直接返回
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                node = p;
            else if ((e = p.next) != null) {
                //判断是否为红黑树结构
                if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                    node = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                else {
                    //如果不是则为链表结构
                    do {
                        if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key ||
                             (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                            node = e;
                            break;
                        }
                        p = e;
                    } while ((e = e.next) != null);
                }
            }
            if (node != null && (!matchValue || (v = node.value) == value ||
                                 (value != null && value.equals(v)))) {
                //判断当前桶是否是红黑树结构,如果是的话
                if (node instanceof TreeNode)
                    ((TreeNode<K,V>)node).removeTreeNode(this, tab, movable);
                else if (node == p)
                    tab[index] = node.next;
                else
                    p.next = node.next;
                ++modCount;
                --size;
                afterNodeRemoval(node);
                return node;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

   final void removeTreeNode(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
                                  boolean movable) {
            int n;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                return;
            int index = (n - 1) & hash;
            TreeNode<K,V> first = (TreeNode<K,V>)tab[index], root = first, rl;
            TreeNode<K,V> succ = (TreeNode<K,V>)next, pred = prev;
            if (pred == null)
                tab[index] = first = succ;
            else
                pred.next = succ;
            if (succ != null)
                succ.prev = pred;
            if (first == null)
                return;
            if (root.parent != null)
                root = root.root();
            //判断是否解除红黑树结构
            if (root == null || root.right == null ||
                (rl = root.left) == null || rl.left == null) {
                tab[index] = first.untreeify(map);  // too small
                return;
            }
            TreeNode<K,V> p = this, pl = left, pr = right, replacement;
            if (pl != null && pr != null) {
                TreeNode<K,V> s = pr, sl;
                while ((sl = s.left) != null) // find successor
                    s = sl;
                boolean c = s.red; s.red = p.red; p.red = c; // swap colors
                TreeNode<K,V> sr = s.right;
                TreeNode<K,V> pp = p.parent;
                if (s == pr) { // p was s's direct parent
                    p.parent = s;
                    s.right = p;
                }
                else {
                    TreeNode<K,V> sp = s.parent;
                    if ((p.parent = sp) != null) {
                        if (s == sp.left)
                            sp.left = p;
                        else
                            sp.right = p;
                    }
                    if ((s.right = pr) != null)
                        pr.parent = s;
                }
                p.left = null;
                if ((p.right = sr) != null)
                    sr.parent = p;
                if ((s.left = pl) != null)
                    pl.parent = s;
                if ((s.parent = pp) == null)
                    root = s;
                else if (p == pp.left)
                    pp.left = s;
                else
                    pp.right = s;
                if (sr != null)
                    replacement = sr;
                else
                    replacement = p;
            }
            else if (pl != null)
                replacement = pl;
            else if (pr != null)
                replacement = pr;
            else
                replacement = p;
            if (replacement != p) {
                TreeNode<K,V> pp = replacement.parent = p.parent;
                if (pp == null)
                    root = replacement;
                else if (p == pp.left)
                    pp.left = replacement;
                else
                    pp.right = replacement;
                p.left = p.right = p.parent = null;
            }

            TreeNode<K,V> r = p.red ? root : balanceDeletion(root, replacement);

            if (replacement == p) {  // detach
                TreeNode<K,V> pp = p.parent;
                p.parent = null;
                if (pp != null) {
                    if (p == pp.left)
                        pp.left = null;
                    else if (p == pp.right)
                        pp.right = null;
                }
            }
            if (movable)
                moveRootToFront(tab, r);
        }

可以看到,此处并没有利用到网上所说的,当节点数小于UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD时才转换,而是通过红黑树根节点及其子节点是否为空来判断。

2、resize的时候,对红黑树进行了拆分

resize的时候,判断节点类型,如果是链表,则将链表拆分,如果是TreeNode,则执行TreeNode的split方法分割红黑树,而split方法中将红黑树转换为链表的分支如下:

 final void split(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab, int index, int bit) {
            TreeNode<K,V> b = this;
            // Relink into lo and hi lists, preserving order
            TreeNode<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
            TreeNode<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
            int lc = 0, hc = 0;
            for (TreeNode<K,V> e = b, next; e != null; e = next) {
                next = (TreeNode<K,V>)e.next;
                e.next = null;
                if ((e.hash & bit) == 0) {
                    if ((e.prev = loTail) == null)
                        loHead = e;
                    else
                        loTail.next = e;
                    loTail = e;
                    ++lc;
                }
                else {
                    if ((e.prev = hiTail) == null)
                        hiHead = e;
                    else
                        hiTail.next = e;
                    hiTail = e;
                    ++hc;
                }
            }
            //在这之前的逻辑是将红黑树每个节点的hash和一个bit进行&运算,
            //根据运算结果将树划分为两棵红黑树,lc表示其中一棵树的节点数
            if (loHead != null) {
                if (lc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    tab[index] = loHead.untreeify(map);
                else {
                    tab[index] = loHead;
                    if (hiHead != null) // (else is already treeified)
                        loHead.treeify(tab);
                }
            }
            if (hiHead != null) {
                if (hc <= UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                    tab[index + bit] = hiHead.untreeify(map);
                else {
                    tab[index + bit] = hiHead;
                    if (loHead != null)
                        hiHead.treeify(tab);
                }
            }
        }

这里才用到了 UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD 的判断,当红黑树节点元素小于等于6时,才调用untreeify方法转换回链表

总结

1、hashMap并不是在链表元素个数大于8就一定会转换为红黑树,而是先考虑扩容,扩容达到默认限制后才转换。
2、hashMap的红黑树不一定小于6的时候才会转换为链表,而是只有在resize的时候才会根据 UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD 进行转换。

posted @ 2021-06-04 12:23  abcdefghijklmnop  阅读(6726)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报