redis,rabbitmq,SqlAlchemy

redis发布和订阅

 

发布者一旦发送消息,那么所有订阅者都会收到。

RedisHelper


#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import  redis
class redishelper:
    def __init__(self):
        self.__conn = redis.Redis(host='192.168.11.87')
    def public(self, msg, chan):
        self.__conn.publish(chan, msg)
        return msg,chan
    def subscribe(self, chan):
        pub = self.__conn.pubsub()
        pub.subscribe(chan)
        pub.parse_response()
        return pub

发布者
#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import b1
obj = b1.redishelper()      #实例化方法
obj.public('aaaaaa','fm111.7')          #执行发布
订阅者
obj = b1.redishelper()           #实例化方法
data = obj.subscribe('fm111.7')  #调用订阅方法
while True:
    msg = data.parse_response()   #接收发布消息
    print(msg)

 RabbitMQ

RabbitMQ是一个在AMQP基础上完整的,可复用的企业消息系统。他遵循Mozilla Public License开源协议。

MQ全称为Message Queue, 消息队列(MQ)是一种应用程序对应用程序的通信方法。应用程序通过读写出入队列的消息(针对应用程序的数据)来通信,而无需专用连接来链接它们。消 息传递指的是程序之间通过在消息中发送数据进行通信,而不是通过直接调用彼此来通信,直接调用通常是用于诸如远程过程调用的技术。排队指的是应用程序通过 队列来通信。队列的使用除去了接收和发送应用程序同时执行的要求。

安装


#安装配置epel源
   $ rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
#安装erlang
   $ yum -y install erlang
#安装RabbitMQ
   $ yum -y install rabbitmq-server
#启动、关闭服务
   service rabbitmq-server start/stop
API
python -m pip install pika

1.基于RabbitMQ实现生产者消费者模型。对于RabbitMQ来说,生产和消费不再针对内存里的一个Queue对象,而是某台服务器上的RabbitMQ Server实现的消息队列。
生产者代码

#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pika

# ######################### 发消息 #########################
#连接rabbitmq服务器
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='192.168.11.158'))
#创建频道
channel = connection.channel()

#如果没有这个队列会创建一个
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

#向队列插入数值 routing_key是队列名 body是要插入的内容
channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                      routing_key='hello',
                      body='Hello World!')

print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")

#关闭连接
connection.close()

消费者代码


#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pika

# ##########################取消息 ##########################

#连接rabbitmq服务器
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='192.168.11.158'))
#创建频道
channel = connection.channel()

#如果生产者没有运行创建队列,那么消费者创建队列
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue='hello',
                      no_ack=True)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

 当生产者生成一条数据,被消费者接收,消费者中断后如果不超过10秒,连接的时候数据还在。当超过10秒之后,重新链接,数据将消失。消费者等待链接。

 

2.消息不丢失(数据持久化)

1.当把no_ack=false时,如果消费者遇到情况(its channel is closed, connection is closed, or TCP connection is lost)挂掉了,RabbitMQ会重新将该任务添加到队列中。

2.durable

生产者代码

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
#链接rabbit服务器
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
#创建频道
channel = connection.channel()
#创建队列,使用durable方法
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True)
#如果想让队列实现持久化那么加上durable=True
channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key='hello',
body='Hello World!',
properties=pika.BasicProperties(
delivery_mode=2,
#标记我们的消息为持久化的 - 通过设置 delivery_mode 属性为 2
#这样必须设置,让消息实现持久化
))
#这个exchange参数就是这个exchange的名字. 空字符串标识默认的或者匿名的exchange:如果存在routing_key, 消息路由到routing_key指定的队列中。
print(" [x] 开始队列'")
connection.close()

 消费者代码


#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pika
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
#创建频道
channel = connection.channel()
#创建队列,使用durable方法
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True)


def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
    print('ok')
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                    queue='hello',
                    no_ack=False)

    print(' [*] 等待队列. To exit press CTRL+C')
    channel.start_consuming()

 注:标记消息为持久化的并不能完全保证消息不会丢失,尽管告诉RabbitMQ保存消息到磁盘,当RabbitMQ接收到消息还没有保存的时候仍然有一个 短暂的时间窗口. RabbitMQ不会对每个消息都执行同步fsync(2) --- 可能只是保存到缓存cache还没有写入到磁盘中,这个持久化保证不是很强,但这比我们简单的任务queue要好很多,如果你想很强的保证你可以使用 publisher confirms

 

3.消息获取顺序

默认消息队列里的数据是按照顺序被消费者拿走,例如:消费者1 去队列中获取 奇数 序列的任务,消费者1去队列中获取 偶数 序列的任务。

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) 表示谁来谁取,不再按照奇偶数排列

消费者代码

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4'))
channel = connection.channel()

# make message persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')


def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
    print 'ok'
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)   #表示谁来谁取,不再按照奇偶排列

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue='hello',
                      no_ack=False)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

发布与订阅

发布订阅和简单的消息队列区别在于,发布订阅会将消息发送给所有的订阅者,而消息队列中的数据被消费一次便消失。所以,RabbitMQ实现发布和订阅时,会为每一个订阅者创建一个队列,而发布者发布消息时,会将消息放置在所有相关队列中。

发布者发送的消息实际是先发送到exchange,然后由exchange发送到相对应的队列。

exchange类型可用: direct , topic , headers 和 fanout 。

exchange type = fanout

 

发布者

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
                         type='fanout')

message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!"
channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs',
                      routing_key='',
                      body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)
connection.close()

订阅者

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
                         type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)       #队列断开后自动删除临时队列
queue_name = result.method.queue                     # 队列名采用服务端分配的临时队列

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs',
                   queue=queue_name)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=queue_name,
                      no_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

关键字发送( exchange type = direct)

之前事例,发送消息时明确指定某个队列并向其中发送消息,RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送,即:队列绑定关键字,发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange,exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列。

生产者

#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
##########发送消息

import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
                         type='direct')

severity = 'info'
message = 'Hello World!'
channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs',
                      routing_key=severity,
                      body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))
connection.close()
消费者
#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*-coding=utf-8-*-
import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='192.168.11.87'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
                         type='direct')

result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

severities = ['error','warning','info']
if not severities:
    sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]\n" % sys.argv[0])
    sys.exit(1)

for severity in severities:
    channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs',
                       queue=queue_name,
                       routing_key=severity)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=queue_name,
                      no_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()
模糊匹配( exchange type = topic)

 在topic类型下,可以让队列绑定几个模糊的关键字,之后发送者将数据发送到exchange,exchange将传入”路由值“和 ”关键字“进行匹配,匹配成功,则将数据发送到指定队列。

#表示可以匹配0个或多个单词
*表示只能匹配一个单词

发送者路由值              队列中

old.boy.python          old.*  -- 不匹配
old.boy.python          old.#  -- 匹配

生产者

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
type='topic')

routing_key = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'anonymous.info'
message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs',
routing_key=routing_key,
body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))
connection.close()

消费者

#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
type='topic')

result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

binding_keys = sys.argv[1:]
if not binding_keys:
sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [binding_key]...\n" % sys.argv[0])
sys.exit(1)

for binding_key in binding_keys:
channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs',
queue=queue_name,
routing_key=binding_key)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue=queue_name,
no_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简言之便是:将对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

schema/type:定义的一种映射格式,把表映射成类。

sql expression language: 封装了增删改查的sql语句

engine:  引擎

connection pooling: 连接池

dialect:  用于和数据库API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作

MySQL-Python
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
pymysql
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL-Connector
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
cx_Oracle
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]

 示例,中间状态 演示一个过程

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
 
 #初始化数据库连接
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
 
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"
# )
 
# 新插入行自增ID
# cur.lastrowid
 
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),]
# )
 
 
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",
#     host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3
# )
 
# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts')
# 获取第一行数据
# cur.fetchone()
# 获取第n行数据
# cur.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据
# cur.fetchall()

增删改查

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKey
 
metadata = MetaData()
 
user = Table('user', metadata,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('name', String(20)),
)
 
color = Table('color', metadata,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('name', String(20)),
)
engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s11", max_overflow=5)
 
conn = engine.connect()
 
# 创建SQL语句,INSERT INTO "user" (id, name) VALUES (:id, :name)
conn.execute(user.insert(),{'id':7,'name':'seven'})
conn.close()
 
# sql = user.insert().values(id=123, name='wu')
# conn.execute(sql)
# conn.close()
 
# sql = user.delete().where(user.c.id > 1)
 
# sql = user.update().values(fullname=user.c.name)
# sql = user.update().where(user.c.name == 'jack').values(name='ed')
 
# sql = select([user, ])
# sql = select([user.c.id, ])
# sql = select([user.c.name, color.c.name]).where(user.c.id==color.c.id)
# sql = select([user.c.name]).order_by(user.c.name)
# sql = select([user]).group_by(user.c.name)
 
# result = conn.execute(sql)
# print result.fetchall()
# conn.close()

完整示例

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from  sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
 
Base = declarative_base() #生成一个SqlORM 基类
 
 
engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://root@localhost:3306/test",echo=False)
 
 
class Host(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'hosts'
    id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=False)
    ip_addr = Column(String(128),unique=True,nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer,default=22)
 
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) #创建所有表结构
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind=engine) #创建与数据库的会话session class ,注意,这里返回给session的是个class,不是实例
    session = SessionCls()
    #h1 = Host(hostname='localhost',ip_addr='127.0.0.1')
    #h2 = Host(hostname='ubuntu',ip_addr='192.168.2.243',port=20000)
    #h3 = Host(hostname='ubuntu2',ip_addr='192.168.2.244',port=20000)
    #session.add(h3)
    #session.add_all( [h1,h2])
    #h2.hostname = 'ubuntu_test' #只要没提交,此时修改也没问题
    #session.rollback()
    #session.commit() #提交
    res = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname.in_(['ubuntu2','localhost'])).all()
    print(res)

 

 

 



 

 

posted @ 2016-07-25 21:58  (KeeP)  阅读(434)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报