Shell脚本中$0、$?、$!、$$、$*、$#、$@等的意义以及linux命令执行返回值意义

 
Shell脚本中$0、$?、$!、$$、$*、$#、$@等的意义以及linux命令执行返回值意义

(1) Shell脚本中$0、$?、$!、$$、$*、$#、$@等的意义说明

1.1、简要说明
ps: 你在Linux环境下多试下就明白了
$$
Shell本身的PID(ProcessID,即脚本运行的当前进程ID号)
$!
Shell最后运行的后台Process的PID(后台运行的最后一个进程的进程ID号)
$?
最后运行的命令的结束代码(返回值)即执行上一个指令的返回值 (显示最后命令的退出状态。0表示没有错误,其他任何值表明有错误)
$-
显示shell使用的当前选项,与set命令功能相同
$*
所有参数列表。如"$*"用「"」括起来的情况、以"$1 $2 … $n"的形式输出所有参数,此选项参数可超过9个。
$@
所有参数列表。如"$@"用「"」括起来的情况、以"$1" "$2" … "$n" 的形式输出所有参数。
$@ 跟$*类似,但是可以当作数组用
$#
添加到Shell的参数个数
$0
Shell本身的文件名
$1~$n
添加到Shell的各参数值。$1是第1参数、$2是第2参数…。
 
1.2、脚本举例
 
我们先写一个简单的脚本,执行以后再解释各个变量的意义
# touch variable
# vi variable
脚本内容如下:
#!/bin/sh
echo "number:$#"
echo "scname:$0"
echo "first :$1"
echo "second:$2"
echo "argume:$@"
保存退出
赋予脚本执行权限
# chmod +x variable
执行脚本
# ./variable aa bb
number:2
scname:./variable
first: aa
second:bb
argume:aa bb
 
结果分析
 
通过显示结果可以看到:
$# 是传给脚本的参数个数
$0 是脚本本身的名字
$1是传递给该shell脚本的第一个参数
$2是传递给该shell脚本的第二个参数
$@ 是传给脚本的所有参数的列表
 
 
(2) linux命令执行返回值说明
 
在 Linux 下,不管你是启动一个桌面程序也好,还是在控制台下运行命令,所有的程序在结束时,都会返回一个数字值,这个值叫做返回值,或者称为错误号 ( Error Number )。
 
2.1、在控制台下,有一个特殊的环境变量 $?,保存着前一个程序的返回值,我们可以试试:
$ ls *.png
Diagram1.png  eqn.png         peazip.png
eqn4.png      Mandelbrot.png  x2.png
$ echo $?
0
先随便执行个命令,比如像上面的 ls 某些文件,然后通过 echo $?,打印 $? 的值~
我们发现返回值是 0,这是什么意思呢?
只要返回值是 0,就代表程序执行成功了~
也就是说,如果 $? 变量的值不是 0 的话,就表示上一个命令在执行的过程中出错了。
 
2.2、我们可以试着 ls 一个不存在的文件:
$ ls linuxgem
ls: 无法访问 linuxgem: 没有那个文件或目录
$ echo $?
2
这样,对于某些打印出一堆不熟悉的英文信息的命令,可以方便的看出它是否成功执行结束。
不过,每次都 echo $? 一下太累了,没关系,你可以把 $? 放在提示符里去:
 
2.3、将上次命令执行是否成功的返回值放到提示符里面去:export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"
 
tom@localhost ~ $ export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"
[0]tom@localhost ~ $
export PS1="[\$?]${PS1}"  这个命令把 $? 的值放在的提示符的最前面,这样每次执行完命令,这个值都会自动更新,这下就一目了然了~ 
 
2.3、用perror查看错误提示
 
那么如果返回的值不是 0,我们要怎么知道是那里出错了呢? 大多数的程序出错都会给出提示,如果没有提示的话,可以用 perror 这个程序来查看错误的信息,比如返回值是 2,我们可以运行:
$ perror 2
OS error code   2:  No such file or directory
这样就清楚了,原来是文件不存在~
 
2.4、给出错误代码及其具体原因对照表:
 
"OS error code   1:  Operation not permitted"
"OS error code   2:  No such file or directory"
"OS error code   3:  No such process"
"OS error code   4:  Interrupted system call"
"OS error code   5:  Input/output error"
"OS error code   6:  No such device or address"
"OS error code   7:  Argument list too long"
"OS error code   8:  Exec format error"
"OS error code   9:  Bad file descriptor"
"OS error code  10:  No child processes"
"OS error code  11:  Resource temporarily unavailable"
"OS error code  12:  Cannot allocate memory"
"OS error code  13:  Permission denied"
"OS error code  14:  Bad address"
"OS error code  15:  Block device required"
"OS error code  16:  Device or resource busy"
"OS error code  17:  File exists"
"OS error code  18:  Invalid cross-device link"
"OS error code  19:  No such device"
"OS error code  20:  Not a directory"
"OS error code  21:  Is a directory"
"OS error code  22:  Invalid argument"
"OS error code  23:  Too many open files in system"
"OS error code  24:  Too many open files"
"OS error code  25:  Inappropriate ioctl for device"
"OS error code  26:  Text file busy"
"OS error code  27:  File too large"
"OS error code  28:  No space left on device"
"OS error code  29:  Illegal seek"
"OS error code  30:  Read-only file system"
"OS error code  31:  Too many links"
"OS error code  32:  Broken pipe"
"OS error code  33:  Numerical argument out of domain"
"OS error code  34:  Numerical result out of range"
"OS error code  35:  Resource deadlock avoided"
"OS error code  36:  File name too long"
"OS error code  37:  No locks available"
"OS error code  38:  Function not implemented"
"OS error code  39:  Directory not empty"
"OS error code  40:  Too many levels of symbolic links"
"OS error code  42:  No message of desired type"
"OS error code  43:  Identifier removed"
"OS error code  44:  Channel number out of range"
"OS error code  45:  Level 2 not synchronized"
"OS error code  46:  Level 3 halted"
"OS error code  47:  Level 3 reset"
"OS error code  48:  Link number out of range"
"OS error code  49:  Protocol driver not attached"
"OS error code  50:  No CSI structure available"
"OS error code  51:  Level 2 halted"
"OS error code  52:  Invalid exchange"
"OS error code  53:  Invalid request descriptor"
"OS error code  54:  Exchange full"
"OS error code  55:  No anode"
"OS error code  56:  Invalid request code"
"OS error code  57:  Invalid slot"
"OS error code  59:  Bad font file format"
"OS error code  60:  Device not a stream"
"OS error code  61:  No data available"
"OS error code  62:  Timer expired"
"OS error code  63:  Out of streams resources"
"OS error code  64:  Machine is not on the network"
"OS error code  65:  Package not installed"
"OS error code  66:  Object is remote"
"OS error code  67:  Link has been severed"
"OS error code  68:  Advertise error"
"OS error code  69:  Srmount error"
"OS error code  70:  Communication error on send"
"OS error code  71:  Protocol error"
"OS error code  72:  Multihop attempted"
"OS error code  73:  RFS specific error"
"OS error code  74:  Bad message"
"OS error code  75:  Value too large for defined data type"
"OS error code  76:  Name not unique on network"
"OS error code  77:  File descriptor in bad state"
"OS error code  78:  Remote address changed"
"OS error code  79:  Can not access a needed shared library"
"OS error code  80:  Accessing a corrupted shared library"
"OS error code  81:  .lib section in a.out corrupted"
"OS error code  82:  Attempting to link in too many shared libraries"
"OS error code  83:  Cannot exec a shared library directly"
"OS error code  84:  Invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character"
"OS error code  85:  Interrupted system call should be restarted"
"OS error code  86:  Streams pipe error"
"OS error code  87:  Too many users"
"OS error code  88:  Socket operation on non-socket"
"OS error code  89:  Destination address required"
"OS error code  90:  Message too long"
"OS error code  91:  Protocol wrong type for socket"
"OS error code  92:  Protocol not available"
"OS error code  93:  Protocol not supported"
"OS error code  94:  Socket type not supported"
"OS error code  95:  Operation not supported"
"OS error code  96:  Protocol family not supported"
"OS error code  97:  Address family not supported by protocol"
"OS error code  98:  Address already in use"
"OS error code  99:  Cannot assign requested address"
"OS error code 100:  Network is down"
"OS error code 101:  Network is unreachable"
"OS error code 102:  Network dropped connection on reset"
"OS error code 103:  Software caused connection abort"
"OS error code 104:  Connection reset by peer"
"OS error code 105:  No buffer space available"
"OS error code 106:  Transport endpoint is already connected"
"OS error code 107:  Transport endpoint is not connected"
"OS error code 108:  Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown"
"OS error code 109:  Too many references: cannot splice"
"OS error code 110:  Connection timed out"
"OS error code 111:  Connection refused"
"OS error code 112:  Host is down"
"OS error code 113:  No route to host"
"OS error code 114:  Operation already in progress"
"OS error code 115:  Operation now in progress"
"OS error code 116:  Stale NFS file handle"
"OS error code 117:  Structure needs cleaning"
"OS error code 118:  Not a XENIX named type file"
"OS error code 119:  No XENIX semaphores available"
"OS error code 120:  Is a named type file"
"OS error code 121:  Remote I/O error"
"OS error code 122:  Disk quota exceeded"
"OS error code 123:  No medium found"
"OS error code 124:  Wrong medium type"
"OS error code 125:  Operation canceled"
"OS error code 126:  Required key not available"
"OS error code 127:  Key has expired"
"OS error code 128:  Key has been revoked"
"OS error code 129:  Key was rejected by service"
"OS error code 130:  Owner died"
"OS error code 131:  State not recoverable"
"MySQL error code 132: Old database file"
"MySQL error code 133: No record read before update"
"MySQL error code 134: Record was already deleted (or record file crashed)"
"MySQL error code 135: No more room in record file"
"MySQL error code 136: No more room in index file"
"MySQL error code 137: No more records (read after end of file)"
"MySQL error code 138: Unsupported extension used for table"
"MySQL error code 139: Too big row"
"MySQL error code 140: Wrong create options"
"MySQL error code 141: Duplicate unique key or constraint on write or update"
"MySQL error code 142: Unknown character set used"
"MySQL error code 143: Conflicting table definitions in sub-tables of MERGE table"
"MySQL error code 144: Table is crashed and last repair failed"
"MySQL error code 145: Table was marked as crashed and should be repaired"
"MySQL error code 146: Lock timed out; Retry transaction"
"MySQL error code 147: Lock table is full;  Restart program with a larger locktable"
"MySQL error code 148: Updates are not allowed under a read only transactions"
"MySQL error code 149: Lock deadlock; Retry transaction"
"MySQL error code 150: Foreign key constraint is incorrectly formed"
"MySQL error code 151: Cannot add a child row"
"MySQL error code 152: Cannot delete a parent row"
posted @ 2020-03-27 09:18  永不熄灭的火  阅读(1060)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报