nginx

1.nginx基本概念

（1）nginx是什么，做什么事情。

Nginx (engine x) 是一个高性能的HTTP和反向代理web服务器 [13] ，同时也提供了IMAP/POP3/SMTP服务。Nginx是由伊戈尔·赛索耶夫为俄罗斯访问量第二的Rambler.ru站点（俄文：Рамблер）开发的，公开版本1.19.6发布于2020年12月15日。

其将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布，因它的稳定性、丰富的功能集、简单的配置文件和低系统资源的消耗而闻名。2022年01月25日，nginx 1.21.6发布。

Nginx是一款轻量级的Web 服务器/反向代理服务器及电子邮件（IMAP/POP3）代理服务器，在BSD-like 协议下发行。其特点是占有内存少，并发能力强，事实上nginx的并发能力在同类型的网页服务器中表现较好。支持高达五万个并发连接数。

（2）反向代理

nginx 不仅可以做反向代理，实现负载均衡，还可以做正向代理

正向代理：《用户访问谷歌》用户需要通过一个代理服务器（配置一个代理服务器）访问谷歌

反向代理：用户需要不需要配置代理服务器，由服务器选择对应的服务器

（3）负载均衡

将服务器的请求，分发到不同的服务器上

（4）动静分离

将服务器的动态资源和静态的资源交给不同的服务器解析。

2.nginx安装、常用命令和配置文件

（1）在linux系统中安装nginx

1.官网下载nginx

http://nginx.org/en/download.html

2、安装nginx相关的依赖

1.安装c

yum -y install gcc-c++

查看是否安装成功

gcc -v

2.安装pcre

wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/pcre/pcre/8.37/pcre-8.37.tar.gz

cd pcre-8.37
./configure

查看是否安装成功

pcre-config --version

（3）.安装其他的

yum -y install make zlib zlib-devel gcc-c++ libtool openssl  openssl-devel

3.安装nginx

解压

1 cd nginx
2 ./configure
3 make && make install

安装成功后会在/usr多出一个文件夹叫local/nginx，文件中sbin中有nginx的启动命令

启动nginx

cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin
./nginx

查看启动状态

ps -ef | grep nginx

浏览器访问http://192.168.72.6/

查看防火墙开放的端口号

firewall-cmd --list-all

开放端口号

sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=80/tcp --permanent

重启防火墙

firewall-cmd --reload

（2）nginx常用命令

使用nginx操作命令的前提条件：进入/usr/local/nginx/sbin

cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin

1.查看nginx的版本号

./nginx -v

2.启动nginx

./nginx

3.关闭nginx

./nginx -s stop

4.重启nginx

./nginx -s reload

（3）nginx配置文件

位置：./usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}
}

nginx有三部分：

第一部份全局快

主要设置一些影响nginx服务器整体运行的配置指令

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;  #nginx处理并发的数量，值越大，处理的并发量越多

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;

第二部分 events块

events {
    worker_connections  1024;#用户连接数量
}

第三部分 http块

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;  #监听80端口
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {       #路径
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}
}

3.nginx配置实例 1-反向代理

1、实现效果

（1）打开浏览器，在浏览器输入www.123.com,跳转到Tomcat主页面

2、准备工作

（2）在linux中安装Tomcat默认端口号8080

解压Tomcat进入bin启动Tomcat：./startup.sh

(3)在windows浏览器访问Tomcat

第一步：

在Windows系统的C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc下的hosts文件加上一个域名映射

192.168.72.6 www.123.com

第二步：

修改：nginx的配置文件

        listen       80;
        server_name  192.168.72.6;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            proxy_pass  http://127.0.0.1:8080
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

.nginx配置实例 2-反向代理

效果：

访问 http://127.0.0.1:9001/vod/ 直接跳到127.0.0.1:8080

访问 http://127.0.0.1:9001/edu/ 直接跳到127.0.0.1:8081

2.准备工作

（1）准备两个Tomcat服务器

在8080的Tomcat的webapps文件夹下新建一个vod目录里面放一个a.html

在8080的Tomcat的webapps文件夹下新建一个edu目录里面放一个a.html

修改：nginx的配置文件

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  192.168.72.6;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            proxy_pass  http://127.0.0.1:8080;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
     server {
        listen       9001;
        server_name  192.168.72.6;

        location ~ /edu  {
            proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8081;
        }
        location ~ /vod  {
            proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
        }
    }


        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

4.nginx配置实例 2-负载均衡

(1)浏览器地址栏输入地址http://192.168.17.129/edu/a.html,负载均衡效果，平均到8080和8081

2.准备工作

（1）准备两台Tomcat服务器，8080和8081

（2）在两台Tomcat服务器webapps目录中，创建edu文件夹，用于测试

（3）在nginx配置文件中进行负载均衡

upstream myserver{
server 192.168.72.6:8080 weight=1;
server 192.168.72.6:8081 weight=1;
}

server_name 192.168.72.6;

location / {
root html;
proxy_pass http://myserver;
index index.html index.htm;
}

http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;
    upstream myserver{
        server 192.168.72.6:8080 weight=1;
        server 192.168.72.6:8081 weight=1;
   }
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  192.168.72.6;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            proxy_pass  http://myserver;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
        ....
}

负载均衡策略：

1.轮询（默认）

2.权重（weight）

   upstream myserver{
        server 192.168.72.6:8080 weight=1;
        server 192.168.72.6:8081 weight=1;
   }

权重最高的先访问

3.ip_hash

   upstream myserver{
        ip_hash;
        server 192.168.72.6:8080;
        server 192.168.72.6:8081;
   }

用户第一次访问哪台服务器，会一直访问哪台服务器

4.fair(第三方)

 upstream myserver{
        server 192.168.72.6:8080;
        server 192.168.72.6:8081;
        fair;
   }

根据服务器的响应时间分配

5.nginx配置实例 3-动静分离

6.配置高可用的集群

7.nginx原理

发表于 2022-11-14 08:41 越努力ヾ越幸运阅读(75) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报

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nginx

nginx

1.nginx基本概念

（1）nginx是什么，做什么事情。

（2）反向代理

（3）负载均衡

（4）动静分离

2.nginx安装、常用命令和配置文件

（1）在linux系统中安装nginx

（2）nginx常用命令

（3）nginx配置文件

3.nginx配置实例 1-反向代理

.nginx配置实例 2-反向代理

4.nginx配置实例 2-负载均衡

5.nginx配置实例 3-动静分离

6.配置高可用的集群

7.nginx原理