Arguedo

目录

• • Normative Statements
  • Descriptive Statements
    • Descriptive General Statements（广泛性的）
    • Descriptive Particular Statements（具体的，特例）
  • Why
  • Which questions should i ask
  • Descriptive Particular Statements
    • How do you know this?
    • So what? What is the relevance of this?
    • Why do you say this here and now?
  • Descriptive General Statements
    • 上面三个都有
    • What is an example of this?
    • What is a counter-example of this?
    • How? By what mechanism does this happen?
  • Normative Statements
    • 上面三个都有
    • For what purpose?
    • Under what conditions is this true/false?
• 回答
  • manthos
  • Joanna

Understand and identify the different types of statements:

• Normative statements
• Descriptive general statements
• Descriptive particular statements

Normative Statements

• claim we should/must/ought to do something or

• that something is ‘good’ or ‘bad’

• E.g. We should make English a non-required course in primary, secondary, and university education in China.

强调我们应该去做什么，强调人要去做什么

出现了关键词应该

Descriptive Statements

• are anything that is not a normative statement!
• of ‘fact’ or ‘opinion’ claiming that something is ‘true’.

事实性，陈述句的导向

Descriptive General Statements（广泛性的）

• E.g.
• Schools are placing too much emphasis on English.

一类事物，不带有修饰词

Descriptive Particular Statements（具体的，特例）

• E.g.
• Public primary school number 1 is placing too much emphasis on English.

带有定语从句的，带有修饰词修饰某一类事物的

Why

在arguendo里面

他把

Why do you believe this? ----> How do you know this?

Why should we do this? -----> For what purpose?

Which questions should i ask

Descriptive Particular Statements

How do you know this?

为什么你会相信这个事情是真的呢？你从哪里看到的

你怎么知道这个事实的呢？

So what? What is the relevance of this?

为什么你认为你的陈述和你的观点或者对话有联系

Why do you say this here and now?

为什么你在这个地方说这个陈述呢？

These questions should not be used with the root statement. They are not appropriate because root statements are the basis of the argument, and therefore relevant.

Descriptive General Statements

上面三个都有

What is an example of this?

支持你论点的例子是什么

What is a counter-example of this?

你的论点存在反例么

How? By what mechanism does this happen?

The question asks for the mechanism or principle that explains why the statement is true

出现这个事情的机制是什么，为什么会这样成立

Normative Statements

上面三个都有

For what purpose?

why should we do this?

Under what conditions is this true/false?

在什么条件下才有可能成立

The question asks for the conditions under which the statement is true or valid,

i.e. the assumptions that need to be true for the statement to be true.

回答

Good answers are:

• Responsive: they answer the question asked.
• Relevant: they apply to the topic or point being discussed.
• Informative: they give us some useful information on which to
  continue the discussion.

manthos

Joanna