所有需要账户登录的website 基本都会想到这样一个问题, 如何保持用户在一定时间内登录有效。
最近本人就在项目中遇到这样的需求,某些页面只能Admin账户登录后访问, 当登录Admin账户后如何才能保持登录信息呢?
用Cookie或者Session来保存登录信息已经是一种比较成熟的技术。但是对于账户信息如果把明文放在Cookie里面显然是非常危险的。
今天给大家分享一下自己在项目中用到的一些加密解密技术。
Cookie 是以key-value的形式存数据。对于账户信息而言最简单的是 UserName 和 Password
如果以明文的形式放到Cookie 比如
UserName=fakeUser
Password=fakePsd
考虑到安全性的问题,显然没有任何website会这样做。
那么是否可以把这几个字段都加密呢?
对 Key 的加密
对key字段像UserName, Password只需要在Server端加密并保存即可,甚至都无需还原成明文。
input) { byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input.Trim().ToLowerInvariant()); using (var md5 = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider()) { data = md5.ComputeHash(data); } var ret = new StringBuilder(); foreach (byte b in data) { ret.Append(b.ToString("x2").ToLowerInvariant()); } return ret.ToString(); }
例如计算出UserName 和 Password的 MD5 hash 值,Cookie形式就可以表示成
ee11cbb19052e40b07aac0ca060c23ee=fakeUser
5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99=fakePsd
相比没有加密前安全性是不是高了那么一点点,但这肯定还是不够。我们最终的目标是对所有字段加密。
对Value的加密
对value字段加密就不能是单向的,试想一下如果在Server端对用户名加密放到Cookie再传到Client端, 看起来OK. 当Client端的cookie再传回Server端时,如果不能解密Encode后的用户名那么Cookie就等于失效了。
一个非常简单的算法就是用过异或来实现加密解密,比如提供一个秘钥 X,
encode_data = data ^ X
decode_data = encode_data ^ X
则 data == decode_data.
目前 .NET 提供不了不少对称加密算法都直接以dll 的形式给出了。.NET 中提供的对称加密算法都继承基类SymmetricAlgorithm
具体代码可以直接调用他们的子类像
TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider
MSDN 上已经提供了的代码案例,这里就不再给出Test Sample.
为了能够灵活的运用到项目中本人就封装了一些接口
// 定义加密解密的接口 public interface IEncryptionProvider { byte[] Key { get; } byte[] IV { get; } Encoding Encoding { get; } string Encrypt(string data); string Decrypt(string encodeData); }
//加密解密抽象基类 public abstract class BaseEncryptionProvider : IEncryptionProvider { protected byte[] _keyBytes; protected byte[] _IVBytes; public byte[] Key { get { if (this._keyBytes == null) { this.GenerateKeyIV(); } return this._keyBytes; } } public byte[] IV { get { if (this._IVBytes == null) { this.GenerateKeyIV(); } return this._IVBytes; } } private Encoding _encoding; public Encoding Encoding { get { return this._encoding ?? Encoding.UTF8; } set { this._encoding = value; } } public string Encrypt(string data) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(data)) { throw new ArgumentNullException("data"); } byte[] bytes = this.Encoding.GetBytes(data); var encodedBytes = this.EncryptImpl(bytes); return this.PostEncrypt(encodedBytes); } public string Decrypt(string encodeData) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(encodeData)) { throw new ArgumentNullException("encodeData"); } var bytes = this.PreDecrypt(encodeData); var decodeBytes = this.DecryptImpl(bytes); return this.Encoding.GetString(decodeBytes); } //加密算法的实现函数 protected abstract byte[] EncryptImpl(byte[] bytes); //解密算法的实现函数 protected abstract byte[] DecryptImpl(byte[] bytes); public virtual string PostEncrypt(byte[] bytes) { return System.Convert.ToBase64String(bytes); } public virtual byte[] PreDecrypt(string input) { return System.Convert.FromBase64String(input); } public abstract void GenerateKeyIV(); }
//异或加密算法类 public class EOREncryptionProvider : BaseEncryptionProvider { private string _key; public EOREncryptionProvider(string key) { if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(key)) { throw new ArgumentNullException("key"); } this._key = key; } public override void GenerateKeyIV() { this._keyBytes = this.Encoding.GetBytes(this._key); this._IVBytes = this.Encoding.GetBytes(this._key); } //考虑到秘钥长度以及数据长度等因素 具体实现算法多种多样 protected override byte[] EncryptImpl(byte[] dataBytes) { int dataLength = dataBytes.Length; int keyLength = this.Key.Length; for (var i = 0; i < dataLength; i++) { if (i < keyLength) { dataBytes[i] ^= this.Key[i]; } else { dataBytes[i] ^= this.Key[keyLength - 1]; } } return dataBytes; } protected override byte[] DecryptImpl(byte[] dataBytes) { int dataLength = dataBytes.Length; int IVLength = this.IV.Length; for (var i = 0; i < dataLength; i++) { if (i < IVLength) { dataBytes[i] ^= this.IV[i]; } else { dataBytes[i] ^= this.IV[IVLength - 1]; } } return dataBytes; } }
// .Net 内置加密算法的封装 public class SymmetricAlgoEncryptionProvider : BaseEncryptionProvider { private SymmetricAlgorithm _symmetricAlgorithm; public SymmetricAlgoEncryptionProvider(SymmetricAlgorithm providerImpl) { if (providerImpl == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("providerImpl"); } this._symmetricAlgorithm = providerImpl; this._symmetricAlgorithm.Padding = PaddingMode.ISO10126; } protected override byte[] EncryptImpl(byte[] bytes) { byte[] encryptedData; using (var input = new MemoryStream(bytes)) using (var output = new MemoryStream()) { var encryptor = this._symmetricAlgorithm.CreateEncryptor(this.Key, this.IV); using (var cryptStream = new CryptoStream(output, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write)) { var buffer = new byte[1024]; var read = input.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); while (read > 0) { cryptStream.Write(buffer, 0, read); read = input.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); } cryptStream.FlushFinalBlock(); encryptedData = output.ToArray(); } } return encryptedData; } protected override byte[] DecryptImpl(byte[] bytes) { byte[] result; using (var input = new MemoryStream(bytes)) using (var output = new MemoryStream()) { var decryptor = this._symmetricAlgorithm.CreateDecryptor(this.Key, this.IV); using (var cryptStream = new CryptoStream(input, decryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Read)) { var buffer = new byte[1024]; var read = cryptStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); while (read > 0) { output.Write(buffer, 0, read); read = cryptStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length); } cryptStream.Flush(); result = output.ToArray(); } } return result; } public override void GenerateKeyIV() { this._symmetricAlgorithm.GenerateKey(); this._symmetricAlgorithm.GenerateIV(); this._keyBytes = this._symmetricAlgorithm.Key; this._IVBytes = this._symmetricAlgorithm.IV; }
}
最后可以这样调用
static void Main(string[] args) { IEncryptionProvider provider = new EOREncryptionProvider("this is the key"); string data = "fakeUser"; string encodeData = provider.Encrypt(data); Console.WriteLine("encodeData:{0}", encodeData); string decodeData = provider.Decrypt(encodeData); Console.WriteLine("decodeData:{0}", decodeData); provider = new SymmetricAlgoEncryptionProvider(new TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider()); encodeData = provider.Encrypt(data); Console.WriteLine("encodeData:{0}", encodeData); decodeData = provider.Decrypt(encodeData); Console.WriteLine("decodeData:{0}", decodeData); }
最后Cookie形式就可以表示成
ee11cbb19052e40b07aac0ca060c23ee=EgkCFnUaFlI
5f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf99=vDwCZGvezDfudh91hRsiow
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