接口测试协议分析和代理抓包
接口测试必要性
接口测试不能做什么
❖ 接⼜测试不能解决移动端的质量
❖ 仍然需要⽤户端的测试
七层网络模型与常见协议
网络监听：Tcpdump + Wireshark分析TCP协议
Wireshark
下载安装：https://www.wireshark.org/download.html
Tcpdump
Linux和mac系统自带
- tcpdump是什么？
用简单的话来定义tcpdump，就是：dump the traffic on a network，根据使用者的定义对网络上的数据包进行截获的包分析工具。 tcpdump可以将网络中传送的数据包的“头”完全截获下来提供分析。它支持针对网络层、协议、主机、网络或端口的过滤，并提供and、or、not等逻辑语句来帮助你去掉无用的信息。
https://www.cnblogs.com/ggjucheng/archive/2012/01/14/2322659.html - 开启tcpdump 网络监听
sudo tcpdump -Al host www.baidu.com 5 -v -w /tmp/baidu1.txt
-v显示日志，
-w 表示将监听的内容保存到本地，保存tmp目录下baidu1.txt文件
host 要监听的主机
port 要监听的端口
Al A:以ascii的方式显示数据包，抓取web数据时很有用;l:使用标准格式进行输出 - 使用curl命令发送请求
curl http://www.baidu.com - 使用wireshark打开baidu1.txt文件
ps：windows系统需要下载windump： https://www.winpcap.org/windump/
curl命令
curl用法指南 https://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2019/09/curl-reference.html
- chrome中的copy as curl
- 通过参数指定wd的编码
curl -G url https://www.baidu.com --data-urlencode "wd:霍格沃兹测试学院"
curl --help
curl常用参数
-G 将参数携带在url里边
--data -urlcode 将参数进行编码
-s 静默输出
-o 将输出内容保存到本地
-v 打印详细发送的日志
-d 发送post请求时，携带的数据体
-I 打印头信息
-X 设置代理
curl命令使用文档
Usage: curl [options...] <url>
Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
--anyauth Pick "any" authentication method (H)
-a, --append Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
--basic Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
--cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
--capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
-E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)
--cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
--ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
--compressed Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
-K, --config FILE Specify which config file to read
--connect-timeout SECONDS Maximum time allowed for connection
-C, --continue-at OFFSET Resumed transfer offset
-b, --cookie STRING/FILE String or file to read cookies from (H)
-c, --cookie-jar FILE Write cookies to this file after operation (H)
--create-dirs Create necessary local directory hierarchy
--crlf Convert LF to CRLF in upload
--crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
-d, --data DATA HTTP POST data (H)
--data-ascii DATA HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
--data-binary DATA HTTP POST binary data (H)
--data-urlencode DATA HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
--delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission
--digest Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
--disable-eprt Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
--disable-epsv Inhibit using EPSV (F)
-D, --dump-header FILE Write the headers to this file
--egd-file FILE EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
--engine ENGINGE Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list" for list
-f, --fail Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
-F, --form CONTENT Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
--form-string STRING Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
--ftp-account DATA Account data string (F)
--ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
--ftp-create-dirs Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
--ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)
--ftp-pasv Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
-P, --ftp-port ADR Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)
--ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)
--ftp-pret Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)
--ftp-ssl-ccc Send CCC after authenticating (F)
--ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE Set CCC mode (F)
--ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for ftp login, clear for transfer (F)
-G, --get Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)
-g, --globoff Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
-H, --header LINE Custom header to pass to server (H)
-I, --head Show document info only
-h, --help This help text
--hostpubmd5 MD5 Hex encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)
-0, --http1.0 Use HTTP 1.0 (H)
--ignore-content-length Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header
-i, --include Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)
-k, --insecure Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)
--interface INTERFACE Specify network interface/address to use
-4, --ipv4 Resolve name to IPv4 address
-6, --ipv6 Resolve name to IPv6 address
-j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)
--keepalive-time SECONDS Interval between keepalive probes
--key KEY Private key file name (SSL/SSH)
--key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
--krb LEVEL Enable Kerberos with specified security level (F)
--libcurl FILE Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
--limit-rate RATE Limit transfer speed to this rate
-l, --list-only List only names of an FTP directory (F)
--local-port RANGE Force use of these local port numbers
-L, --location Follow redirects (H)
--location-trusted like --location and send auth to other hosts (H)
-M, --manual Display the full manual
--mail-from FROM Mail from this address
--mail-rcpt TO Mail to this receiver(s)
--mail-auth AUTH Originator address of the original email
--max-filesize BYTES Maximum file size to download (H/F)
--max-redirs NUM Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)
-m, --max-time SECONDS Maximum time allowed for the transfer
--metalink Process given URLs as metalink XML file
--negotiate Use HTTP Negotiate Authentication (H)
-n, --netrc Must read .netrc for user name and password
--netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n
--netrc-file FILE Set up the netrc filename to use
-N, --no-buffer Disable buffering of the output stream
--no-keepalive Disable keepalive use on the connection
--no-sessionid Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)
--noproxy List of hosts which do not use proxy
--ntlm Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)
-o, --output FILE Write output to <file> instead of stdout
--pass PASS Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)
--post301 Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)
--post302 Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)
--post303 Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)
-#, --progress-bar Display transfer progress as a progress bar
--proto PROTOCOLS Enable/disable specified protocols
--proto-redir PROTOCOLS Enable/disable specified protocols on redirect
-x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port
--proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)
--proxy-basic Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)
--proxy-digest Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)
--proxy-negotiate Use Negotiate authentication on the proxy (H)
--proxy-ntlm Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)
-U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD] Proxy user and password
--proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT] Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
-p, --proxytunnel Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
--pubkey KEY Public key file name (SSH)
-Q, --quote CMD Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)
--random-file FILE File for reading random data from (SSL)
-r, --range RANGE Retrieve only the bytes within a range
--raw Do HTTP "raw", without any transfer decoding (H)
-e, --referer Referer URL (H)
-J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)
-O, --remote-name Write output to a file named as the remote file
--remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs
-R, --remote-time Set the remote file's time on the local output
-X, --request COMMAND Specify request command to use
--resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS
--retry NUM Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur
--retry-delay SECONDS When retrying, wait this many seconds between each
--retry-max-time SECONDS Retry only within this period
-S, --show-error Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur
-s, --silent Silent mode. Don't output anything
--socks4 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
--socks4a HOST[:PORT] SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
--socks5 HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
--socks5-basic Enable username/password auth for SOCKS5 proxies
--socks5-gssapi Enable GSS-API auth for SOCKS5 proxies
--socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
--socks5-gssapi-service NAME SOCKS5 proxy service name for gssapi
--socks5-gssapi-nec Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
-Y, --speed-limit RATE Stop transfers below speed-limit for 'speed-time' secs
-y, --speed-time SECONDS Time for trig speed-limit abort. Defaults to 30
--ssl Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
--ssl-reqd Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
-2, --sslv2 Use SSLv2 (SSL)
-3, --sslv3 Use SSLv3 (SSL)
--ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)
--stderr FILE Where to redirect stderr. - means stdout
--tcp-nodelay Use the TCP_NODELAY option
-t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL Set telnet option
--tftp-blksize VALUE Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)
-z, --time-cond TIME Transfer based on a time condition
-1, --tlsv1 Use => TLSv1 (SSL)
--tlsv1.0 Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)
--tlsv1.1 Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)
--tlsv1.2 Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)
--trace FILE Write a debug trace to the given file
--trace-ascii FILE Like --trace but without the hex output
--trace-time Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
--tr-encoding Request compressed transfer encoding (H)
-T, --upload-file FILE Transfer FILE to destination
--url URL URL to work with
-B, --use-ascii Use ASCII/text transfer
-u, --user USER[:PASSWORD] Server user and password
--tlsuser USER TLS username
--tlspassword STRING TLS password
--tlsauthtype STRING TLS authentication type (default SRP)
--unix-socket FILE Connect through this UNIX domain socket
-A, --user-agent STRING User-Agent to send to server (H)
-v, --verbose Make the operation more talkative
-V, --version Show version number and quit
-w, --write-out FORMAT What to output after completion
--xattr Store metadata in extended file attributes
-q If used as the first parameter disables .curlrc
阮一峰curl网站开发指南
http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2011/09/curl.html
http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2019/09/curl-reference.html
客户端模拟请求⼯具
- nc
nc www.baidu.com 80 -v
GET / HTTP/1.0
Host: www.baidu.com
nc需要安装命令
- telnet（windows系统使用）
telnet www.baidu.com 80
GET / HTTP/1.0
Host: www.baidu.com
- curl 最常使⽤的http请求⼯具
- postman 综合性的http协议测试⼯具
get和post
搭建demo server环境，使用以下代码
from flask import Flask, session, request, Request, make_response
app = Flask(__name__)
request: Request
app.secret_key = "key"
app.route("/request", methods=['POST', 'GET'])
def hello():
query = request.args
post = request.form
return f"query: {query}\n" \
f"post: {post}"
@app.route("/session")
def session_handle():
for k, v in request.args.items():
session[k] = v
resp = make_response({k: v for k, v in session.items()})
for k, v in request.args.items():
resp.set_cookie(f"cookie_{k}", v)
return resp
启动服务
set FLASK_APP=D:\Test\python\hogwarts_TD\demo\flaskdemo.py
flask run
浏览器访问 http://127.0.0.1:5000/request
发送get与post请求
curl -s ‘http://127.0.0.1:5000/request?a=1&b=2 4’ -v &>/tmp/get
curl -s ‘http://127.0.0.1:5000/request?a=1&b=2 4’ -d “a=3&b=4” -v &>/tmp/post
diff对比
get与post的区别总结
❖ http的method字段不同
❖ post可以附加body，可以⽀持form、json、xml、binary等各种数据格式
❖ ⾏业通⽤的规范
❖ ⽆状态变化的建议使⽤get请求
❖ 数据的写⼊与状态修改建议⽤post
cookie、seesion和token
cookie与session的区别
普通get请求与设置session的get请求diff
❖ cookie：浏览器接受服务器的Set-Cookie指令，并把cookie保存到电脑上，每
个⽹站保存的cookie只作⽤于⾃⼰的⽹站
❖ session：数据存储到服务端，只把关联数据的⼀个加密串放到cookie中标记
token应⽤场景
❖ 凭借认证信息获取token，或者通过后台配置好token
企业微信，获取token的api
在github上创建token
❖ 在相关请求中使⽤token，多数是以query参数的形态提供
企业微信获取token后，使用token
❖https://qyapi.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user/create?
access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN
❖ https://qyapi.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/department/create?
access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN
session与token的区别
❖ token是⼀个⽤户请求时附带的请求字段，⽤于验证⾝份与权限
❖ session可以基于cookie，也可以基于query参数，⽤于关联⽤户相关数据
❖ 跨端应⽤的时候，⽐如android原⽣系统不⽀持cookie
❖ 需要⽤token识别⽤户
❖ 需要⽤把sessionid保存到http请求中的header或者query字段中
URL 链接中 井号#、问号?、连接符& 分别有什么作用？
https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43582101/article/details/90695881?depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-BlogCommendFromMachineLearnPai2-1&utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-BlogCommendFromMachineLearnPai2-1
一、井号
井号#：表示网页中的一个位置，被称之为锚点，常用于某个网页间不同位置的跳转，简单的说就是在一个网页中，URL 不变的情况下，通过添加“#buy”的字符在 URL 最后可以跳转到当前网页中已经定义好的锚点（id=“buy”）位置；
同样#的改变也会增加浏览器的历史记录，也就是说我们可以通过“后退”按钮回到上一个位置，而熟悉网页开发的朋友们可能也会用于 ajax 的一些操作中，以此来实现不同的访问状态和改变页面访问内容，从而也可以实现那种无刷新载入的效果。
例如：https://zhan.leiue.com/fanly-mip.html#buy （访问该链接就可以直接跳转到 Fanly MIP 主题页面的购买位置哦）
二、问号
问号?：常用于动态网站，实现不同的参数值而生成不同的页面或者返回不同的结果，
例如 WordPress 的动态链接就是/?p=ID，其中的 p 就表示 post 文章，ID 就表示文章的 ID，从而可以通过文章的 ID 来访问不同的文章。
当然我们还常用的就是通过问号+任意参数来实现页面的刷新，从而获得最新的页面或者缓存的刷新
例如：https://i.leiue.com/avatar/?size=100 （访问该链接就可以获得泪雪用户中心默认的用户头像，并且其 size 就是图像像素大小，所以就会是一个 100px 的头像显示）
三、连接
连接符&：既然被叫做是链接符号，那就是连接的作用，也可以说是不同参数的间隔符，一般与问号结合使用，一个动态 URL 链接中以问号开始第一个参数，同&连接符来串联多个参数和值。
例如：https://i.leiue.com/avatar/?size=100&time=20171120 （还是以泪雪个人中心的头像举例，因为头像是有缓存功能的，如果用户修改了头像后，访问原来的地址可能就会存在头像未修改的情况，那么我们在保证要获得 100px 大小的头像并且要刷新缓存就可以使用连接符&多添加一个任意的参数，以此来获取最新的头像）
代理工具Charles
Map Remote
Map Local
Rewrite
修改雪球列表页股票的列表内容，修改为上千只股票
raw=$(cat /tmp/stock.json)
raw=$(echo $raw |jq '.data.items+=.data.items'| jq '.data.items_size+=.data.items_size' )
raw=$(cat /d/Test/hogwarts/接口测试/stock.json)
https://stedolan.github.io/jq/#
