0 写在前面 在茫茫沙漠,唯有前时进的脚步才是期望的象征。
雷达天线会分两节内容介绍,本节介绍天线基本概念和机械扫描模式,下节介绍电扫和混合模式天线。
1 基本介绍 天线功能与雷达方程: 天线是发射或接收无线电波的装置,辐射电磁波由电场和磁场组成,电场和磁场共同满足麦克斯韦方程;将微波辐射直接指向所需方向,抑制其他方向;设计用于最佳增益(方向性)和发射或接收过程中的最小能量损失。
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-113aa05efbd9492eaf90a7fb9c7797ad_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2100" data-rawheight="640" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2100" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-113aa05efbd9492eaf90a7fb9c7797ad_r.jpg"/> 雷达天线有多种尺寸和形状:
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-447477fccf6519f1dabc39beb967d219_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2244" data-rawheight="1358" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2244" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-447477fccf6519f1dabc39beb967d219_r.jpg"/> 2 天线基础 2.1 基本概念 天线类型树:
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-3e628e73644d0be748917426d857b7ad_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2242" data-rawheight="1346" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2242" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-3e628e73644d0be748917426d857b7ad_r.jpg"/> 电磁场的产生与计算方法: 辐射机制:辐射是由电荷加速或时变电流产生的;加速度由外力引起瞬态(脉冲);时间谐波源(振荡电荷)。电磁波是通过对天线/目标上的源电流进行积分(integrating source currents)来计算的:导体上的电流或孔隙上的磁电流(横向电场)。可以使用数值技术对源电流进行建模和计算:(e.g. Method of Moments, Finite Difference-Time Domain Methods) 。
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-b228fcee8dd1ff3fa6a84f488518d5c7_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2110" data-rawheight="538" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2110" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-b228fcee8dd1ff3fa6a84f488518d5c7_r.jpg"/> 天线和雷达截面分析使用“相量表示”(Phasor Representation) :通过傅立叶分析,任何时间变化都可以表示为谐波解的叠。
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-90116b84005bf5d7d9857340a32ee5ee_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2040" data-rawheight="1056" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2040" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-90116b84005bf5d7d9857340a32ee5ee_r.jpg"/> 2.2 场区域 辐射区域: 近场球面波,远场平面波。
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-0ba958d600965911fd2fe8a301a25ebc_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2140" data-rawheight="1176" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2140" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-0ba958d600965911fd2fe8a301a25ebc_r.jpg"/> 场区域:
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-82648c04f48d82c90d7ec18ee543a7d1_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2212" data-rawheight="1362" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2212" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-82648c04f48d82c90d7ec18ee543a7d1_r.jpg"/> 远场电磁波特性 :在远场中,球面波可以近似为平面波;远场中没有径向场分量。
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-29149498aba8b492b600ae08bc9a87f4_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2184" data-rawheight="1356" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2184" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-29149498aba8b492b600ae08bc9a87f4_r.jpg"/> 2.3 电磁场方程 自由空间传播 : 大多数电磁波是由局部源产生的,并以球面波的形式扩展到自由空间;在远场中,当与源的距离很大时,当它们撞击目标并将能量散射回雷达时,它们可以很好地被平面波近似。
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-9d6344eaba8d853c520d80c1bd280abf_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2000" data-rawheight="500" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2000" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-9d6344eaba8d853c520d80c1bd280abf_r.jpg"/> 电磁波的传输模式:Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode ;Transverse electric (TE) mode ;Transverse magnetic (TM) mode ;Hybrid transmission modes 。
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-078dc5f4d1dc99ecb7f1a5adb7700789_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2106" data-rawheight="1212" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2106" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-078dc5f4d1dc99ecb7f1a5adb7700789_r.jpg"/> 指向矢量-功率密度:
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-60ca2940d4632da31a96329fe8c548fe_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2066" data-rawheight="1212" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2066" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-60ca2940d4632da31a96329fe8c548fe_r.jpg"/> 辐射强度和辐射功率:
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-bc361a205daf1077385e6641b1106423_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1998" data-rawheight="1306" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1998" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-bc361a205daf1077385e6641b1106423_r.jpg"/> 2.4 极化 天线极化: 由沿辐射方向观察到的电场矢量在时间上传播时的行为定义;圆极化用于天气变化情况;水平极化用于远程空中搜索的水平搜索,以获得地面反射直接辐射。
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-b562470c083573748d03297cd66f5122_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2120" data-rawheight="1346" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2120" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-b562470c083573748d03297cd66f5122_r.jpg"/> 极化 :
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-25c59becd56b6402f8e34da764b7c5ed_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2190" data-rawheight="1286" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2190" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-25c59becd56b6402f8e34da764b7c5ed_r.jpg"/> 圆极化:
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f26e92a215dee26ab05d49e456323d6e_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2134" data-rawheight="1312" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2134" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f26e92a215dee26ab05d49e456323d6e_r.jpg"/> <img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-85fad5cb87eefd520dc2bbef3c97b8b1_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2070" data-rawheight="1298" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2070" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-85fad5cb87eefd520dc2bbef3c97b8b1_r.jpg"/> 2.5 方向性与增益 天线增益: 天线在给定方向上的辐射强度高于各向同性源的辐射强度。
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-de15a77f497d54dcae70660bededa46b_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2232" data-rawheight="1348" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2232" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-de15a77f497d54dcae70660bededa46b_r.jpg"/> 方向性和增益:
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ec7e2d6ef49dfdeb3f4399ecaa81caae_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2142" data-rawheight="1330" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2142" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ec7e2d6ef49dfdeb3f4399ecaa81caae_r.jpg"/> Example – Half Wavelength Dipole :
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-4d444a16d81381f8961f5132819b3d15_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2222" data-rawheight="1388" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2222" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-4d444a16d81381f8961f5132819b3d15_r.jpg"/> 2.6 天线输入阻抗 天线输入阻抗1:
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4d61a2219703db3666cf04a4432ced6b_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2130" data-rawheight="1218" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2130" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-4d61a2219703db3666cf04a4432ced6b_r.jpg"/> 天线输入阻抗2:
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-5024199f15efec32691b615f7a886e41_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2146" data-rawheight="1286" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2146" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-5024199f15efec32691b615f7a886e41_r.jpg"/> 3 反射天线-机械扫描 3.1 基本天线特性和几何结构 天线方向图特性:
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-c47c97036134c0a05e6c7bc3b1d7d0fd_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2146" data-rawheight="1354" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2146" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-c47c97036134c0a05e6c7bc3b1d7d0fd_r.jpg"/> 抛物面反射器天线: 反射器天线设计涉及最大化碟形照明,同时限制馈电及其支撑结构的溢出和阻塞之间的权衡;馈电天线的选择至关重要。
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d0d5e2c1ebb97556e59f8851de1b6670_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2192" data-rawheight="914" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2192" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-d0d5e2c1ebb97556e59f8851de1b6670_r.jpg"/> 孔径大小对增益的影响: 孔径变大,增益增加。
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-bacc92c9624779980c003d5e6ce15bd9_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2186" data-rawheight="1372" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2186" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-bacc92c9624779980c003d5e6ce15bd9_r.jpg"/> 孔径大小对波束宽度的影响 :Beamwidth decreases as aperture becomes electrically larger 。
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-2339be9e87de0c2890c766f00b8fbbe2_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2116" data-rawheight="1106" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2116" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-2339be9e87de0c2890c766f00b8fbbe2_r.jpg"/> 抛物面反射器天线:
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-b9ebd1e360f9b07ed412ffa8db106ddc_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2152" data-rawheight="1294" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2152" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-b9ebd1e360f9b07ed412ffa8db106ddc_r.jpg"/> 不同类型的雷达波束:
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-efcdecb806657b12f2315ddc86ab897d_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2138" data-rawheight="1206" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2138" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-efcdecb806657b12f2315ddc86ab897d_r.jpg"/> Reflector Comparison Kwajalein Missile Range Example :
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-62c9c20f886ed4cfb7b2482ab2152acc_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2138" data-rawheight="1316" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2138" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-62c9c20f886ed4cfb7b2482ab2152acc_r.jpg"/> 3. 2 溢出和堵塞(Spillover and Blockage) Antenna Spillover :
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-aa2712e9255781849584aed499562d28_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2200" data-rawheight="1348" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2200" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-aa2712e9255781849584aed499562d28_r.jpg"/> Effect of Aperture Blocking in a Parabolic Reflector Antenna :
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-c4b7454712467e86dd44c1e0bffc7d89_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2116" data-rawheight="1362" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2116" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-c4b7454712467e86dd44c1e0bffc7d89_r.jpg"/> Examples of Antenna Blockage :
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-5c1ed673310ba2ea2a2c8a68001b5237_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2228" data-rawheight="1354" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2228" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-5c1ed673310ba2ea2a2c8a68001b5237_r.jpg"/> 3.3 Aperture Illumination 线源天线辐射方向图:
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-5b39ca026c9561e3d09ea326bb7aafc2_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2202" data-rawheight="1254" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2202" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-5b39ca026c9561e3d09ea326bb7aafc2_r.jpg"/> 线源分布对天线方向图影响:
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-7bdd5b2b43d5eef3902e395cdf6736c2_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2106" data-rawheight="1254" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2106" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-7bdd5b2b43d5eef3902e395cdf6736c2_r.jpg"/> 线源的天线方向图对比:
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-2a7a7505b8f95eb698bdec44708e6f85_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2190" data-rawheight="1348" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2190" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-2a7a7505b8f95eb698bdec44708e6f85_r.jpg"/> Illumination of Two-Dimensional Apertures:
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-e5d0cef14066fe6f78521fdfb07819d6_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2182" data-rawheight="1316" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2182" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-e5d0cef14066fe6f78521fdfb07819d6_r.jpg"/> Uniformly Illuminated Circular Aperture :
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f6fdf39d8fc9b23813d26c3d61a7c5ce_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2226" data-rawheight="1312" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2226" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-f6fdf39d8fc9b23813d26c3d61a7c5ce_r.jpg"/> Radiation Pattern Characteristics for Various Aperture Distributions :
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-744958760e73916cfbbe339822737612_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2206" data-rawheight="1328" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2206" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-744958760e73916cfbbe339822737612_r.jpg"/> Taper Efficiency, Spillover, Blockage, and Total Loss vs. Feed Pattern Edge Taper :Reflector Design is a Tradeoff of Aperture Illumination (Taper) Efficiency, Spillover and Feed Blockage 。
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-76fb788f6506c54013d60df09d033b2b_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2154" data-rawheight="1142" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2154" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-76fb788f6506c54013d60df09d033b2b_r.jpg"/> 3.4 不同的反射器馈电和反射器几何结构 反射天线馈电喇叭:
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-6176af82653566c37839947dd346cbc3_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2090" data-rawheight="1300" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2090" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-6176af82653566c37839947dd346cbc3_r.jpg"/> 卡塞格伦反射天线:
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6c6355be91d75a2c31acd10749780344_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2120" data-rawheight="1312" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2120" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-6c6355be91d75a2c31acd10749780344_r.jpg"/> 卡塞格伦馈源的优点: 较低的波导损耗,因为馈电不在抛物面的焦点处,而是在碟形天线附近。天线噪声温度低于抛物面焦点处的传统馈电。从天线馈电到接收器的波导长度更短。馈源溢出的旁瓣看到的是更冷的天空,而不是更温暖的地表(Sidelobe spillover from feed see colder sky rather than warmer earth )。单脉冲跟踪的最佳选择:复杂的单脉冲微波管道可以放置在反射器后面,以避免孔径阻塞的影响。
ALTAIR- Example of Cassegrain Feed :
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-6f05ccd4352c510c058991e8adf5f122_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2178" data-rawheight="1296" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2178" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-6f05ccd4352c510c058991e8adf5f122_r.jpg"/> 余弦平方型天线:
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-02699f1d95a235b1edd7e5c589e90519_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2112" data-rawheight="1208" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2112" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-02699f1d95a235b1edd7e5c589e90519_r.jpg"/> 具有余弦平方波束成形的天线方向图:
<img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-b07f7702b8181651465abcbf06a1648f_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2116" data-rawheight="1160" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2116" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-b07f7702b8181651465abcbf06a1648f_r.jpg"/> Patterns for Offset Feeds :
<img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-06c3e96752b37c39722c11fe5cb48eb0_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2216" data-rawheight="1276" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2216" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-06c3e96752b37c39722c11fe5cb48eb0_r.jpg"/> Example of Stacked Beam Antenna :
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ab9566d112388f19ffd286c511b12daa_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2172" data-rawheight="1314" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2172" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-ab9566d112388f19ffd286c511b12daa_r.jpg"/> <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-27fd04fb23de395f5c7715075ea5425f_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2102" data-rawheight="880" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2102" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-27fd04fb23de395f5c7715075ea5425f_r.jpg"/> 扫描馈电反射器天线:
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-00d8e588ba938fa3e7dd7b64dc147e52_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1974" data-rawheight="1270" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1974" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-00d8e588ba938fa3e7dd7b64dc147e52_r.jpg"/> 扫描馈源反射器配置示例:
<img src="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-79859ae54e1740120521d4e34b3777be_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2126" data-rawheight="1246" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2126" data-original="https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-79859ae54e1740120521d4e34b3777be_r.jpg"/> Radar Example – Organ Pipe Scanner :
<img src="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-51f4b3b70e05b669aef375e09d7763b5_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="1808" data-rawheight="1174" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="1808" data-original="https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-51f4b3b70e05b669aef375e09d7763b5_r.jpg"/> <img src="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-360555db42ff8cbd5b216a38784adb40_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2062" data-rawheight="1082" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2062" data-original="https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-360555db42ff8cbd5b216a38784adb40_r.jpg"/> 4 总结讨论 <img src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-6052275708218e28b8cfaa3c876f5683_b.jpg" data-caption="" data-size="normal" data-rawwidth="2026" data-rawheight="1336" class="origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb" width="2026" data-original="https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-6052275708218e28b8cfaa3c876f5683_r.jpg"/> 5 参考文献 [1] 百度翻译
[2] MIT 公开课: Radar Systems Engineering