实验研究信标无线电能输出功率的因素

简 介: 通过实验,探究前后两版信标无限输出功率的差异。1.原因分析在开始认为这种差异可能来自于MCU 的限流控制。通过仔细对比MCU对于不同的电流采集的数值,两种单片机(STM32F030以及XM1008)的ADC之间的差异无论是偏移量还是比率都相差很小。最后通过对比两个电路板的LCC补偿电路的参数,发现串联电感相差很大:电感值分别是:4.22uH, 4.86uH绕制电感所使用的磁环:一个T104-2,一个是T94-2绕制铜线粗细:一个是200股,一个小于200股;最终通过替换对比发现更换了Ls之后,输出功率以及能量传输效率都会大大提高。因此影响无线电能传输的原因不在于MCU的差异,而是在于两个电路板上所使用的LCC中的电感不同。2.修改建议建议将电路板的LCC电感重新绕制,使得它的电感量达到4.6 ~ 4.8uH之间。尽量采用大的T104-2磁环进行绕制。

关键词 LCC无线充电智能车节能信标组

 

01 节能组输出功率限制


第十六届全国大学生智能车竞赛 室内比赛中有节能信标组。信标对外提供无线充电功能。 它采用150kHz的交流电磁耦合方式,限制最大输出功率50W

1.输出功率限制基本原理

节能信标采用半桥MOS管方波输出方波信号,使用LCC网络补偿驱动电感约为29

     μ 
    
   
     H 
    
   
  
    \mu H 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.87777em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.08125em;">H</span></span></span></span></span>发送线圈。</p> 

通过一个0.03Ω的电流采样电阻,通过 AD8217 进行差模放大之后(高分辨率,零漂移分流放大器,增益为26db【20×】),输入控制单片机进行ADC采样。根据 无线信标功能调试-2021-3-9-输出功率恒定限制 中的反馈控制算法,调节PWM的占空比来保证输出半桥的工作电流小于预先设定的电流值。

▲ 节能信标无线功率输出电路图

▲ 节能信标无线功率输出电路图

由于工作电压是恒定的(+24V),因此限制的输出MOS半桥的工作电流也就是限制了输出的功率。

2.两种不同单片机

(1)输出功率不同

在昨天 测试另外一个厂商的T254 高频功率MOS管 的时候,发现两种信标无线发送板在相同的 LCC补偿接收整流 方案下,输出的最大功率不同。

  • 一种电路板上的U6单片机使用的是 STM32F030F4
  • 另外一个电路板上使用的是国产替代芯片 XM1008K6T6 ;

使用XM1008K6T6的电路板输出功率只有27.5W,而STM32F030F4对应的电路板在同样的负载下输出46.35W。它们之间相差了:

      E 
     
    
      r 
     
    
      r 
     
    
      o 
     
    
      r 
     
    
      = 
     
     
      
      
        46.35 
       
      
        − 
       
      
        27.5 
       
      
     
       45.35 
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      40.7 
     
    
      % 
     
    
   
     Error = {<!-- -->{46.35 - 27.5} \over {45.35}} = 40.7\% 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 2.00744em; vertical-align: -0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.32144em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.686em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.80556em; vertical-align: -0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> 

▲ 信标控制板上的U6单片机控制无限输出功率

▲ 信标控制板上的U6单片机控制无限输出功率

这其中的原因就可能出现在XM1008K6T6在采集信号的过程中对应的ADC转换系数与STM32F030F4不相同。

(2)原因排查

对于相同的电路板,通过对于输出的电流信号进行实测,来对比两种MCU输出电流测量的大小。

最终通过修改输出程序中的电流限定值,来使得输出功率保持一致。

3.修改前测量

对于黑色阻焊层电路板进行修改和测量。在修改之前,测量该版本的输出功率。

测量数据:

负载电压(V):16.4
电源电流(A):2.3

测量分析:

输入功率:
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      24 
     
    
      × 
     
    
      2.3 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      55.2 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{in} = 24 \times 2.3 = 55.2W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.72777em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


输出功率:

       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      16. 
     
     
     
       4 
      
     
       2 
      
     
    
      / 
     
    
      10 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      26.9 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{out} = 16.4^2 /10 = 26.9W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.06411em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">4</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


功率传输效率:

      η 
     
    
      = 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      / 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      26.9 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      55.2 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      48.7 
     
    
      % 
     
    
   
     \eta = P_{in} /P_{out} = 26.9/55.2 = 48.7\% 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">η</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.80556em; vertical-align: -0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span></span> 

▲ 进行测试的电路板

▲ 进行测试的电路板

 

02 测量ADC采集数据


1.测量方案

(1)引出电阻负载

在C16引出电阻负载输出线,外部施加5欧姆的负载。通过改变Vbus的电压(10 ~ 24V)来改变输出电流的大小。测量不同输出电流下,U6(STM32F030F4,XM1008K6T6)采集的ADC的数值。

▲ 在C16引出电阻负载输出线,外部施加5欧姆的负载

▲ 在C16引出电阻负载输出线,外部施加5欧姆的负载

(2)读取ADC采样值

通过STM32BOOTLOADER命令窗口,使用 adc 命令获取ADC采样数值。

发送命令:

adc 100

} else IFARG0("adc") {
    UART1SendChar(0);
    unsigned int nNumber;
    sscanf(SDA(1), "%d", &nNumber);
    if(nNumber > 1000) nNumber = 1000;
    unsigned int i;
    unsigned short  nADC[2];
    for(i = 0; i < nNumber; i ++) {
        GetADCAverage(nADC);
        printf("%d ", nADC[0]);
        WaitTime(2);  
    }
    printf("\r\n");
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13

2.测量结果

下面分别对于两款不同的单片机采集到的电流分流电压信号。

(1)XM1008K6T6

【采集数据】

▲ Vbus电压与采集到的ADC数值

▲ Vbus电压与采集到的ADC数值

【线性拟合】
      a 
     
    
      d 
     
    
      c 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      68.64 
     
    
      V 
     
    
      + 
     
    
      11.47 
     
    
   
     adc = 68.64V + 11.47 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.69444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.76666em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">7</span></span></span></span></span></span></h5> 

(2)STM32F030F4

将原来电路板上的XM1008K6T6单片机更新的STM32F030F4。

▲ 将原来电路板上的XM1008K6T6单片机更新的STM32F030F4

▲ 将原来电路板上的XM1008K6T6单片机更新的STM32F030F4

【测量数据】

▲ Vbus电压与采集到的ADC数值

▲ Vbus电压与采集到的ADC数值

【线性拟合】

      a 
     
    
      d 
     
    
      c 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      68.45 
     
    
      V 
     
    
      − 
     
    
      5.75 
     
    
   
     adc = 68.45V - 5.75 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.69444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.76666em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> 

(3)对比测量结果

对比STM32030F4与XM1008K6对于相同电流测量的结果,可以看到ADC采集数值在偏移量上有 大约 17 的差别。

▲ 对比STM32与XM1008 ADC数值

▲ 对比STM32与XM1008 ADC数值

在控制中,CONTROL.H定义了如下的电流限定值,它的数值在1200。相比之下,前面的相差17 应该对于控制电流恒定值不会造成很大的影响呀。

#define I_BUS_ADC_SET       1200             // 1A 
  • 1

▓ 因此,前面分析的是两款MCU在ADC上的差异所引起的输出功率的不同是错误的结论。

 

03 测试STM32下的功率输出


直接在更换MUC(XM1008K6→STM32F030)之后的电路板,测试它的功率输出,已查明究竟功率输出是否与MCU有关系。

1.测量无线功率输出

如下是在更换了STM32F030之后重新进行功率输出测量后的结果:

测量数据:

负载电压(V):16.4
电源电流(A):2.3

测量分析:

输入功率:
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      24 
     
    
      × 
     
    
      2.3 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      55.2 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{in} = 24 \times 2.3 = 55.2W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.72777em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


输出功率:

       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      16. 
     
     
     
       4 
      
     
       2 
      
     
    
      / 
     
    
      10 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      26.9 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{out} = 16.4^2 /10 = 26.9W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.06411em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">4</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


功率传输效率:

      η 
     
    
      = 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      / 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      26.9 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      55.2 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      48.7 
     
    
      % 
     
    
   
     \eta = P_{in} /P_{out} = 26.9/55.2 = 48.7\% 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">η</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.80556em; vertical-align: -0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span></span> 

发现与刚发之前(【1-3】测量结果)的XM1008K6基本上是一致的。

那么造成新版无限输出功率下降的原因究竟是什么呢?

2.测量原版的ADC与工作电流

现在只能通过测量原版(第二版本,阻焊层是绿色的电路板)它所对应的工作电流与ADC之间的关系。测试方法与 【02节】中相同。

(1)ADC与Vbus

【采集数据】

▲ Vbus电压与ADC采集数据

▲ Vbus电压与ADC采集数据

【线性拟合】
      a 
     
    
      d 
     
    
      c 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      71.16 
     
    
      V 
     
    
      − 
     
    
      11.4 
     
    
   
     adc = 71.16V - 11.4 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.69444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">a</span><span class="mord mathdefault">d</span><span class="mord mathdefault">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.76666em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.22222em;">V</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></h5> 

(2)对比两个电路板ADC采集曲线

下面是两个电路(第二版本与第四版本)ADC与Vbus之间的关系。可以看到他们的电压增益存在着一定的差别。

▲ 对比两个PCB上的ADC与Vbus之间的关系

▲ 对比两个PCB上的ADC与Vbus之间的关系

比率相差大约4%左边。

      E 
     
    
      r 
     
    
      r 
     
    
      o 
     
    
      r 
     
    
      = 
     
     
      
      
        71.16 
       
      
        − 
       
      
        68.45 
       
      
     
       68.45 
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      3.96 
     
    
      % 
     
    
   
     Error = {<!-- -->{71.16 - 68.45} \over {68.45}} = 3.96\% 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathdefault">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 2.00744em; vertical-align: -0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.32144em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.686em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.80556em; vertical-align: -0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> 

但是这个差异还不足以解释前面对于两款电路板输出功率差异的线性(40.7%的差别)。

 

04 更换LCC参数


在【3】中的测量并没有能够解释为什么两个电路板的功率输出所造成的差异。那么有可能是两个电路板的LCC参数的差异。

1.两个电路板LCC参数

电路板LsCpCs
第四版本
黑色阻焊层电路板
4.227uH246.8nF46.88nF
第二版本
绿色阻焊层电路板
4.836uH246.6nF47.35nF

对比参数,可以看到Ls数据相差很大。

根据 无线节能信标调试说明-2021-3-3 中计算,要求Ls的理论值为:4.56uH,所以,电路板上的Ls值偏小了。

下面通过更换Ls来对比功率输出效果。

▲ 旧版电感与新版电感对比

▲ 旧版电感与新版电感对比

▲ 使用10kHz频率测试电感

▲ 使用10kHz频率测试电感

2.替换Ls电感

将第二版本的电感 4.836uH更换到第四版本的电路板上。

▲ 更换原来电路板上的电感

▲ 更换原来电路板上的电感

重新进行测试功率输出。按照【1-3】中的测量方法测量无线电能传输。

测量数据:

负载电压(V):20.3
电源电流(A):2.59

测量分析:

输入功率:
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      24 
     
    
      × 
     
    
      2.59 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      62.16 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{in} = 24 \times 2.59 = 62.16W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.72777em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


输出功率:

       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      20. 
     
     
     
       3 
      
     
       2 
      
     
    
      / 
     
    
      10 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      41.21 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{out} = 20.3^2 /10 = 41.21W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.06411em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">3</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


功率传输效率:

      η 
     
    
      = 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      / 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      41.2 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      62.16 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      66.3 
     
    
      % 
     
    
   
     \eta = P_{in} /P_{out} = 41.2/62.16 = 66.3\% 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">η</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.80556em; vertical-align: -0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span></span> 

可以看到更换电杆之后,输出的功率与效率都大幅度提高了。

所以造成前面功率下降的主要原因是由于电路不好的输出电感的参数以及制作工艺形成的。

3.重新绕制Ls

(1)使用100股Litz线绕制

使用100股的Litz线重新绕制Ls。使用的磁环是新版上的小型磁环。

绕制24匝之后,电感为4.67uH。

注意:绕之后的电感的大小与线圈在磁环上的松紧之间有一定的关系。越是紧凑,电感越大,越是松散分布在整个磁环上,对应的电感就会越小。

▲ 重新绕制Ls

▲ 重新绕制Ls

测量数据:

负载电压(V):19.1
电源电流(A):2.56

测量分析:

输入功率:
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      24 
     
    
      × 
     
    
      2.56 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      61.44 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{in} = 24 \times 2.56 = 61.44W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.72777em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


输出功率:

       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      19. 
     
     
     
       1 
      
     
       2 
      
     
    
      / 
     
    
      10 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      36.48 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{out} = 19.1^2 /10 =36.48W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.06411em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


功率传输效率:

      η 
     
    
      = 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      / 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      36.48 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      61.44 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      59.4 
     
    
      % 
     
    
   
     \eta = P_{in} /P_{out} = 36.48/61.44 =59.4 \% 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">η</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.80556em; vertical-align: -0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span></span> 

可以看到更换电杆之后,输出的功率与效率都大幅度提高了。

所以造成前面功率下降的主要原因是由于电路不好的输出电感的参数以及制作工艺形成的。

(2)使用200股Litz线绕制

绕制的电感:

      L 
     
    
      s 
     
    
   
     = 
    
   
     4.58 
    
   
     μ 
    
   
     H 
    
   
  
    L_s = 4.58\mu H 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault">L</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.151392em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.87777em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord mathdefault">μ</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.08125em;">H</span></span></span></span></span>。</p> 

测量数据:

负载电压(V):17.4
电源电流(A):2.4

测量分析:

输入功率:
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      24 
     
    
      × 
     
    
      2.4 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      57.6 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{in} = 24 \times 2.4 = 57.6W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.72777em; vertical-align: -0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.64444em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


输出功率:

       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      17. 
     
     
     
       4 
      
     
       2 
      
     
    
      / 
     
    
      10 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      30.28 
     
    
      W 
     
    
   
     P_{out} = 17.4^2 /10 =30.28W 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.83333em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.06411em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">4</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.814108em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.68333em; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">W</span></span></span></span></span> 


功率传输效率:

      η 
     
    
      = 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
    
      / 
     
     
     
       P 
      
      
      
        o 
       
      
        u 
       
      
        t 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      30.28 
     
    
      / 
     
    
      57.6 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      52.6 
     
    
      % 
     
    
   
     \eta = P_{in} /P_{out} = 30.28/57.6 = 52.6\% 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.03588em;">η</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.311664em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">n</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right: 0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.280556em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.13889em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">o</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">u</span><span class="mord mathdefault mtight">t</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.277778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.80556em; vertical-align: -0.05556em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord">%</span></span></span></span></span> 

对比前面的数据,可以看到最终影响输出功率与Ls电感量以及所使用的磁环有关系。

 

▌实验结论


通过实验,探究前后两版信标无限输出功率的差异。

1.原因分析

在开始认为这种差异可能来自于MCU 的限流控制。通过仔细对比MCU对于不同的电流采集的数值,两种单片机(STM32F030以及XM1008)的ADC之间的差异无论是偏移量还是比率都相差很小。

最后通过对比两个电路板的LCC补偿电路的参数,发现串联电感相差很大:

  • 电感值分别是:4.22uH, 4.86uH
  • 绕制电感所使用的磁环:一个T104-2,一个是T94-2
  • 绕制铜线粗细:一个是200股,一个小于200股;

最终通过替换对比发现更换了Ls之后,输出功率以及能量传输效率都会大大提高。

因此影响无线电能传输的原因不在于MCU的差异,而是在于两个电路板上所使用的LCC中的电感不同。

2.修改建议

建议将电路板的LCC电感重新绕制,使得它的电感量达到4.6 ~ 4.8uH之间。尽量采用大的T104-2磁环进行绕制。

■ 相关文献链接:

v=[9.00,9.14,9.29,9.43,9.57,9.71,9.86,10.00,10.14,10.29,10.43,10.57,10.71,10.86,11.00,11.14,11.29,11.43,11.57,11.71,11.86,12.00,12.14,12.29,12.43,12.57,12.71,12.86,13.00,13.14,13.29,13.43,13.57,13.71,13.86,14.00,14.14,14.29,14.43,14.57,14.71,14.86,15.00,15.14,15.29,15.43,15.57,15.71,15.86,16.00]
adc=[629.00,639.00,649.00,660.00,669.00,680.00,690.00,701.00,711.00,721.00,731.00,741.00,752.00,762.00,772.00,782.00,792.00,803.00,813.00,823.00,833.00,843.00,854.00,864.00,874.00,884.00,891.00,901.00,911.00,922.00,932.00,942.00,952.00,962.00,973.00,983.00,993.00,1003.00,1014.00,1026.00,1036.00,1047.00,1057.00,1067.00,1077.00,1088.00,1098.00,1109.00,1119.00,1129.00]
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v=[9.00,9.14,9.29,9.43,9.57,9.71,9.86,10.00,10.14,10.29,10.43,10.57,10.71,10.86,11.00,11.14,11.29,11.43,11.57,11.71,11.86,12.00,12.14,12.29,12.43,12.57,12.71,12.86,13.00,13.14,13.29,13.43,13.57,13.71,13.86,14.00,14.14,14.29,14.43,14.57,14.71,14.86,15.00,15.14,15.29,15.43,15.57,15.71,15.86,16.00]
adc=[629.00,639.00,648.00,658.00,668.00,678.00,688.00,697.00,707.00,717.00,727.00,736.00,746.00,756.00,766.00,775.00,785.00,795.00,805.00,814.00,824.00,834.00,843.00,853.00,863.00,872.00,882.00,892.00,902.00,911.00,921.00,931.00,941.00,950.00,960.00,970.00,980.00,990.00,999.00,1009.00,1019.00,1031.00,1041.00,1051.00,1060.00,1070.00,1080.00,1090.00,1100.00,1110.00]
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▌附件


1.采集电压ADC程序

#!/usr/local/bin/python
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
#============================================================
# TEST1.PY                     -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2021-04-08
#
# Note:
#============================================================

from headm import
from tsmodule.tsstm32 import

from tsmodule.tsvisa import *

setv = linspace(9, 16, 50)
adcdim = []

for v in setv:
dh1766volt(v)
time.sleep(.5)
data = stm32cmdata('adc 100')
printf(data[0])

adcdim<span class="token punctuation">.</span>append<span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>

tspsave<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'adcxm1008'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> v<span class="token operator">=</span>setv<span class="token punctuation">,</span> adc<span class="token operator">=</span>adcdim<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

dh1766volt(10)

plt.plot(setv, adcdim)
plt.xlabel("Voltage(V)")
plt.ylabel("ADC")
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

#------------------------------------------------------------
# END OF FILE : TEST1.PY
#============================================================

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2.线性拟合

#!/usr/local/bin/python
# -*- coding: gbk -*-
#============================================================
# TEST2.PY                     -- by Dr. ZhuoQing 2021-04-08
#
# Note:
#============================================================

from headm import *
from scipy.optimize import curve_fit

v, adc = tspload('adcxm1008', 'v', 'adc')
def linefun(x, a, b):
return a*x + b

param = (1, 0)
param, conv = curve_fit(linefun, v, adc, p0=param)
printf(param)

adcf = linefun(v, *param)

plt.plot(v, adc, label='Origin')
plt.plot(v, adcf, label='fit')
plt.xlabel("Voltage(V)")
plt.ylabel("ADC")
plt.grid(True)
plt.legend(loc="upper right")
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

#------------------------------------------------------------
# END OF FILE : TEST2.PY
#============================================================

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posted @ 2023-07-21 11:39  SymPny  阅读(28)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报