SQL优化
1.1. 优化实战
1.1.1. 策略1.尽量全值匹配
CREATE TABLE `staffs`(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(24) not null default "" comment'姓名',
age int not null default 0 comment '年龄',
pos varchar(20) not null default "" comment'职位',
add_time timestamp not null default current_timestamp comment '入职时间'
)charset utf8 comment '员工记录表';
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('z3',22,'manage',now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('july',23,'dev',now());
insert into staffs(name,age,pos,add_time) values('2000',23,'dev',now());
alter table staffs add index idx_staffs_nameAgePos(name,age,pos);
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' AND age = 25;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' AND age = 25 AND pos = 'dev'
当建立了索引列后，能在wherel条件中使用索引的尽量所用。
1.1.2. 策略2.最佳左前缀法则
如果索引了多列，要遵守最左前缀法则。指的是查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE age = 25 AND pos = 'dev'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE pos = 'dev'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July'
1.1.3. 策略3.不在索引列上做任何操作
不在索引列上做任何操作（计算、函数、(自动or手动)类型转换），会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE left(NAME,4) = 'July';
1.1.4. 策略4.范围条件放最后
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' ;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 and pos='manager'
中间有范围查询会导致后面的索引列全部失效
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 and pos='manager'
1.1.5. 策略5.覆盖索引尽量用
尽量使用覆盖索引(只访问索引的查询(索引列和查询列一致))，减少select *
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 and pos='manager'
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age =22 and pos='manager'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 and pos='manager'
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July' and age >22 and pos='manager'
1.1.6. 策略6.不等于要甚用
mysql 在使用不等于(!= 或者<>)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME = 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME != 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> 'July';
如果定要需要使用不等于,请用覆盖索引
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME != 'July';
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,pos FROM staffs WHERE NAME <> 'July';
1.1.7. 策略7.Null/Not 有影响
注意null/not null对索引的可能影响
1.1.7.1. 自定定义为NOT NULL
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name is null
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name is not null
在字段为not null的情况下，使用is null 或 is not null 会导致索引失效
解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name is not null
1.1.7.2. 自定义为NULL或者不定义
EXPLAIN select * from staffs2 where name is null
EXPLAIN select * from staffs2 where name is not null
Is not null 的情况会导致索引失效
解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name is not null
1.1.8. 策略8.Like查询要当心
like以通配符开头('%abc...')mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描的操作
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name ='july'
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like '%july%'
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like '%july'
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name like 'july%'
解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name like '%july%'
1.1.9. 策略9.字符类型加引号
字符串不加单引号索引失效
EXPLAIN select * from staffs where name = 917
解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN select name,age,pos from staffs where name = 917
解决方式：请加引号
1.1.10. 策略10.OR改UNION效率高
EXPLAIN
select * from staffs where name='July' or name = 'z3'
EXPLAIN
select * from staffs where name='July'
UNION
select * from staffs where name = 'z3'
解决方式：覆盖索引
EXPLAIN
select name,age from staffs where name='July' or name = 'z3'
1.1.11. 例子
答案：
记忆总结：
l 全职匹配我最爱，最左前缀要遵守；
l 带头大哥不能死，中间兄弟不能断；
l 索引列上少计算，范围之后全失效；
l LIKE百分写最右，覆盖索引不写*；
l 不等空值还有OR，索引影响要注意；
l VAR引号不可丢， SQL优化有诀窍。
1.2. 批量导入
1.2.1. insert语句优化；
l 提交前关闭自动提交
l 尽量使用批量insert语句
l 可以使用MyISAM存储引擎
1.2.2. LOAD DATA INFLIE
LOAD DATA INFLIE；
使用LOAD DATA INFLIE ,比一般的insert语句快20倍
select * into OUTFILE 'D:\\product.txt' from product_info
load data INFILE 'D:\\product.txt' into table product_info
load data INFILE '/soft/product3.txt' into table product_info
查看当前数据库是否支持load data方式导入导出：
show VARIABLES like 'secure_file_priv'
解释：
l secure_file_priv 为 NULL 时，表示限制mysqld不允许导入或导出。
l secure_file_priv 为 /tmp 时，表示限制mysqld只能在/tmp目录中执行导入导出，其他目录不能执行。
l secure_file_priv 没有值时，表示不限制mysqld在任意目录的导入导出。
配置当前数据库支持load data方式导入导出：
在my.ini文件中添加：secure_file_priv=''
