profile文件的错误加载与基本命令间的映射
一、绪论
【因为这篇心得是原创的，所以如果有哪处总结或者意见不足的地方，欢迎各位大神的批评和意见，共同学习，谢谢了！】
早些时候，需要在centos6.4系统中配置单机版和集群版单节点的hadoop HDFS，由于那时候一边跟老师学hadoop一边自学Linux。初学的自己懂得也不多，别人都用普通用户登录，在需要root权限时才sudo或者切换root用户进行配置，而我呢？ 从一开始就使用了root登录，在给java和hadoop配置了profile文件环境变量，等到重启之后，出现了下图的现象：进入系统用户登录界面后，原本的鼠标小指针一直都是小时钟的样子，无论怎么点击都是能移动但是指针的形状偏偏就变不回来，也无法登录。
那无法登陆了，肿么办？下意识就问老师吧，可他说他也没碰到过这种奇怪的现象。也对，但凡是规范的操作又怎么会碰到我的这种现象呢？想必极为少数吧！没有了老师的帮助，那时候我一贯的做法就是：强制关机-重启=不行，正常关机-重启=不行，之后便干脆直接放弃了整个系统，启用新系统从头开始配置HDFS。这个鼠标指针变成小时钟而无法登陆的现象，到现在前前后后碰到不下十遍，也由此令我一直耿耿于心，希望这篇心得能帮到更多与我类似困窘的人吧！
这几个月来，其实，我一直都在追寻是什么原因导致的系统用户无法登陆，以及系统的各个配置文件都有些什么作用？下面先讲该怎么恢复系统的登录先吧！
二、恢复正常登录
profile文件的错误加载而导致系统用户无法登录的现象，主要有两类：profile文件的内容配置错误、profile文件在进行vi时被挂起。如果是profile文件的内容配置错误，解决的办法：一是删除所有自定义配置的内容，但这种方法个人很不推荐；二是没有加载系统变量。至于profile文件在进行vi时被挂起，解决的办法就是恢复该文件，再删除生成的临时挂起文件。
（1）加载系统变量恢复
1、切换到字符界面。可按Ctrl+Alt+F6，由用户图形界面切换到字符界面。
2、登陆用户。这里由于用户图形界面本身就是一个应用程序，而不是Linux内核的一部分，所以即使图形用户界面完完全全地崩溃了，也是丝毫不影响我们使用字符界面进行常规的操作。这里，因为是系统的登录界面损坏，所以建议登录最高权限用户root。
3、编辑profile文件。执行如下错误，查找并修改错误配置内容：
/usr/bin/vim /etc/profile
可以看到我这里缺少了明显的系统传递参数：$PATH 。需要注意的是：如果 export PATH= 后面有多个变量值，在值与值之间需要使用英文的“ ： ”符号隔开。具体修改如下：
如果打开的profile文件中，已经存在了$PATH，那么导致图形界面无法进行用户登录的原因，很可能就是自定义部分的内容存在手动输入错误。如：缺少某个字符或者字符错误。倘若，仍然无法找到错误的根源，建议将所有自定义配置的内容进行删除。
4、保存退出后，输入一下内容进行重启，重启后便可恢复正常登录。
/usr/bin/reboot
如果不进行重启的话，也可以使用source命令让profile文件进行生效，但是不建议。因为这种方式容易导致profile文件的配置生效不完全。
（2）恢复挂起的profile文件
如果在配置profile文件内容时，中途断电或者强迫退出vim编辑，那么就会在/etc/目录下，临时生成profile.swp的隐藏文件，可以使用ll -a或者ls -a来查看是否存在.swp文件。在确保profile配置信息没有错误之后，记得删除该文件。删除的命令不再是" rm -rf profile.swp "，因为在profile文件错误加载的情况下rm命令不可直接使用，要在前面加上路径名称。具体的步骤类似上面的过程，区别在于第3步后，需要删除该隐藏文件再重启。
三、基本映射作用
没错，前面所执行的命令，如简单的重启：
/usr/bin/reboot
都在命令前加了路径名称。那么为什么需要加路径名称而不能直接使用呢？这和profile配置文件又有什么关联呢？如果每个命令都需要加前缀路径，这些前缀都相同吗？如果命令相同那么为什么执行下面的命令，会提示“No such file or directory”呢？
yang@cMaster:~]#/usr/bin/ls /etc/profile
bash: /usr/bin/ls: No such file or directory
（1）profile文件的映射类型
我们知道profile文件可进行环境变量的配置，那么对于命令的映射类型有两种：用户变量和系统变量，类似于我们win10的系统环境一样：
我们先看一下Linux系统下的$PATH都有哪些内容？使用前面修复过的系统，登录并进入命令终端，输入如下命令并查看返回信息：
yang@cMaster:~]#which $PATH
/usr/bin/which: no bin in (/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_161/bin:/home/yang)
可见，“which”这个命令是属于/usr/bin/ 目录下的。至于每个常用的命令都在哪个目录下，这里先不讨论。我想说的是，我这里需要提出两个概念词，或许早有人为此下过定义，这里姑且暂用。我提出的概念是：权限比重、优先度。在权限比重方面，例如：“ /bin ”要比 “ /usr/local/bin ”权限大的多，但是“ /usr/local/bin ”的优先度级别比“ /bin ”还大。简而言之，就是用户登录系统后先使用的命令默认是 “ /usr/local/bin ”下的，当 “ /usr/local/bin ”找不到才到第二级别更高权限的“ /bin ”去找，这对于“/sbin”和“usr/sbin”一样的道理。这是对于单用户来说，如果我这里的yang用户需要root的权限，当sudo一下时，会跳出这些目录而去使用root用户“ /bin ”、 “ /usr/local/bin ”目录下的命令等等。
我们完全可以这样来假设，“ /bin ”和“/sbin”是系统环境下的指令库，而“ /usr/local/bin ”和“usr/sbin”为用户环境下的指令集。也就是，可以大胆地假设一下，对于centos6.4来说：每个Linux用户都存在一个系统环境和一个用户环境。
但其实在centos8里，“ /bin ”就是 “/usr/bin”的链接，“/sbin”也是 “/usr/sbin”的链接。
（2）profile文件的映射作用
1、root用户所定义下的profile环境内容，其他用户环境可继承性较大；
2、profile文件用于登录设置的全系统环境和启动程序。利用vi查看一下profile文件，内容如下：
# /etc/profile
# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc
# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.
pathmunge () {
case ":${PATH}:" in
*:"$1":*)
;;
*)
if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
PATH=$PATH:$1
else
PATH=$1:$PATH
fi
esac
}
if [ -x /usr/bin/id ]; then
if [ -z "$EUID" ]; then
# ksh workaround
EUID=`id -u`
UID=`id -ru`
fi
USER="`id -un`"
LOGNAME=$USER
MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER"
fi
# Path manipulation
将“# /etc/profile# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.”粘贴到百度翻译一下：
这也恰恰说明了，为什么profile文件配置不好，会出现鼠标指针变成小时钟而无法登陆的现象。
3、profile配置文件所自定义的内容，如：export PATH= 后面必须必须跟随传递参数：$PATH 。当不配置export PATH=的值时，$PATH为隐藏属性。当export PATH=的值被配置时，$PATH的作用是将“ /bin ”、“/sbin”、“ /usr/local/bin ”和“usr/sbin”等目录下的命令进行聚集和简化路径。这也正是，为什么当profile配置文件损坏时，必须在命令前加路径名称的缘故。但是每个命令的路径名称又是什么呢？
（3）常用命令的映射目录
还记得前边说到的，在profile文件不起作用时，要删除profile挂起的临时文件，必须要在rm命令的前面加了上命令的路径名称，不然会提示No such file or directory相类似的错误。当which $PATH一下，也看到过列举了一些路径，我们逐个进去看看：
yang@cMaster:~]#ll /usr/local/bin
total 0
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 87352 Jul 11 2012 pulseaudio
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1420 Sep 11 2012 pv.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10152 Nov 15 2012 pwdx
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 78 Feb 21 2013 pydoc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 188 Aug 20 2010 pygtk-demo
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 9032 Feb 21 2013 python
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 python2 -> python
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 9032 Feb 21 2013 python2.6
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 82752 Nov 20 2012 quota
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 65856 Nov 20 2012 quotasync
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 60984 Feb 21 2013 ranlib
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10168 Aug 18 2010 rarian-example
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1495 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-config
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 563 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-extract
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9288 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-gen-uuid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 80856 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-get-cl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 399 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-get-content-list
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 419 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-get-extended-content-list
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 382 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-get-scripts
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1171 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-install
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 89280 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-migrate
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 78568 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-preinstall
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 821 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-rebuild
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9525 Aug 18 2010 rarian-sk-update
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14672 Dec 18 2012 ras2tiff
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 20056 Dec 18 2012 raw2tiff
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 28 Jun 6 2018 rcs2log -> ../share/cvs/contrib/rcs2log
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13560 Nov 11 2010 rdate
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12480 Feb 21 2013 rdjpgcom
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 33 May 14 2018 readcd -> /etc/alternatives/cdrecord-readcd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 303984 Feb 21 2013 readelf
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 May 14 2018 readlink -> ../../bin/readlink
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 800 Nov 12 2012 readmult
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 195632 Nov 12 2012 readom
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 reboot -> consolehelper
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15528 Jun 2 2014 recode-sr-latin
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 128936 Nov 11 2010 refer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9896 Feb 21 2013 rename
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10624 Feb 21 2013 renice
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11619 Jun 22 2012 repoclosure
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11707 Jun 22 2012 repodiff
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4196 Jun 22 2012 repo-graph
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7048 Jun 22 2012 repomanage
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 45778 Jun 22 2012 repoquery
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10225 Jun 22 2012 repo-rss
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10952 Feb 22 2013 report
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31144 Feb 22 2013 report-cli
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22896 Feb 22 2013 reporter-kerneloops
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14656 Feb 22 2013 reporter-mailx
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13528 Feb 22 2013 reporter-print
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 40272 Feb 22 2013 reporter-rhtsupport
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26744 Feb 22 2013 reporter-upload
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 127784 Feb 22 2013 report-gtk
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 20960 Feb 22 2013 report-newt
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13626 Jun 22 2012 reposync
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8740 Jun 22 2012 repotrack
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 reset -> tset
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19520 Nov 11 2010 resizecons
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10168 Feb 21 2013 rev
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 36136 Nov 10 2010 rfcomm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16072 Dec 18 2012 rgb2ycbcr
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 May 14 2018 rhgb-client -> ../../bin/plymouth
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 54984 Nov 11 2010 rhythmbox
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33144 Nov 11 2010 rhythmbox-client
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 27 May 14 2018 rmail -> /etc/alternatives/mta-rmail
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 262 Dec 2 2011 rmail.postfix
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 22 Jul 5 2018 rmic -> /etc/alternatives/rmic
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 22 Jul 5 2018 rmid -> /etc/alternatives/rmid
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 29 Jul 5 2018 rmiregistry -> /etc/alternatives/rmiregistry
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 2018 rnano -> ../../bin/rnano
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16848 Dec 17 2011 rngtest
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 95704 Feb 21 2013 rpcgen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16040 Feb 21 2013 rpm2cpio
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 rpmdb -> ../../bin/rpm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 rpmquery -> ../../bin/rpm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 rpmsign -> ../../bin/rpm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 rpmverify -> ../../bin/rpm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2500 Feb 24 2012 rsvg
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28896 Feb 24 2012 rsvg-convert
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 44080 Feb 24 2012 rsvg-view
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 415000 Apr 11 2012 rsync
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31888 Jun 22 2012 runcon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1411 Sep 26 2011 run-parts
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 rvim -> vim
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 53325 Mar 22 2017 s2p
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 111496 Jun 22 2012 sadf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 139480 Nov 11 2010 sane-find-scanner
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 81192 Jun 22 2012 sar
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5896 Nov 10 2010 saytime
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 52304 Nov 11 2010 scanimage
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 27 Jul 5 2018 schemagen -> /etc/alternatives/schemagen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15640 Feb 21 2013 scl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 258 Feb 21 2013 scl_enabled
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 59456 Feb 21 2013 scp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16632 Feb 21 2013 script
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11176 Feb 21 2013 scriptreplay
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-config -> rarian-sk-config
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-extract -> rarian-sk-extract
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-gen-seriesid -> rarian-sk-gen-uuid
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-get-cl -> rarian-sk-get-cl
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 26 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-get-content-list -> rarian-sk-get-content-list
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-get-extended-content-list -> rarian-sk-get-extended-content-list
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-get-index-from-docpath -> rarian-sk-get-scripts
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-get-toc-from-docpath -> rarian-sk-get-scripts
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-get-toc-from-id -> rarian-sk-get-scripts
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-install -> rarian-sk-install
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-preinstall -> rarian-sk-preinstall
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-rebuilddb -> rarian-sk-rebuild
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-uninstall -> rarian-sk-install
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 May 14 2018 scrollkeeper-update -> rarian-sk-update
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29000 Nov 10 2010 sdiff
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 81048 Nov 10 2010 sdptool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 819768 Aug 22 2010 seahorse
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 668224 Aug 22 2010 seahorse-daemon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18832 Feb 21 2013 secon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 173496 Nov 10 2010 sedismod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 145400 Nov 10 2010 sedispol
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 195536 Feb 21 2013 semodule_deps
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10584 Feb 21 2013 semodule_expand
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10512 Feb 21 2013 semodule_link
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14944 Feb 21 2013 semodule_package
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13576 Aug 16 2010 sendiso
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 238 Mar 27 2018 sentry
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 43944 Jun 22 2012 seq
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 27 Jul 5 2018 serialver -> /etc/alternatives/serialver
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 28 Jul 5 2018 servertool -> /etc/alternatives/servertool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14720 Feb 23 2013 sessreg
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13920 Feb 21 2013 setarch
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 37016 Dec 7 2011 setfacl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18448 Sep 23 2011 setfattr
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10472 Nov 11 2010 setkeycodes
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12272 Nov 11 2010 setleds
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9976 Nov 11 2010 setmetamode
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8800 Feb 21 2013 setsid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25704 Feb 21 2013 setterm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 setup -> consolehelper
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1539 Feb 22 2013 setup-nsssysinit.sh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23880 Feb 23 2013 setxkbmap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 96328 Feb 21 2013 sftp
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 sg -> newgrp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 265 Nov 17 2000 sgmlwhich
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 39920 Jun 22 2012 sha1sum
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 45776 Jun 22 2012 sha224sum
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 45776 Jun 22 2012 sha256sum
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 51112 Jun 22 2012 sha384sum
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 51112 Jun 22 2012 sha512sum
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10353 Jun 22 2012 show-changed-rco
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2567 Aug 22 2010 showchar
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17672 Nov 11 2010 showconsolefont
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16570 Jun 22 2012 show-installed
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14112 Nov 11 2010 showkey
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9464 Feb 23 2013 showrgb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 51432 Jun 22 2012 shred
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38944 Jun 22 2012 shuf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 171768 Feb 22 2013 signtool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 91664 Feb 22 2013 signver
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33728 Feb 21 2013 size
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 18752 Nov 15 2012 skill
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17568 Nov 15 2012 slabtop
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2034 Nov 10 2010 sliceprint
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 May 14 2018 slogin -> ./ssh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1635136 Feb 21 2013 smbcontrol
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6221904 Feb 21 2013 smbcquotas
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6246408 Feb 21 2013 smbpasswd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32512 Nov 11 2010 smp_conf_general
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32608 Nov 11 2010 smp_conf_route_info
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 45368 Nov 11 2010 smp_discover
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 48832 Nov 11 2010 smp_discover_list
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33936 Nov 11 2010 smp_phy_control
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32856 Nov 11 2010 smp_phy_test
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32920 Nov 11 2010 smp_read_gpio
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 34144 Nov 11 2010 smp_rep_exp_route_tbl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 35392 Nov 11 2010 smp_rep_general
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32416 Nov 11 2010 smp_rep_manufacturer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32416 Nov 11 2010 smp_rep_phy_err_log
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32896 Nov 11 2010 smp_rep_phy_sata
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33728 Nov 11 2010 smp_rep_route_info
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33816 Nov 11 2010 smp_write_gpio
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10672 Sep 23 2011 sndfile-cmp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19280 Sep 23 2011 sndfile-convert
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14536 Sep 23 2011 sndfile-info
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12920 Sep 23 2011 sndfile-metadata-get
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18608 Sep 23 2011 sndfile-metadata-set
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18208 Sep 23 2011 sndfile-play
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 20008 Sep 23 2011 sndfile-regtest
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14448 Aug 19 2010 sndfile-resample
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 18752 Nov 15 2012 snice
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26137 Feb 21 2013 snmpconf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26192 Nov 11 2010 soelim
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 247 Mar 27 2018 solrctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 210576 Nov 11 2010 sound-juicer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 140 Mar 27 2018 spark-shell
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 141 Mar 27 2018 spark-submit
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31296 Feb 21 2013 speaker-test
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 48336 Feb 21 2013 spice-vdagent
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17452 Mar 22 2017 splain
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 55360 Jun 22 2012 split
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26832 Feb 21 2013 sprof
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 59552 Aug 17 2010 sqlite3
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 486 Mar 27 2018 sqoop
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 494 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-codegen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 504 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-create-hive-table
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 491 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-eval
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 493 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-export
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 491 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-help
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 493 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-import
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 504 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-import-all-tables
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 490 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-job
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 501 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-list-databases
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 498 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-list-tables
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 492 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-merge
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 496 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-metastore
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 494 Mar 27 2018 sqoop-version
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 376920 Feb 21 2013 ssh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 130288 Feb 21 2013 ssh-add
-rwxr-sr-x. 1 root nobody 112704 Feb 21 2013 ssh-agent
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1389 Feb 21 2013 ssh-copy-id
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 154864 Feb 21 2013 ssh-keygen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 216864 Feb 21 2013 ssh-keyscan
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 44952 Feb 22 2013 ssltap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10264 Feb 21 2013 stap-merge
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 912 Feb 21 2013 stap-report
---s--x---. 1 root stapusr 162584 Feb 21 2013 staprun
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18480 Feb 21 2013 stapsh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1184 Jul 11 2012 start-pulseaudio-x11
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4423 Aug 16 2010 startx
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 50400 Jun 22 2012 stat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 97840 Nov 10 2010 states
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 63464 Jun 22 2012 stdbuf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 309088 Feb 21 2013 strace
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32464 Feb 21 2013 strings
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 219064 Feb 21 2013 strip
---s--x--x. 1 root root 123832 Feb 21 2013 sudo
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 sudoedit -> sudo
---x--x--x. 1 root root 59744 Feb 21 2013 sudoreplay
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 34632 Jun 22 2012 sum
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23536 Feb 23 2013 synclient
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19096 Feb 23 2013 syndaemon
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 system-config-authentication -> consolehelper
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 system-config-date -> consolehelper
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1217 Sep 23 2011 system-config-firewall
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1155 Sep 23 2011 system-config-firewall-tui
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 system-config-keyboard -> consolehelper
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 system-config-network -> consolehelper
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 system-config-network-cmd -> consolehelper
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 95 Apr 3 2012 system-config-printer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 80 Apr 3 2012 system-config-printer-applet
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 May 14 2018 system-config-users -> consolehelper
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17792 Nov 11 2010 system-setup-keyboard
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14480 Aug 18 2010 tabs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 96256 Jun 22 2012 tac
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 59696 Jun 22 2012 tail
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11936 Feb 21 2013 tailf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 105704 Nov 11 2010 tbl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27752 Jun 22 2012 tee
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33808 Jun 22 2012 test
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14360 Aug 16 2010 testlibraw
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1614264 Feb 21 2013 testparm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6843 Aug 22 2010 test_ppa
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23280 Nov 11 2010 test-speech
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6465 Nov 10 2010 text2wave
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 30888 Nov 11 2010 tfmtodit
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2295 Aug 16 2010 tgz
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19784 Dec 18 2012 thumbnail
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 53784 Aug 18 2010 tic
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16304 Dec 18 2012 tiff2bw
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 69064 Dec 18 2012 tiff2pdf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 46056 Dec 18 2012 tiff2ps
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15840 Dec 18 2012 tiff2rgba
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19088 Dec 18 2012 tiffcmp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 36000 Dec 18 2012 tiffcp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 103296 Dec 18 2012 tiffcrop
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14712 Dec 18 2012 tiffdither
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 20944 Dec 18 2012 tiffdump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18384 Dec 18 2012 tiffinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19280 Dec 18 2012 tiffmedian
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13072 Dec 18 2012 tiffset
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15208 Dec 18 2012 tiffsplit
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17944 Aug 18 2010 time
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 50176 Jun 22 2012 timeout
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11808 Nov 15 2012 tload
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 23 May 14 2018 tmpwatch -> ../../usr/sbin/tmpwatch
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 27 Jul 5 2018 tnameserv -> /etc/alternatives/tnameserv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 228568 Nov 10 2010 toc2cddb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 229096 Nov 10 2010 toc2cue
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15496 Aug 18 2010 toe
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 68392 Nov 15 2012 top
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 522584 Nov 11 2010 totem
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 175176 Nov 11 2010 totem-audio-preview
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 175104 Nov 11 2010 totem-video-indexer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 187008 Nov 11 2010 totem-video-thumbnailer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15272 Aug 18 2010 tput
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Jun 7 2018 tpvmlp -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin/appLoader
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Jun 7 2018 tpvmlpd -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin/appLoader
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 41424 Jun 22 2012 tr
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 363616 Nov 11 2010 troff
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 51160 Jun 22 2012 truncate
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22464 Aug 18 2010 tset
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 35864 Jun 22 2012 tsort
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25464 Jun 22 2012 tty
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7131 Feb 21 2013 tzselect
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 21856 Dec 7 2011 ucs2any
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 48648 Dec 7 2011 udisks
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17528 Feb 21 2013 ul
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 May 14 2018 ulockmgr_server -> /bin/ulockmgr_server
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31752 Jun 22 2012 unexpand
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 39008 Jun 22 2012 uniq
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4206 Sep 11 2012 unix-lpr.sh
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 2 May 14 2018 unlzma -> xz
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 27 Jul 5 2018 unpack200 -> /etc/alternatives/unpack200
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 61592 Feb 21 2013 unprotoize
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10208 Feb 21 2013 unshare
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 2 May 14 2018 unxz -> xz
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 164128 Nov 11 2010 unzip
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 76784 Nov 11 2010 unzipsfx
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 40720 Oct 10 2012 updatedb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17584 Aug 25 2010 update-desktop-database
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1275 Feb 21 2013 update-gdk-pixbuf-loaders
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1260 Feb 21 2013 update-gtk-immodules
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 50360 Nov 11 2010 update-mime-database
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8360 Nov 15 2012 uptime
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12437 Jul 19 2011 urlgrabber
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4202 Mar 17 2010 usb-devices
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23952 Dec 7 2011 usbhid-dump
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 May 14 2018 userformat -> usermount
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 45720 Aug 22 2010 userinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29896 Aug 22 2010 usermount
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 39176 Aug 22 2010 userpasswd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27712 Jun 22 2012 users
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14192 Jul 19 2011 utmpdump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9360 Feb 21 2013 uuidgen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2220 Aug 16 2010 uz
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 117024 Jun 22 2012 vdir
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9096 Dec 7 2011 verify_blkparse
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9415 Jun 22 2012 verifytree
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1967072 Apr 5 2012 vim
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vimdiff -> vim
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2084 Apr 5 2012 vimtutor
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16520 Jan 21 2013 vino-passwd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 75688 Jan 21 2013 vino-preferences
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Jun 7 2018 vmhgfs-fuse -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8328 Feb 23 2013 vmmouse_detect
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 24880 Nov 15 2012 vmstat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9202 Jun 7 2018 vm-support
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 421976 Jun 7 2018 vmware-config-tools.pl
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Jun 7 2018 vmware-guestproxycerttool -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Jun 7 2018 vmware-hgfsclient -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Jun 7 2018 vmware-toolbox-cmd -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 221099 Jun 7 2018 vmware-uninstall-tools.pl
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 52 Jun 7 2018 vmware-user -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/vmware-user-suid-wrapper
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 43 Jun 7 2018 vmware-xferlogs -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/vmware-xferlogs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8912 Nov 10 2010 volname
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31776 Aug 17 2010 vorbiscomment
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15096 Nov 15 2012 w
-r-xr-sr-x. 1 root tty 15224 Jul 19 2011 wall
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16792 Nov 15 2012 watch
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14176 Nov 11 2010 watchgnupg
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 46328 Aug 18 2010 wavpack
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1729376 Feb 21 2013 wbinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 36408 Jun 22 2012 wc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 68640 Feb 21 2013 wdaemon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 284 Sep 11 2012 wftopfa
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 362456 Oct 10 2012 wget
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1784 Feb 21 2013 whatis
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14616 Feb 21 2013 whereis
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25528 Sep 23 2011 which
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 30304 Sep 23 2011 whiptail
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 48952 Jun 22 2012 who
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26280 Jun 22 2012 whoami
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18368 Jul 18 2011 wnck-urgency-monitor
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 410728 Nov 12 2012 wodim
-rwxr-sr-x. 1 root tty 12016 Feb 21 2013 write
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13200 Feb 21 2013 wrjpgcom
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 23 Jul 5 2018 wsgen -> /etc/alternatives/wsgen
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 26 Jul 5 2018 wsimport -> /etc/alternatives/wsimport
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32720 Aug 18 2010 wvgain
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 44128 Aug 18 2010 wvunpack
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 X -> Xorg
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 x86_64 -> setarch
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 268160 Feb 21 2013 x86_64-redhat-linux-gcc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 46648 Nov 10 2010 xargs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 43176 Aug 18 2010 xauth
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15050 Sep 23 2011 xdg-desktop-icon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 37949 Sep 23 2011 xdg-desktop-menu
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19059 Sep 23 2011 xdg-email
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 24459 Sep 23 2011 xdg-icon-resource
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29569 Sep 23 2011 xdg-mime
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11201 Sep 23 2011 xdg-open
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 21062 Sep 23 2011 xdg-screensaver
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25055 Sep 23 2011 xdg-settings
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 234 Nov 11 2010 xdg-user-dir
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26936 Aug 24 2010 xdg-user-dirs-gtk-update
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 21768 Nov 11 2010 xdg-user-dirs-update
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38112 Feb 23 2013 xdpyinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12800 Feb 21 2013 xdriinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25976 Feb 23 2013 xev
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13072 Feb 23 2013 xgamma
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 224960 Jun 2 2014 xgettext
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17736 Feb 23 2013 xhost
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22576 Aug 16 2010 xinit
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 51072 Feb 23 2013 xinput
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 Jul 5 2018 xjc -> /etc/alternatives/xjc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 183296 Feb 23 2013 xkbcomp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15368 Feb 23 2013 xkill
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12720 Feb 23 2013 xlsatoms
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16576 Feb 23 2013 xlsclients
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 21208 Feb 23 2013 xlsfonts
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19552 Nov 29 2012 xmlcatalog
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 64864 Nov 29 2012 xmllint
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26080 Jun 13 2012 xmlwf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 35744 Feb 23 2013 xmodmap
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 2261800 Feb 22 2013 Xorg
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 40544 Feb 23 2013 xprop
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 53336 Feb 23 2013 xrandr
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28368 Feb 23 2013 xrdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13336 Feb 23 2013 xrefresh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 34064 Feb 23 2013 xset
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10784 Feb 23 2013 xsetmode
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11544 Feb 23 2013 xsetpointer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19776 Feb 23 2013 xsetroot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 46592 Feb 23 2013 xsetwacom
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29568 Sep 13 2012 xsltproc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16600 Feb 23 2013 xstdcmap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4093 Mar 22 2017 xsubpp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1573 Jan 8 2013 xulrunner
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12752 Aug 22 2010 xvattr
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15000 Feb 23 2013 xvinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 44176 Feb 23 2013 xwininfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17592 Apr 5 2012 xxd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 51840 Aug 22 2010 xz
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 2 May 14 2018 xzcat -> xz
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 xzcmp -> xzdiff
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15464 Aug 22 2010 xzdec
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5220 Aug 22 2010 xzdiff
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 xzegrep -> xzgrep
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 xzfgrep -> xzgrep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5207 Aug 22 2010 xzgrep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1806 Aug 22 2010 xzless
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2167 Aug 22 2010 xzmore
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 245 May 24 2018 yarn
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 329320 Feb 24 2012 yelp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25664 Jun 22 2012 yes
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 801 Feb 22 2013 yum
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9056 Jun 22 2012 yum-builddep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8007 Jun 22 2012 yum-config-manager
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7603 Jun 22 2012 yum-debug-dump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7931 Jun 22 2012 yum-debug-restore
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13580 Jun 22 2012 yumdownloader
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11030 Jun 22 2012 yum-groups-manager
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 67 Nov 11 2010 zcmp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4441 Nov 11 2010 zdiff
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 62 Nov 11 2010 zegrep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 92296 Aug 16 2010 zenity
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 62 Nov 11 2010 zfgrep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2022 Nov 11 2010 zforce
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4975 Nov 11 2010 zgrep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 216008 Nov 11 2010 zip
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 110376 Nov 11 2010 zipcloak
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2953 Oct 10 2008 zipgrep
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 164128 Nov 11 2010 zipinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 101856 Nov 11 2010 zipnote
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 105280 Nov 11 2010 zipsplit
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1731 Nov 11 2010 zless
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2605 Nov 11 2010 zmore
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5246 Nov 11 2010 znew
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 413 Mar 27 2018 zookeeper-client
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 739 Mar 27 2018 zookeeper-server
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 740 Mar 27 2018 zookeeper-server-cleanup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 750 Mar 27 2018 zookeeper-server-initialize
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 zsoelim -> soelim
yang@cMaster:~]#ll /bin
total 7800
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 123 Feb 21 2013 alsaunmute
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27776 Jun 22 2012 arch
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 awk -> gawk
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26264 Jun 22 2012 basename
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 938768 Feb 21 2013 bash
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 48568 Jun 22 2012 cat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 55472 Jun 22 2012 chgrp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 52472 Jun 22 2012 chmod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 57464 Jun 22 2012 chown
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 122736 Jun 22 2012 cp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 135744 Oct 30 2012 cpio
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 csh -> tcsh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 45408 Jun 22 2012 cut
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 109672 Oct 17 2012 dash
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 59488 Jun 22 2012 date
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12600 Sep 13 2012 dbus-cleanup-sockets
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 339080 Sep 13 2012 dbus-daemon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18560 Sep 13 2012 dbus-monitor
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22456 Sep 13 2012 dbus-send
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11008 Sep 13 2012 dbus-uuidgen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 53944 Jun 22 2012 dd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 77424 Jun 22 2012 df
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9944 Feb 21 2013 dmesg
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 May 14 2018 dnsdomainname -> hostname
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 May 14 2018 domainname -> hostname
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 81120 Nov 11 2010 dumpkeys
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28176 Jun 22 2012 echo
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 53400 Nov 10 2010 ed
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 106400 Mar 7 2012 egrep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26368 Jun 22 2012 env
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 2 May 14 2018 ex -> vi
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25120 Jun 22 2012 false
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 71392 Mar 7 2012 fgrep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 238952 Nov 10 2010 find
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 41896 Feb 21 2013 findmnt
-rwsr-x---. 1 root fuse 32336 Dec 7 2011 fusermount
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 382456 Aug 7 2012 gawk
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33488 Jun 2 2014 gettext
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 111360 Mar 7 2012 grep
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 gtar -> tar
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 61 Nov 11 2010 gunzip
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 68616 Nov 11 2010 gzip
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17848 May 10 2012 hostname
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14920 Feb 22 2013 ipcalc
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 41 May 14 2018 iptables-xml -> /etc/alternatives/bin-iptables-xml.x86_64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 May 14 2018 iptables-xml-1.4.7 -> /sbin/iptables-multi
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11296 Nov 11 2010 kbd_mode
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15224 Feb 21 2013 kill
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26256 Jun 22 2012 link
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 49504 Jun 22 2012 ln
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 112208 Nov 11 2010 loadkeys
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31592 Feb 21 2013 login
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 117024 Jun 22 2012 ls
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 59848 Feb 21 2013 lsblk
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 May 14 2018 mail -> mailx
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 391224 Aug 22 2010 mailx
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 49384 Jun 22 2012 mkdir
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32496 Jun 22 2012 mknod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38048 Jun 22 2012 mktemp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 41216 Feb 21 2013 more
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 77208 Feb 21 2013 mount
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9848 Jul 19 2011 mountpoint
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 113328 Jun 22 2012 mv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 178896 Nov 11 2010 nano
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 128192 May 10 2012 netstat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28784 Jun 22 2012 nice
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 May 14 2018 nisdomainname -> hostname
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 40760 Jul 18 2011 ping
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 36488 Jul 18 2011 ping6
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 36808 Feb 22 2013 plymouth
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 87088 Nov 15 2012 ps
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31656 Jun 22 2012 pwd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11576 Feb 21 2013 raw
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 40056 Jun 22 2012 readlink
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 53400 Nov 10 2010 red
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 576 Apr 16 2008 redhat_lsb_init
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 57440 Jun 22 2012 rm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 40480 Jun 22 2012 rmdir
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 rnano -> nano
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 30600 Feb 21 2013 rpm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 2 May 14 2018 rvi -> vi
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 2 May 14 2018 rview -> vi
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 72248 Jun 22 2012 sed
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 42384 Nov 11 2010 setfont
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23672 Aug 22 2010 setserial
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 sh -> bash
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27848 Jun 22 2012 sleep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 98968 Jun 22 2012 sort
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 65032 Jun 22 2012 stty
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 34904 Jun 22 2012 su
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25432 Jun 22 2012 sync
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 395472 Feb 21 2013 tar
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14880 Feb 21 2013 taskset
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 387328 Feb 21 2013 tcsh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 52656 Jun 22 2012 touch
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11392 Jul 18 2011 tracepath
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12288 Jul 18 2011 tracepath6
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 57480 Nov 11 2010 traceroute
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 May 14 2018 traceroute6 -> traceroute
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25120 Jun 22 2012 true
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15008 Dec 7 2011 ulockmgr_server
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 53472 Feb 21 2013 umount
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27776 Jun 22 2012 uname
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2555 Nov 11 2010 unicode_start
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 363 Nov 11 2010 unicode_stop
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25760 Jun 22 2012 unlink
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10256 Feb 22 2013 usleep
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 770248 Apr 5 2012 vi
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 2 May 14 2018 view -> vi
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 May 14 2018 ypdomainname -> hostname
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 62 Nov 11 2010 zcat
yang@cMaster:~]#ll /usr/local/sbin
total 0
yang@cMaster:~]#ll /usr/sbin
total 28472
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28488 Feb 22 2013 abrtd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 24224 Feb 22 2013 abrt-dbus
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2832 Feb 22 2013 abrt-install-ccpp-hook
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19208 Feb 22 2013 abrt-server
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 May 14 2018 accept -> cupsaccept
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 2018 accton -> ../../sbin/accton
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 27312 Aug 18 2010 acpid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3126 Sep 21 2009 addgnupghome
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 adduser -> useradd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 May 14 2018 alsactl -> ../../sbin/alsactl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18199 Sep 12 2012 alsa-delay
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27496 Jun 22 2012 alternatives
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38968 Jul 18 2011 anacron
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3916 Feb 22 2013 apachectl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2264 Dec 18 2009 applygnupgdefaults
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 42704 Feb 21 2013 arpd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 12 May 14 2018 arping -> /sbin/arping
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23968 Jan 30 2012 atd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 67 Jan 30 2012 atrun
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 May 14 2018 authconfig -> /usr/share/authconfig/authconfig.py
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 39 May 14 2018 authconfig-gtk -> /usr/share/authconfig/authconfig-gtk.py
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 39 May 14 2018 authconfig-tui -> /usr/share/authconfig/authconfig-tui.py
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38688 Feb 21 2013 avahi-autoipd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13968 Jun 22 2012 avcstat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 109472 Nov 10 2010 bccmd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18200 Dec 7 2011 biosdecode
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 500176 Nov 10 2010 bluetoothd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18984 Jun 22 2012 bonobo-activation-sysconf
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 37696 Feb 21 2013 brctl
-rwx------. 1 root root 753736 Feb 21 2013 build-locale-archive
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 644 Feb 21 2013 cacertdir_rehash
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16616 Dec 7 2011 capsh
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27936 Aug 22 2010 chat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 42616 Dec 7 2011 chpasswd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31776 Jun 22 2012 chroot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18936 Nov 10 2010 ck-log-system-restart
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19232 Nov 10 2010 ck-log-system-start
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18936 Nov 10 2010 ck-log-system-stop
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15520 Jul 18 2011 clockdiff
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 155016 Nov 10 2010 console-kit-daemon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 70056 Nov 20 2012 convertquota
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22576 Feb 21 2013 cpuspeed
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9008 Jun 24 2011 cracklib-check
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 218 Jun 24 2011 cracklib-format
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9536 Jun 24 2011 cracklib-packer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8648 Jun 24 2011 cracklib-unpacker
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 990 Jun 24 2011 create-cracklib-dict
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 59832 Jul 18 2011 crond
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10488 Nov 20 2012 cupsaccept
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10544 Nov 20 2012 cupsaddsmb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10528 Nov 20 2012 cupsctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 435896 Nov 20 2012 cupsd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 May 14 2018 cupsdisable -> cupsaccept
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 May 14 2018 cupsenable -> cupsaccept
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28728 Nov 20 2012 cupsfilter
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 65912 Nov 11 2010 cups-genppd.5.2
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 35062 Nov 11 2010 cups-genppdupdate
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 May 14 2018 cupsreject -> cupsaccept
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 80856 Dec 7 2011 dmidecode
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 185888 Feb 21 2013 dnsmasq
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14632 Jul 17 2012 dump-acct
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14712 Jul 17 2012 dump-utmp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14456 Feb 21 2013 e2freefrag
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 78560 Nov 20 2012 edquota
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 50984 Jun 21 2012 efibootmgr
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32112 Nov 10 2010 eject
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 May 14 2018 ethtool -> ../../sbin/ethtool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11416 Feb 21 2013 fdformat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13608 Feb 21 2013 filefrag
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8538 Feb 21 2013 firstboot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29858 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-addpjloptions
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1371 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-cleanupdrivers
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4570 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-extract-text
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1539 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-fix-xml
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2140 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-getpjloptions
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3247 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-kitload
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4497 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-nonumericalids
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9322 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-preferred-driver
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5105 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-printermap-to-gutenprint-xml
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2606 Sep 23 2011 foomatic-replaceoldprinterids
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 388 Feb 21 2013 gdm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 170784 Feb 21 2013 gdm-binary
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33 Feb 21 2013 genhomedircon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10264 Dec 7 2011 getcap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8728 Jun 22 2012 getenforce
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9272 Dec 7 2011 getpcaps
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10648 Jun 22 2012 getsebool
-rwx------. 1 root root 686480 Feb 21 2013 glibc_post_upgrade.x86_64
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 54968 Dec 7 2011 groupadd
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 46512 Dec 7 2011 groupdel
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 50800 Dec 7 2011 groupmems
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 61360 Dec 7 2011 groupmod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 50600 Dec 7 2011 grpck
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 42416 Dec 7 2011 grpconv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 42416 Dec 7 2011 grpunconv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 359064 Jul 19 2011 hald
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33416 Nov 10 2010 hciattach
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 115032 Nov 10 2010 hciconfig
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19984 Feb 22 2013 htcacheclean
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 354816 Feb 22 2013 httpd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 368168 Feb 22 2013 httpd.event
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 367240 Feb 22 2013 httpd.worker
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11192 Feb 22 2013 httxt2dbm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 18 May 14 2018 hwclock -> ../../sbin/hwclock
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 26520 Feb 21 2013 iconvconfig
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 26520 Feb 21 2013 iconvconfig.x86_64
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 39952 Feb 21 2013 irqbalance
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31800 Apr 5 2012 lchage
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13552 Feb 21 2013 ldattach
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 52808 Feb 21 2013 ledctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 55168 Feb 21 2013 ledmon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27976 Apr 5 2012 lgroupadd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26888 Apr 5 2012 lgroupdel
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32800 Apr 5 2012 lgroupmod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16024 Apr 5 2012 lid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32632 Apr 5 2012 lnewusers
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18064 Feb 21 2013 lnstat
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 May 14 2018 load_policy -> /sbin/load_policy
-rwx--s--x. 1 root lock 15808 Aug 18 2010 lockdev
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 59744 Aug 15 2012 logrotate
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2197 Sep 23 2011 lokkit
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27208 Nov 20 2012 lpadmin
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 30800 Apr 5 2012 lpasswd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 27 May 14 2018 lpc -> /etc/alternatives/print-lpc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14688 Nov 20 2012 lpc.cups
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14576 Nov 20 2012 lpinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10560 Nov 20 2012 lpmove
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 145872 Apr 3 2012 lsof
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 2018 lsusb -> /usr/bin/lsusb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33040 Apr 5 2012 luseradd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28784 Apr 5 2012 luserdel
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 35144 Apr 5 2012 lusermod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 248760 Feb 21 2013 makedumpfile
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14118 Feb 21 2013 makewhatis
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 23 May 14 2018 matchpathcon -> ../../sbin/matchpathcon
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 2018 mkdict -> cracklib-format
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9624 Feb 21 2013 mklost+found
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10640 Nov 10 2010 mksock
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 317096 Nov 10 2010 modem-manager
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 64512 Aug 16 2010 mtr
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 112912 Nov 12 2012 netscsid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 858456 Feb 21 2013 NetworkManager
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 65432 Dec 7 2011 newusers
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 20352 Feb 21 2013 nstat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 614144 Feb 22 2013 ntpd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 70864 Feb 22 2013 ntpdate
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 190160 Feb 22 2013 ntpdc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 107456 Feb 22 2013 ntp-keygen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 179728 Feb 22 2013 ntpq
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19896 Feb 22 2013 ntptime
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31192 Jun 22 2012 ntsysv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14632 Feb 21 2013 open_init_pty
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12144 Dec 7 2011 ownership
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 353928 Feb 21 2013 packagekitd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 2018 packer -> cracklib-packer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9156 Feb 21 2013 pethtool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2932 Feb 21 2013 pifconfig
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 May 14 2018 ping6 -> /bin/ping6
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15536 Feb 21 2013 pk-device-rebind
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18704 Nov 27 2012 pluginviewer
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6349 Feb 22 2013 plymouth-set-default-theme
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 33 May 14 2018 pm-hibernate -> /usr/lib64/pm-utils/bin/pm-action
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1570 Jul 18 2012 pm-powersave
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 33 May 14 2018 pm-suspend -> /usr/lib64/pm-utils/bin/pm-action
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 33 May 14 2018 pm-suspend-hybrid -> /usr/lib64/pm-utils/bin/pm-action
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 213736 Dec 2 2011 postalias
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 119400 Dec 2 2011 postcat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 304200 Dec 2 2011 postconf
-rwxr-sr-x. 1 root postdrop 180808 Dec 2 2011 postdrop
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 110536 Dec 2 2011 postfix
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 118792 Dec 2 2011 postkick
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 114664 Dec 2 2011 postlock
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 110728 Dec 2 2011 postlog
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 217800 Dec 2 2011 postmap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 127400 Dec 2 2011 postmulti
-rwxr-sr-x. 1 root postdrop 213736 Dec 2 2011 postqueue
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 127400 Dec 2 2011 postsuper
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 359592 Aug 22 2010 pppd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 53512 Aug 22 2010 pppdump
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 19672 Aug 22 2010 pppoe-discovery
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17088 Aug 22 2010 pppstats
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1320696 Dec 7 2011 prelink
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 42416 Dec 7 2011 pwck
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38296 Dec 7 2011 pwconv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29016 Dec 7 2011 pwunconv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 74400 Nov 20 2012 quota_nld
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11480 Nov 20 2012 quotastats
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3443 Dec 6 2012 raid-check
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15616 Feb 21 2013 readprofile
-rwx------. 1 root root 2896 Feb 22 2013 redhat_lsb_trigger.x86_64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 May 14 2018 reject -> cupsaccept
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 70304 Nov 20 2012 repquota
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31648 Feb 21 2013 restorecond
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16744 Feb 22 2013 rotatelogs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 74664 Nov 20 2012 rpc.rquotad
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 36416 Feb 21 2013 rtacct
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17856 Feb 21 2013 rtcwake
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12432 Aug 20 2010 rtkitctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10568 Feb 21 2013 run_init
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32288 Jul 17 2012 sa
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8896 Dec 7 2011 safe_finger
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 75784 Nov 11 2010 saned
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 88496 Nov 27 2012 saslauthd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 20320 Nov 27 2012 sasldblistusers2
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18088 Nov 27 2012 saslpasswd2
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10256 Jun 22 2012 selinuxconlist
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10616 Jun 22 2012 selinuxdefcon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7968 Jun 22 2012 selinuxenabled
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19352 Feb 21 2013 semodule
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 21 May 14 2018 sendmail -> /etc/alternatives/mta
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 213616 Dec 2 2011 sendmail.postfix
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14784 Feb 21 2013 sestatus
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11032 Dec 7 2011 setcap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9296 Jun 22 2012 setenforce
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 82720 Nov 20 2012 setquota
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14720 Feb 21 2013 setsebool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15976 Aug 25 2010 setup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15184 May 31 2012 skdump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9544 May 31 2012 sktest
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 525072 Feb 21 2013 smartctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 500400 Feb 21 2013 smartd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 82472 Dec 2 2011 smtp-sink
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 69168 Dec 2 2011 smtp-source
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 30744 Feb 21 2013 snmpd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 30776 Feb 21 2013 snmptrapd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 926 Feb 22 2013 sosreport
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 42480 Feb 21 2013 spice-vdagentd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 75056 Feb 21 2013 ss
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 526008 Feb 21 2013 sshd
-r-s--x---. 1 root apache 13984 Feb 22 2013 suexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 39 May 14 2018 system-config-authentication -> /usr/share/authconfig/authconfig-gtk.py
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 142 Jun 22 2012 system-config-keyboard
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 188 Nov 11 2010 system-config-network
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 45 May 14 2018 system-config-network-cmd -> ../share/system-config-network/netconf_cmd.py
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 45 May 14 2018 system-config-network-tui -> ../share/system-config-network/netconf_tui.py
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 180 Feb 22 2013 sys-unconfig
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 35648 Dec 7 2011 tcpd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 742032 Mar 26 2012 tcpdump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 24568 Mar 26 2012 tcpslice
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14824 Nov 27 2012 testsaslauthd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 248872 Jun 22 2012 thin_check
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 365240 Jun 22 2012 thin_dump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 370200 Jun 22 2012 thin_restore
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5816 Feb 22 2013 tickadj
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 21656 Sep 23 2011 tmpwatch
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10656 Jun 22 2012 togglesebool
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 2018 tracepath -> /bin/tracepath
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 2018 tracepath6 -> /bin/tracepath6
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19680 Dec 7 2011 try-from
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12536 Feb 21 2013 tunelp
-rwx------. 1 root root 3784 Feb 21 2013 tzdata-update
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 12 May 14 2018 update-alternatives -> alternatives
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1755 Feb 21 2013 update-pciids
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3582 Feb 21 2013 update-smart-drivedb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 51560 Aug 22 2010 usbmuxd
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 103096 Dec 7 2011 useradd
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 69560 Dec 7 2011 userdel
-rws--x--x. 1 root root 41112 Aug 22 2010 userhelper
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 98680 Dec 7 2011 usermod
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 9000 Feb 22 2013 usernetctl
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 May 14 2018 vigr -> vipw
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 53160 Dec 7 2011 vipw
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6768 Feb 21 2013 virt-what
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 154680 Feb 21 2013 visudo
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Jun 7 2018 vmtoolsd -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/sbin64/vmtoolsd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 43 Jun 7 2018 vmware-checkvm -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/sbin64/vmware-checkvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Jun 7 2018 vmware-namespace-cmd -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 43 Jun 7 2018 vmware-rpctool -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/sbin64/vmware-rpctool
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 Jun 7 2018 vmware-vmblock-fuse -> /usr/lib/vmware-tools/bin64/appLoader
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14840 Dec 7 2011 vpddecode
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 82656 Nov 20 2012 warnquota
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7892520 Feb 21 2013 winbindd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 48464 Feb 4 2013 wpa_cli
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 35904 Feb 4 2013 wpa_passphrase
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 712768 Feb 4 2013 wpa_supplicant
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9416 Jun 22 2012 yum-complete-transaction
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8022 Jun 22 2012 yumdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17392 Feb 21 2013 zdump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 50256 Feb 21 2013 zic
yang@cMaster:~]#ll /sbin
total 15320
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10704 Jul 17 2012 accton
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8456 Feb 21 2013 addpart
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23952 Feb 21 2013 agetty
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 94168 Feb 21 2013 alsactl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 62816 May 10 2012 arp
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17776 Jul 18 2011 arping
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 92192 Jun 22 2012 audispd
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 133072 Jun 22 2012 auditctl
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 174168 Jun 22 2012 auditd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 149120 Jun 22 2012 aureport
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 167648 Jun 22 2012 ausearch
-rwxr-x---. 1 root root 91720 Jun 22 2012 autrace
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29752 Feb 21 2013 badblocks
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 36560 Feb 21 2013 biosdevname
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 9722 Feb 21 2013 blkdeactivate
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 27824 Feb 21 2013 blkid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17336 Feb 21 2013 blockdev
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1045992 Jun 22 2012 busybox
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 33559 Feb 21 2013 cbq
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 61416 Feb 21 2013 cfdisk
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29072 Feb 21 2013 chcpu
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 35264 Jun 22 2012 chkconfig
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 clock -> hwclock
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7896 Feb 22 2013 consoletype
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14632 Jul 19 2011 crda
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 41640 Jun 22 2012 cryptsetup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8592 Feb 21 2013 ctrlaltdel
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 96336 Feb 21 2013 debugfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8416 Feb 21 2013 delpart
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 135344 Feb 21 2013 depmod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 572256 Feb 22 2013 dhclient
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25352 Sep 25 2012 dhclient-script
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 13168 Jun 22 2012 dm_dso_reg_tool
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 40008 Feb 21 2013 dmeventd
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 13168 Jun 22 2012 dmevent_tool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26256 Jun 22 2012 dmraid
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 dmraid.static -> dmraid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 73760 Feb 21 2013 dmsetup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 55344 Dec 7 2011 dosfsck
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 52288 Dec 7 2011 dosfslabel
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11979 Feb 21 2013 dracut
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23288 Feb 21 2013 dumpe2fs
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 197256 Feb 21 2013 e2fsck
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28296 Feb 21 2013 e2image
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 42728 Feb 21 2013 e2label
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14592 Feb 21 2013 e2undo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14712 May 10 2012 ether-wake
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 236848 Feb 21 2013 ethtool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15016 Feb 21 2013 faillock
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 106008 Feb 21 2013 fdisk
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9608 Feb 21 2013 findfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6049 Feb 21 2013 fixfiles
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 14083 Feb 21 2013 fsadm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 34680 Feb 21 2013 fsck
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15976 Feb 21 2013 fsck.cramfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 197256 Feb 21 2013 fsck.ext2
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 197256 Feb 21 2013 fsck.ext3
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 197256 Feb 21 2013 fsck.ext4
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 197256 Feb 21 2013 fsck.ext4dev
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 fsck.msdos -> dosfsck
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 fsck.vfat -> dosfsck
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10512 Feb 21 2013 fsfreeze
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8336 Feb 22 2013 fstab-decode
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18384 Feb 21 2013 fstrim
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29160 Jun 24 2011 fuser
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8096 Feb 22 2013 genhostid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11992 Feb 22 2013 getkey
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 754248 Feb 21 2013 grub
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 50456 Jun 22 2012 grubby
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2463 Feb 21 2013 grub-crypt
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17989 Feb 21 2013 grub-install
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2293 Feb 21 2013 grub-md5-crypt
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2473 Feb 21 2013 grub-terminfo
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 halt -> reboot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 100664 Nov 11 2010 hdparm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 48144 Feb 21 2013 hwclock
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3056 Feb 21 2013 ifcfg
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 73936 May 10 2012 ifconfig
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1331 Jan 9 2013 ifdown
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22168 Jul 18 2011 ifenslave
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32216 Aug 18 2010 ifrename
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 4367 Jan 9 2013 ifup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 150352 Jun 22 2012 init
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 138784 Jun 22 2012 initctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14120 Feb 21 2013 insmod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 797088 Feb 21 2013 insmod.static
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 43584 Aug 19 2010 install-info
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2670 Jun 22 2012 installkernel
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 236152 Feb 21 2013 ip
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 34 May 14 2018 ip6tables -> /etc/alternatives/ip6tables.x86_64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 2018 ip6tables-1.4.7 -> ip6tables-multi
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 45 May 14 2018 ip6tables-multi -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-ip6tables-multi.x86_64
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 50040 Feb 21 2013 ip6tables-multi-1.4.7
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 47 May 14 2018 ip6tables-restore -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-ip6tables-restore.x86_64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 2018 ip6tables-restore-1.4.7 -> ip6tables-multi
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 44 May 14 2018 ip6tables-save -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-ip6tables-save.x86_64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 May 14 2018 ip6tables-save-1.4.7 -> ip6tables-multi
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19352 May 10 2012 ipmaddr
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 33 May 14 2018 iptables -> /etc/alternatives/iptables.x86_64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 2018 iptables-1.4.7 -> iptables-multi
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 44 May 14 2018 iptables-multi -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-iptables-multi.x86_64
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 58872 Feb 21 2013 iptables-multi-1.4.7
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 46 May 14 2018 iptables-restore -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-iptables-restore.x86_64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 2018 iptables-restore-1.4.7 -> iptables-multi
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 43 May 14 2018 iptables-save -> /etc/alternatives/sbin-iptables-save.x86_64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 May 14 2018 iptables-save-1.4.7 -> iptables-multi
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23272 May 10 2012 iptunnel
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 79112 Aug 22 2010 iw
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 30288 Aug 18 2010 iwconfig
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18664 Aug 18 2010 iwevent
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14400 Aug 18 2010 iwgetid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 36504 Aug 18 2010 iwlist
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15224 Aug 18 2010 iwpriv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14272 Aug 18 2010 iwspy
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11088 Feb 21 2013 kdump
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 180624 Feb 21 2013 kexec
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19080 Jul 19 2011 killall5
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38008 Feb 21 2013 kpartx
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 893872 Feb 21 2013 ldconfig
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10456 Feb 21 2013 load_policy
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13104 Feb 21 2013 logsave
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 31952 Feb 21 2013 losetup
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2365 Feb 21 2013 lsinitrd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9096 Feb 21 2013 lsmod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 71800 Feb 21 2013 lspci
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 9 May 14 2018 lspcmcia -> pccardctl
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvchange -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvconvert -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvcreate -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvdisplay -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvextend -> lvm
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 1013336 Feb 21 2013 lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvmchange -> lvm
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 6691 Feb 21 2013 lvmconf
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvmdiskscan -> lvm
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 7301 Feb 21 2013 lvmdump
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 49480 Feb 21 2013 lvmetad
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvmsadc -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvmsar -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvreduce -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvremove -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvrename -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvresize -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvs -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 lvscan -> lvm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28792 Nov 10 2010 MAKEDEV
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12024 Jun 22 2012 matchpathcon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 467208 Feb 21 2013 mdadm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 307128 Feb 21 2013 mdmon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11696 Feb 21 2013 microcode_ctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 21760 May 10 2012 mii-diag
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 18200 May 10 2012 mii-tool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 19144 Sep 23 2011 mingetty
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 30592 Dec 7 2011 mkdosfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 109796 Feb 21 2013 mkdumprd
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 68960 Feb 21 2013 mke2fs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10336 Feb 21 2013 mkfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26208 Feb 21 2013 mkfs.cramfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 68960 Feb 21 2013 mkfs.ext2
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 68960 Feb 21 2013 mkfs.ext3
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 68960 Feb 21 2013 mkfs.ext4
-rwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 68960 Feb 21 2013 mkfs.ext4dev
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 mkfs.msdos -> mkdosfs
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 mkfs.vfat -> mkdosfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22608 Feb 21 2013 mkhomedir_helper
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 3412 Feb 21 2013 mkinitrd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 22648 Feb 21 2013 mkswap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 97624 Feb 21 2013 modinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 123184 Feb 21 2013 modprobe
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11616 Dec 7 2011 mount.fuse
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1338 Feb 21 2013 mount.tmpfs
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 67536 Jun 7 2018 mount.vmhgfs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15600 May 10 2012 nameif
-rwxr-sr-x. 1 root root 8792 Feb 22 2013 netreport
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13818 Jun 22 2012 new-kernel-pkg
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7816 Feb 21 2013 nologin
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 43512 Feb 21 2013 pam_console_apply
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17272 Feb 21 2013 pam_tally2
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 10272 Feb 21 2013 pam_timestamp_check
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 86984 Feb 21 2013 parted
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14656 Feb 21 2013 partprobe
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 25496 Feb 21 2013 partx
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 36176 Nov 11 2010 pccardctl
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 May 14 2018 pidof -> killall5
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7792 Feb 21 2013 pivot_root
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10752 May 10 2012 plipconfig
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 76208 Feb 22 2013 plymouthd
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 May 14 2018 portrelease -> portreserve
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14664 Apr 3 2012 portreserve
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 poweroff -> reboot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 29560 Feb 22 2013 ppp-watch
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvchange -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvck -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvcreate -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvdisplay -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvmove -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvremove -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvresize -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvs -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 pvscan -> lvm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 103080 Nov 20 2012 quotacheck
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 quotaoff -> quotaon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 74240 Nov 20 2012 quotaon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 20576 Jul 18 2011 rdisc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 26976 Aug 23 2010 readahead
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28392 Aug 23 2010 readahead-collector
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14832 Jun 22 2012 reboot
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11488 Jul 19 2011 regdbdump
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 reload -> initctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 41712 Feb 21 2013 resize2fs
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 restart -> initctl
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 May 14 2018 restorecon -> setfiles
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12416 Aug 22 2010 rfkill
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16672 Feb 21 2013 rmmod
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17632 Dec 17 2011 rngd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 59784 May 10 2012 route
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 391968 Feb 21 2013 rsyslogd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38248 Feb 21 2013 rtmon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 14352 Jun 22 2012 runlevel
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 32696 Jun 22 2012 runuser
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 May 14 2018 scsi_id -> ../lib/udev/scsi_id
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10600 Feb 22 2013 securetty
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1694 Feb 22 2013 service
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23168 Feb 21 2013 setfiles
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 23928 Feb 21 2013 setpci
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1503 Feb 25 2010 setregdomain
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 850 Feb 22 2013 setsysfont
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 64928 Feb 21 2013 sfdisk
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16752 Aug 22 2010 sgpio
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 60400 Jun 22 2012 shutdown
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38224 May 10 2012 slattach
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 686520 Feb 21 2013 sln
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 start -> initctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8109 Feb 21 2013 start_udev
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 status -> initctl
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 May 14 2018 stop -> initctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17040 Jul 19 2011 sulogin
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 67 Feb 22 2013 sushell
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 6 May 14 2018 swapoff -> swapon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28792 Feb 21 2013 swapon
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12232 Feb 21 2013 switch_root
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16768 Nov 15 2012 sysctl
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 259232 Feb 21 2013 tc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 51536 Jun 22 2012 telinit
-rwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 42728 Feb 21 2013 tune2fs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 137256 Feb 21 2013 udevadm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 129120 Feb 21 2013 udevd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12224 Jul 19 2011 umount.hal
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 12440 Dec 7 2011 umount.udisks
-rwsr-xr-x. 1 root root 34840 Feb 21 2013 unix_chkpwd
-rwx------. 1 root root 34840 Feb 21 2013 unix_update
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 13480 Aug 18 2010 vconfig
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgcfgbackup -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgcfgrestore -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgchange -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgck -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgconvert -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgcreate -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgdisplay -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgexport -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgextend -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgimport -> lvm
-r-xr-xr-x. 1 root root 10399 Feb 21 2013 vgimportclone
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgmerge -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgmknodes -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgreduce -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgremove -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgrename -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgs -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgscan -> lvm
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 May 14 2018 vgsplit -> lvm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 17400 Feb 21 2013 vmcore-dmesg
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 15410 Feb 21 2013 weak-modules
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 16576 Feb 21 2013 wipefs
yang@cMaster:~]#ll /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_161/bin
total 732
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7965 Dec 19 2017 appletviewer
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 8 Jul 5 2018 ControlPanel -> jcontrol
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 extcheck
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7973 Dec 19 2017 idlj
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7925 Dec 19 2017 jar
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7957 Dec 19 2017 jarsigner
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7734 Dec 19 2017 java
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 javac
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 javadoc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2293 Dec 19 2017 javafxpackager
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 javah
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 javap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 2293 Dec 19 2017 javapackager
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1809 Dec 19 2017 java-rmi.cgi
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 132017 Dec 19 2017 javaws
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7925 Dec 19 2017 jcmd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8013 Dec 19 2017 jconsole
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 6264 Dec 19 2017 jcontrol
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7981 Dec 19 2017 jdb
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 jdeps
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 jhat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8109 Dec 19 2017 jinfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 jjs
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8109 Dec 19 2017 jmap
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 28262 Dec 19 2017 jmc
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 402 Nov 24 2016 jmc.ini
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7925 Dec 19 2017 jps
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7949 Dec 19 2017 jrunscript
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7981 Dec 19 2017 jsadebugd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8109 Dec 19 2017 jstack
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 jstat
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 jstatd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 5110 Jan 14 2017 jvisualvm
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 keytool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7949 Dec 19 2017 native2ascii
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8149 Dec 19 2017 orbd
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7957 Dec 19 2017 pack200
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7997 Dec 19 2017 policytool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7925 Dec 19 2017 rmic
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 rmid
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7949 Dec 19 2017 rmiregistry
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7957 Dec 19 2017 schemagen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 serialver
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7965 Dec 19 2017 servertool
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 8181 Dec 19 2017 tnameserv
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 231482 Dec 19 2017 unpack200
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7941 Dec 19 2017 wsgen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7957 Dec 19 2017 wsimport
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7957 Dec 19 2017 xjc
yang@cMaster:~]#ll /home/yang
total 80
drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang 4096 May 30 02:50 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang 4096 May 14 2018 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang 4096 May 14 2018 Downloads
-rw-rw-r--. 1 yang yang 11103 Jun 6 2018 log-pig-flume.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 yang yang 0 Jun 6 2018 log-pig-flume.txt~
-rw-rw-r--. 1 yang yang 30161 Jun 6 2018 log-proxy.txt
drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang 4096 May 14 2018 Music
drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang 4096 May 30 02:11 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang 4096 May 14 2018 Public
drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang 4096 May 14 2018 Templates
drwxr-xr-x. 2 yang yang 4096 May 14 2018 Videos
drwxrwxr-x. 4 yang yang 4096 Jul 5 2018 workspac
小结
可见，我们经常使用的命令，如：reboot ，其完整的名称为“ /usr/bin/reboot ”，它的简化功劳得亏于profile配置文件和其他文件的组合应用。同时，profile配置文件主要用于登录设置的全系统环境和启动程序。如果profile配置文件出现问题会直接影响到图形界面的使用，但不影响字符界面的正常操作。
