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Selenium的ActionChains Api接口详解

ActionChains

有时候我们在通过Selenium做UI自动化的时候，明明能够在DOM树内看到这个元素，但是我在通过driver click、sendkey的时候，就是点击不到或无法输入字符串。实际上这是由于WEB中某些元素需要通过一系列连贯的操作才能处于可以点击的状态，driver提供的click方法是每次都只执行一个命令操作，而我们需要连贯的操作。或者经常遇到那种，需要鼠标悬浮后，要操作的元素才会出现的某种场景，那么我们就要模拟鼠标悬浮到某一个位置，做一系列的连贯操作，这里就要应用Selenium提供的ActionChains模块

具体使用方法参考官方文档： https://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains

或某大佬翻译的中文文档：https://python-selenium-zh.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/7.2%20%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E9%93%BE/

引入方式

#引入方式一
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
#引入方式二
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

实际上ActionChains这个模块的实现的核心思想就是，当你调用ActionChains的方法时，不会立即执行，而是会将所有的操作按顺序存放在一个List里，当你调用perform()方法时，队列中的时间会依次执行。（注：推荐一个尺子工具，MeasulerIt）

ActionChains方法列表

click(on_element=None) ——单击鼠标左键

click_and_hold(on_element=None) ——点击鼠标左键，不松开

context_click(on_element=None) ——点击鼠标右键

double_click(on_element=None) ——双击鼠标左键

drag_and_drop(source, target) ——拖拽到某个元素然后松开

drag_and_drop_by_offset(source, xoffset, yoffset) ——拖拽到某个坐标然后松开

key_down(value, element=None) ——按下某个键盘上的键

key_up(value, element=None) ——松开某个键

move_by_offset(xoffset, yoffset) ——鼠标从当前位置移动到某个坐标

move_to_element(to_element) ——鼠标移动到某个元素

move_to_element_with_offset(to_element, xoffset, yoffset) ——移动到距某个元素（左上角坐标）多少距离的位置

perform() ——执行链中的所有动作

release(on_element=None) ——在某个元素位置松开鼠标左键

send_keys(*keys_to_send) ——发送某个键到当前焦点的元素

send_keys_to_element(element, *keys_to_send) ——发送某个键到指定元素

drag_and_drop(鼠标拖动)

# 将source元素拖放至target元素处，参数为两个elementObj
ActionChains(driver).drag_and_drop(source=source,target=target)
# 将一个source元素 拖动到针对source坐上角坐在的x y处 可存在负宽度的情况和负高度的情况

ActionChains(driver).drag_and_drop_by_offset(source, x, y)
# 这种也是拖拽的一种方式，都是以源元素的左上角为基准，移动坐标

ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold(dom).move_by_offset(169,188).release().perform()

move_to_element

# 鼠标移动到某一个元素上,结束elementObj
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(e)
# 鼠标移动到制定的坐标上，参数接受x，y

ActionChains(driver).move_by_offset(e['x'],e['y'])
例：

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.maximize_window()

driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')

time.sleep(2)

# driver.execute_script('document.body.scrollTop=0')

driver.execute_script('document.documentElement.scrollTop')

time.sleep(1)

a = driver.find_element_by_id('a').location

dis = driver.find_element_by_id('dis1')

ActionChains(driver).move_by_offset(a['x'],a['y']).double_click(dis).perform()

click

# 单击事件,可接受elementObj
ActionChains(driver).click()
# 双击事件,可接受elementObj

ActionChains(driver).double_click()
# 点击鼠标右键

ActionChains(driver).context_click()
# 点击某个元素不松开,接收elementObj

ActionChains(driver).click_and_hold()
# # 某个元素上松开鼠标左键,接收elementObj

ActionChains(driver).release()

举例说明：

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_actionchains.py
@time:2020/09/27
"""
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
class TestDefaultSuite():

def setup_method(self, ):

self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()

self.driver.maximize_window()

self.driver.implicitly_wait(5)
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> teardown_method(self):
    self.driver.quit()

</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 鼠标点击测试</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> @pytest.mark.skip</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> test_case_click(self):
    self.driver.get(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">http://sahitest.com/demo/clicks.htm</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">"</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)
    click_btn </span>= self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//input[@value="click me"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 单击按钮</span>
    doubleclick_btn = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//input[@value="dbl click me"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 双击按钮</span>
    rightclick_btn = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//input[@value="right click me"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 右键单击按钮</span>

    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> action=ActionChains(self.driver)</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> action.click(click_btn)  # 单击</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> action.double_click(doubleclick_btn)  # 双击</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> action.context_click(rightclick_btn)  # 右键</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> action.perform()</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> sleep(5)</span>

    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 或者直接以长链的方式执行，按照顺序依次执行</span>

        ActionChains(self.driver).click(click_btn).double_click(doubleclick_btn).context_click(rightclick_btn).perform()
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 鼠标移动测试</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> test_case_move(self):
    </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> self.driver.get('https://www.baidu.com/')</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> set_ele=self.driver.find_element_by_id('s-usersetting-top')  # 百度的设置元素</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> ActionChains(self.driver).move_to_element(set_ele).perform()</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> sleep(5)</span>
    self.driver.get(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">http://sahitest.com/demo/mouseover.htm</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)
    write </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(
        </span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//input[@value="Write on hover"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 鼠标移动到此元素，在下面的input框中会显示“Mouse moved”</span>
    blank = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//input[@value="Blank on hover"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 鼠标移动到此元素，会清空下面input框中的内容</span>
    result = self.driver.find_element_by_name(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">t1</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)
    action </span>=<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> ActionChains(self.driver)
    action.move_to_element(write).perform()  </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 移动到write，显示“Mouse moved”</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">print</span>(result.get_attribute(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">value</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">))
    </span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> action.move_to_element(blank).perform()</span>
    action.move_by_offset(10, 50).perform()  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 移动到距离当前位置(10,50)的点，与上句效果相同，移动到blank上，清空</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">print</span>(result.get_attribute(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">value</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">))
    action.move_to_element_with_offset(blank, </span>10, -40).perform()  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 移动到距离blank元素(10,-40)的点，可移动到write上</span>
    <span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">print</span>(result.get_attribute(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">value</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">))
    sleep(</span>2<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)

</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 鼠标拖拽</span>
<span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> test_case_drapdrop(self):
    self.driver.get(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">http://sahitest.com/demo/dragDropMooTools.htm</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)
    dragger </span>= self.driver.find_element_by_id(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">dragger</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 被拖拽元素</span>
    item1 = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//div[text()="Item 1"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 目标元素1</span>
    item2 = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//div[text()="Item 2"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 目标2</span>
    item3 = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//div[text()="Item 3"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 目标3</span>
    item4 = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">//div[text()="Item 4"]</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>)  <span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)">#</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 1)"> 目标4</span>


        action = ActionChains(self.driver)
        action.drag_and_drop(dragger, item1).perform()  # 1.移动dragger到目标1
        sleep(2)
        action.click_and_hold(dragger).release(item2).perform()  # 2.效果与上句相同，也能起到移动效果
        sleep(2)
        action.click_and_hold(dragger).move_to_element(item3).release().perform()  # 3.效果与上两句相同，也能起到移动的效果
        sleep(2)
        # action.drag_and_drop_by_offset(dragger, 400, 150).perform()  # 4.移动到指定坐标
        action.click_and_hold(dragger).move_by_offset(400, 150).release().perform()  # 5.与上一句相同，移动到指定坐标
        sleep(2)
if name == 'main':

pytest.main()

执行结果

Testing started at 12:59 上午 ...
/usr/local/bin/python3.9 "/Applications/PyCharm CE.app/Contents/plugins/python-ce/helpers/pycharm/_jb_pytest_runner.py" --path /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_selenium/test_actionchains.py
Launching pytest with arguments /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_selenium/test_actionchains.py in /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_selenium
============================= test session starts ==============================

platform darwin -- Python 3.9.0, pytest-6.1.1, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 -- /usr/local/bin/python3.9

cachedir: .pytest_cache

rootdir: /Users/chenshifeng/MyCode/PythonCode/SFDSZL/test_selenium

plugins: allure-pytest-2.8.18

collecting ... collected 3 items
test_actionchains.py::TestDefaultSuite::test_case_click

test_actionchains.py::TestDefaultSuite::test_case_move

test_actionchains.py::TestDefaultSuite::test_case_drapdrop
============================== 3 passed in 37.93s ==============================
Process finished with exit code 0

PASSED           [ 33%]PASSED            [ 66%]Mouse moved
Mouse moved

PASSED        [100%]

key_down与key_up

有时我们需要模拟键盘操作时，那么就需要用到ActionChains中的key操作了，提供了两个方法，key_down与key_up，模拟按下键盘的某个键子，与松开某个键子，接收的参数是按键的Keys与elementObj。可以与send_keys连用（例：全选、复制、剪切、粘贴）

# key_down 模拟键盘摁下某个按键 key_up 松开某个按键，与sendkey连用完成一些操作，每次down必须up一次否则将出现异常
ActionChains(driver).key_down(Keys.CONTROL,dom).send_keys('a').send_keys('c').key_up(Keys.CONTROL)\
    .key_down(Keys.CONTROL,dom1).send_keys('v').key_up(Keys.CONTROL).perform()

Keys 实际是Selenium提供的一个键盘事件模块，在模拟键盘事件时需要导入Keys模块

引入路径

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

继续举例：

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
"""
@author:chenshifeng
@file:test_actionchains.py
@time:2020/09/27
"""
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
class TestDefaultSuite():

def setup_method(self, ):

self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()

self.driver.maximize_window()

self.driver.implicitly_wait(5)
</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> teardown_method(self):
    self.driver.quit()

</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 1)">def</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)"> test_key(self):
    self.driver.get(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">https://www.baidu.com/</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)
    dom </span>= self.driver.find_element_by_id(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">kw</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1)">)

    ActionChains(self.driver).key_down(Keys.SHIFT, dom).send_keys(</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">a</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>).send_keys(<span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">c</span><span style="color: rgba(128, 0, 0, 1)">'</span>).key_up(Keys.SHIFT).pause(2).perform()</pre>