Rust编程语言入门之模式匹配
模式匹配
模式
- 模式是Rust中的一种特殊语法,用于匹配复杂和简单类型的结构
- 将模式与匹配表达式和其他构造结合使用,可以更好地控制程序的控制流
- 模式由以下元素(的一些组合)组成:
- 字面值
- 解构的数组、enum、struct 和 tuple
- 变量
- 通配符
- 占位符
- 想要使用模式,需要将其与某个值进行比较:
- 如果模式匹配,就可以在代码中使用这个值的相应部分
一、用到模式(匹配)的地方
match 的 Arm
match VALUE {
PATTERN => EXPRESSION,
PATTERN => EXPRESSION,
PATTERN => EXPRESSION,
}
- match 表达式的要求:
- 详尽(包含所有的可能性)
- 一个特殊的模式:_(下划线):
- 它会匹配任何东西
- 不会绑定到变量
- 通常用于 match 的最后一个 arm;或用于忽略某些值。
条件 if let 表达式
- if let 表达式主要是作为一种简短的方式来等价的代替只有一个匹配项的 match
- if let 可选的可以拥有 else,包括:
- else if
- else if let
- 但,if let 不会检查穷尽性
fn main() {
let favorite_color: Option<&str> = None;
let is_tuesday = false;
let age: Result<u8, _> = "34".parse();
if let Some(color) = favorite_color {
println!("Using your favorite color, {}, as the background", color);
} else if if_tuesday {
println!("Tuesday is green day!");
} else if let Ok(age) = age {
if age > 30 {
println!("Using purple as the background color");
} else {
println!("Using orange as the background color");
}
} else {
println!("Using blue as the background color");
}
}
While let 条件循环
- 只要模式继续满足匹配的条件,那它允许 while 循环一直运行
fn main() {
let mut stack = Vec::new();
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);
while let Some(top) = stack.pop() {
println!("{}", top);
}
}
for 循环
- for 循环是Rust 中最常见的循环
- for 循环中,模式就是紧随 for 关键字后的值
fn main() {
let v = vec!['a', 'b', 'c'];
for (index, value) in v.iter().enumerate() {
println!("{} is at index {}", value , index);
}
}
Let 语句
- let 语句也是模式
- let PATTERN = EXPRESSION
fn main() {
let a = 5;
let (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3);
let (q, w) = (4, 5, 6); // 报错 类型不匹配 3 2
}
函数参数
- 函数参数也可以是模式
fn foo(x: i32) {
// code goes here
}
fn print_coordinates(&(x, y): &(i32, i32)) {
println!("Current location: ({}, {})", x, y);
}
fn main() {
let point = (3, 5);
print_coordinates(&point);
}
二、可辩驳性:模式是否会无法匹配
模式的两种形式
- 模式有两种形式:可辨驳的、无可辩驳的
- 能匹配任何可能传递的值的模式:无可辩驳的
- 例如:
let x = 5;
- 例如:
- 对某些可能得值,无法进行匹配的模式:可辩驳的
- 例如:
if let Some(x) = a_value
- 例如:
- 函数参数、let 语句、for 循环只接受无可辩驳的模式
- if let 和 while let 接受可辨驳和无可辩驳的模式
fn main() {
let a: Option<i32> = Some(5);
let Some(x) = a: // 报错 None
if let Some(x) = a {}
if let x = 5 {} // 警告
}
三、模式语法
匹配字面值
- 模式可直接匹配字面值
fn main() {
let x = 1;
match x {
1 => println!("one"),
2 => println!("two"),
3 => println!("three"),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
}
匹配命名变量
- 命名的变量是可匹配任何值的无可辩驳模式
fn main() {
let x = Some(5);
let y = 10;
match x {
Some(50) => println!("Got 50"),
Some(y) => println!("Matched, y = {:?}", y),
_ => println!("Default case, x = {:?}", x),
}
println!("at the end: x = {:?}, y = {:?}", x, y);
}
多重模式
- 在match 表达式中,使用 | 语法(就是或的意思),可以匹配多种模式
fn main() {
let x = 1;
match x {
1 | 2 => println!("one or two"),
3 => println!("three"),
_ => println!("anything"),
}
}
使用 ..= 来匹配某个范围的值
fn main() {
let x = 5;
match x {
1..=5 => println!("one through five"),
_ => println!("something else"),
}
let x = 'c';
match x {
'a' ..='j' => println!("early ASCII letter"),
'k' ..='z' => println!("late ASCII letter"),
_ => println!("something else"),
}
}
解构以分解值
- 可以使用模式来解构 struct、enum、tuple,从而引用这些类型值的不同部分
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
fn main() {
let p = Point { x: 0, y: 7 };
let Point { x: a, y: b } = p;
assert_eq!(0, a);
assert_eq!(7, b);
let Point {x, y} = p;
assert_eq!(0, x);
assert_eq!(7, y);
match p {
Point {x, y: 0} => println!("On the x axis at {}", x),
Point {x: 0, y} => println!("On the y axis at {}", y),
Point {x, y} => println!("On neither axis: ({}, {})", x, y),
}
}
解构 enum
enum Message {
Quit,
Move {x: i32, y: i32},
Write(String),
ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32),
}
fn main() {
let msg = Message::ChangeColor(0, 160, 255);
match msg {
Message::Quit => {
println!("The Quit variant has no data to destructure.")
}
Message::Move {x, y} => {
println!("Move in the x direction {} and in the y direction {}", x, y);
}
Message::Write(text) => println!("Text message: {}", text),
Message::ChangeColor(r, g, b) => {
println!("Change the color to red {}, green {}, and blue {}", r, g, b);
}
}
}
解构嵌套的 struct 和 enum
enum Color {
Rgb(i32, i32, i32),
Hsv(i32, i32, i32),
}
enum Message {
Quit,
Move {x: i32, y: i32},
Write(String),
ChangeColor(Color),
}
fn main() {
let msg = Message::ChangeColor(Color::Hsv(0, 160, 255));
match msg {
Message::ChangeClolr(Color::Rgb(r, g, b)) => {
println!("Change the color to red {}, green {}, and blur {}", r, g, b)
}
Message::ChangeColor(Color::Hsv(h, s, v)) => {
println!("Change the color to hue {}, saturation {}, and value {}", h, s, v)
}
_ => (),
}
}
解构 struct 和 tuple
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
}
fn main() {
let ((feet, inches), Point {x, y}) = ((3, 10), Point {x: 3, y: -10});
}
在模式中忽略值
- 有几种方式可以在模式中忽略整个值或部分值:
- _
- _ 配合其它模式
- 使用以 _ 开头的名称
- .. (忽略值的剩余部分)
使用 _ 来忽略整个值
fn foo(_: i32, y: i32) {
println!("This code only uses the y parameter: {}", y);
}
fn main() {
foo(3, 4);
}
使用嵌套的 _ 来忽略值的一部分
fn main() {
let mut setting_value = Some(5);
let new_setting_value = Some(10);
match (setting_value, new_setting_value) {
(Some(_), Some(_)) => {
println!("Can't overwrite an existing customized value");
}
_ => {
setting_value = new_setting_value;
}
}
println!("setting is {:?}", setting_value);
let numbers = (2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32);
match numbers {
(first, _, third, _, fifth) => {
println!("Some numbers: {}, {}, {}", first, third, fifth)
}
}
}
通过使用 _ 开头命名来忽略未使用的变量
fn main() {
let _x = 5;
let y = 10; // 创建未使用 警告
let s = Some(String::from("Hello"));
if let Some(_s) = s { // if let Some(_) = s {
println!("found a string");
}
println!("{:?}", s); // 报错
}
使用 .. 来忽略值的剩余部分
struct Point {
x: i32,
y: i32,
z: i32,
}
fn main() {
let origin = Point {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0};
match origin {
Point {x, ..} => println!("x is {}", x),
}
let numbers = (2, 4, 8, 16, 32);
match numbers {
(first, .., last) => {
println!("Some numbers: {}, {}", first, last);
}
}
match numbers {
(.., second, ..) => { // 报错
println!("Some numbers: {}", second)
},
}
}
使用 match 守卫来提供额外的条件
- match 守卫就是 match arm 模式后额外的 if 条件,想要匹配该条件也必须满足
- match 守卫适用于比单独的模式更复杂的场景
例子一:
fn main() {
let num = Some(4);
match num {
Some(x) if x < 5 => println!("less than five: {}", x),
Some(x) => println!("{}", x),
None => (),
}
}
例子二:
fn main() {
let x = Some(5);
let y = 10;
match x {
Some(50) => println!("Got 50"),
Some(n) if n == y => println!("Matched, n = {:?}", n),
_ => println!("Default case, x = {:?}", x),
}
println!("at the end: x = {:?}, y = {:?}", x, y);
}
例子三:
fn main() {
let x = 4;
let y = false;
match x {
4 | 5 | 6 if y => println!("yes"),
_ => println!("no"),
}
}
@绑定
- @ 符号让我们可以创建一个变量,该变量可以在测试某个值是否与模式匹配的同时保存该值
enum Message {
Hello {id: i32},
}
fn main() {
let msg = Message::Hello {id: 5};
match msg {
Message::Hello {
id: id_variable @ 3..=7,
} => {
println!("Found an id in range: {}", id_variable)
}
Message::Hello {id: 10..=12} => {
println!("Found an id in another range")
}
Message::Hello {id} => {
println!("Found some other id: {}", id)
}
}
}
本文来自博客园,作者:寻月隐君,转载请注明原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/QiaoPengjun/p/17343139.html