搜索专题:问题 E: 挑战ACM迷宫

这里写图片描述
这是往年校赛的一道题,最开始做这道题的时候还没有系统的学习过搜索,用了C语言学的回溯法尝试,毫无疑问的TLE;
学习了DFS之后,自己的剪枝功力不够,又是TLE,最后学了BFS之后,哇,终于做出来了,别提多开心了,然后意识到这道题其实很简单的,剋以用BFS标记法和更改步数法(更改最小消耗),后来发现这种题也可以建图跑迪杰斯特拉做;
BFS标记法:

#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdio>
#include<queue>

using namespace std;
const int N = 100 + 5;
int mat[N][N];
bool visit[N][N];
typedef struct node{
    int x,y,val;
    bool operator < (const node x)const {
        return val > x.val;
    }
}Node;
const int dir[4][2] = {{1,0},{-1,0},{0,1},{0,-1}};

int BFS(int n){
    priority_queue<Node> Q;
    Node t;
    memset(visit,0,sizeof(visit));
    int x=0,y=0,goalx=n-1,goaly=n-1,newx,newy;
    t=(Node){x,y,mat[x][y]};
    visit[x][y] = true;
    Q.push(t);
    while(!Q.empty()){
        t = Q.top();Q.pop();
        if(t.x == goalx && t.y == goaly) return t.val;
        for(int d=0;d<4;d++){
            newx = t.x + dir[d][0];
            newy = t.y + dir[d][1];
            if(newx>=0 && newx<n && newy>=0 && newy<n && mat[newx][newy] && !visit[newx][newy]){
                visit[newx][newy] = true;
                Q.push((Node){newx,newy,t.val+mat[newx][newy]});
            }
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

void Input_data(int n){
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
        scanf("%d",&mat[i][j]);
    }
}

int main(){
    int n;
    while(scanf("%d",&n)==1){
        Input_data(n);
        printf("min=%d\n",BFS(n));
    }
}

BFS更改步数法:

#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<queue>

using namespace std;

const int N = 100+5;
const int MaxSize = 1e5;
const int INF = (1<<30);
int mat[N][N];
int Min[N][N];
typedef struct node{
    int x,y,val;
    bool operator < (const node x) const {
        return val > x.val;
    }
}Node;
const int dir[4][2]={{1,0},{-1,0},{0,1},{0,-1}};
int BFS(int n){
   priority_queue<Node> Q;
   int newx,newy,x=0,y=0,goalx= n-1,goaly=n-1;
   Node t,s;
   t.x = x,t.y = y,t.val = mat[0][0];
   Min[x][y] = mat[x][y];
   Q.push(t);
   while(true){
        t = Q.top();
        if(t.x == goalx && t.y == goaly ) return t.val;
        for(int d=0;d<4;d++){
            newx = t.x+dir[d][0];
            newy = t.y+dir[d][1];
            if(newx>=0 && newx<n && newy>=0 && newy<n && mat[newx][newy]){
                if(t.val + mat[newx][newy] < Min[newx][newy]){
                s.x = newx,s.y = newy,s.val = t.val+mat[newx][newy];
                Min[newx][newy] = s.val;
                Q.push(s);
                }
            }
        }
        Q.pop();
    }
}

void Init(){
    for(int i=0;i<N;i++)
        for(int j=0;j<N;j++){
        Min[i][j] = INF;
        }
}

void Input_data(int n){
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
        for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
        scanf("%d",&mat[i][j]);
}

int main(){
    int n;
    //freopen("1.out","r",stdin);
    while(scanf("%d",&n)==1){
    Init();
    Input_data(n);
    printf("min=%d\n",BFS(n));
    }
}

建图跑迪杰斯特拉:

#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdio>
#define _cp(a,b)((a.val)<(b.val))

using namespace std;

const int MAXN = 100000;
const int INF = (1<<30);
const int N = 100 + 5;
int mat[N][N],D[N*N];
bool visit[N*N];
int Size[N*N];
typedef struct node{
    short val,to;
}Node;
typedef Node elem_t;
Node edge[N*N][4];
const int dir[4][2]={{-1,0},{1,0},{0,1},{0,-1}};
void Init(){
    for(int i=0;i<N*N;i++){
            Size[i] = 0;
        visit[i] = false;
        D[i] = INF;
    }
}
void build_mat(int n){
    Node t;
    int to,newx,newy,from;
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
        from = i*n+j;
        for(int d=0;d<4;d++){
            newx = i + dir[d][0];
            newy = j + dir[d][1];
            if(newx>=0 && newx<n && newy>=0 && newy<n && mat[newx][newy]){
                to = newx*n+newy;
                int & cnt = Size[from];
                t.to = to,t.val=mat[newx][newy];
                edge[from][cnt++] = t;
            }
        }
    }
}
struct heap{
    elem_t h[MAXN];
    int n,p,c;
    void init(){n=0;}
    void ins(elem_t e){
        for(p=++n;p>1 && _cp(e,h[p>>1]);h[p]=h[p>>1],p>>=1);
        h[p] = e;
    }
    int del(elem_t &e){
        if(!n) return 0;
        for(e=h[p=1],c=2;c<n && _cp(h[c+=(c<n-1 &&_cp(h[c+1],h[c]))],h[n]);h[p] = h[c],p=c,c<<=1);
        h[p] = h[n--]; return 1;
    }
};
int DIJ(int n){
    heap H;
    H.init();
    D[0] = 0;
    Node t;
    int u,v;
    t.to = 0,t.val = 0;
    H.ins(t);
    while(H.del(t)){
        u = t.to;
        visit[u] = true;
        if(D[u] < t.val) continue;
        for(int j=0; j<Size[u]; j++){
            v = edge[u][j].to;
            if(visit[v]) continue;
            if(D[v] > D[u] + edge[u][j].val){
                D[v] = D[u] +edge[u][j].val;
                t.to = v,t.val = D[v];
                H.ins(t);
            }
        }
    }
    return D[n*n-1] + mat[0][0];
}
void Input_data(int n){
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
    for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
        scanf("%d",&mat[i][j]);
    }
}
int main(){
    int n;
    while(scanf("%d",&n)==1){
        Init();
        Input_data(n);
        build_mat(n);
        printf("min=%d\n",DIJ(n));
    }
}

双向BFS:

#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<queue>

using namespace std;

const int N = 100+5;
const int MaxSize = 1e5;
const int INF = (1<<30);
int mat[N][N];
struct visit{
    int val,vis;
}Min[N][N];

typedef struct node{
    int x,y,val;
    bool operator < (const node x) const {
        return val > x.val;
    }
}Node;

const int dir[4][2]={{1,0},{-1,0},{0,1},{0,-1}};

int BFS(int n){
   priority_queue<Node> Q1,Q2;
   int newx,newy,cnt,x=0,y=0,goalx= n-1,goaly=n-1,ans = INF;
   Node t,s;
   t.x = x,t.y = y,t.val = mat[0][0];
   s.x = goalx,s.y = goaly,s.val = mat[goalx][goaly];
   Min[x][y].vis = 1,Min[x][y].val = mat[x][y];
   Min[goalx][goaly].vis = 2,Min[goalx][goaly].val = mat[goalx][goaly];
   Q1.push(t);
   Q2.push(s);
   while(!Q1.empty()|| !Q2.empty()){
    cnt = Q1.size();
    while(cnt--){
        t = Q1.top(); Q1.pop();
        if(t.x == goalx && t.y == goaly ) ans = min(ans,t.val);         //这里一定要注意,要拓展完才能确定最小值,不能相遇就跳出
        for(int d=0;d<4;d++){
            newx = t.x+dir[d][0];
            newy = t.y+dir[d][1];
            if(newx>=0 && newx<n && newy>=0 && newy<n){
                if(Min[newx][newy].vis==2) ans = min(t.val + Min[newx][newy].val,ans);
                if(t.val + mat[newx][newy] < Min[newx][newy].val){
                s.x = newx,s.y = newy,s.val = t.val+mat[newx][newy];
                Min[newx][newy].val = s.val;
                Min[newx][newy].vis = 1;
                Q1.push(s);
                }
            }
        }
    }
   cnt = Q2.size();
    while(cnt--){
        t = Q2.top();Q2.pop();
        if(t.x == x && t.y == y) return t.val;
        for(int d=0;d<4;d++){
            newx = t.x + dir[d][0];
            newy = t.y + dir[d][1];
            if(newx>=0 && newx<n && newy>=0 && newy<n ){
                if(Min[newx][newy].vis==1) ans = min(t.val + Min[newx][newy].val,ans);
                if(t.val + mat[newx][newy] < Min[newx][newy].val){
                    s.x = newx,s.y = newy,s.val = t.val + mat[newx][newy];
                    Min[newx][newy].val = s.val;
                    Min[newx][newy].vis = 2;
                    Q2.push(s);
                }
            }
        }
    }

   }
   return ans;
}

void Init(){
    for(int i=0;i<N;i++)
        for(int j=0;j<N;j++){
        Min[i][j].val = INF;
        Min[i][j].vis = 0;
        }
}

void Input_data(int n){
    int val;
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
        for(int j=0;j<n;j++){
        scanf("%d",&val);
        mat[i][j] = val?val:INF;
        }
}

int main(){
    int n;
    //freopen("1.out","r",stdin);
    while(scanf("%d",&n)==1){
    Init();
    Input_data(n);
    printf("min=%d\n",BFS(n));
    }
}
//如有错误,还请指出

在这几种方法里,双向BFS和迪杰斯特拉耗时都是12ms,比其他两种BFS耗时都短,虽然说在这里使用迪杰斯特拉有点大材小用的意味,但是这种方法也去可以应用到其他问题上

posted @ 2017-07-20 19:55  Pretty9  阅读(294)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报