今天是我看《编写高质量代码：改善C#程序的157个建议》第二遍的时候了，看完这本书的确是受益匪浅，学到了很多东西，也明白了很多道理。
里面的代码我每个都调试了一遍，有时候是有些出入的，可能是作者写的书比较早，使用的开发环境比较旧，也许是我的学习还不到家，今天在看建议17的时候，发现了一些小问题，不是很大，是小问题，记录下来，当别人看到的时候可以起到修正的作用。
可能很多人和我一样，没有太在乎for和foreach的区别，也没有深究其底层发生的一些东西，看了文章才发现里面的东西还真是不少。
好了，我们从头聊一下，我对foreach的认识。
Gof的23种设计模式，我相信大家都看过，我现在也正在写有关《设计模式》的一些文章。在这些设计模式种，有一个设计模式叫“迭代器”，这种设计模式就是针对集合对象的迭代而产生的。具体的模式我就不介绍了，FCL框架中也有针对的此模式的具体实现，具体的接口分别是IEnumerable和IEnumerator接口。迭代器模式屏蔽了各种集合的内部实现，为客户对集合的迭代生成了一个统一接口。foreach的使用语法就是针对FCL框架中实现的迭代器的统一操作实现，简化了语法，方便了客户的实现。
通过该文章和对IL代码的分析，foreach除了可以提供简化语法外，还有另外两个有事：
1、自动将代码置入try-finally块。
2、若类型实现了IDisposable接口，他会在循环结束后自动调用Dispose方法。
这是书里的原话，但是这两大优点是有出入的，并不是所有的集合类型都会将代码自动放入try-finally块中。
我们先来了解一下集合概况吧，集合类型主要分为两种，一种是线性集合，另一种是非线性集合，如图：
1、我们先针对线性集合测试，看看结果怎么样：
1）、线性集合里面的直接存取类型的代表：数组
int[] arra = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }; foreach (int item in arra) { Console.WriteLine(item); }
代码运行结果是：
我们再来看看他们所生成的IL代码：
.method private hidebysig static void Main(string[] args) cil managed { .entrypoint // 代码大小 56 (0x38) .maxstack 3 .locals init ([0] int32[] arra, [1] int32[] V_1, [2] int32 V_2, [3] int32 item) IL_0000: nop IL_0001: ldc.i4.7 IL_0002: newarr [mscorlib]System.Int32 IL_0007: dup IL_0008: ldtoken field valuetype '<PrivateImplementationDetails>'/'__StaticArrayInitTypeSize=28' '<PrivateImplementationDetails>'::'447E020739FB3351B9350DB35F297A3AD27669A4' IL_000d: call void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeHelpers::InitializeArray(class [mscorlib]System.Array, valuetype [mscorlib]System.RuntimeFieldHandle) IL_0012: stloc.0 IL_0013: nop IL_0014: ldloc.0 IL_0015: stloc.1 IL_0016: ldc.i4.0 IL_0017: stloc.2 IL_0018: br.s IL_002b IL_001a: ldloc.1 IL_001b: ldloc.2 IL_001c: ldelem.i4 IL_001d: stloc.3 IL_001e: nop IL_001f: ldloc.3 IL_0020: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32) IL_0025: nop IL_0026: nop IL_0027: ldloc.2 IL_0028: ldc.i4.1 IL_0029: add IL_002a: stloc.2 IL_002b: ldloc.2 IL_002c: ldloc.1 IL_002d: ldlen IL_002e: conv.i4 IL_002f: blt.s IL_001a IL_0031: call int32 [mscorlib]System.Console::Read() IL_0036: pop IL_0037: ret } // end of method Program::Main
我们针对数组执行foreach迭代，但是在所生成的IL代码中并没有看到try-finally中，最起码连try和finally这个两个字样都没看到，书中说foreach遍历集合会自动生成try-finally块，这是不准确的，最起码数组没有生成try-finally代码块。
2）、然后我们再测试一下string类型，看看他的运行结果怎么样！
代码如下：
string dd = "我是中国人"; foreach (var item in dd) { Console.WriteLine(item); }
执行效果如图：
让我们再来看看它所生成的IL代码吧，不要惊讶：
.method private hidebysig static void Main(string[] args) cil managed { .entrypoint // 代码大小 51 (0x33) .maxstack 2 .locals init ([0] string dd, [1] string V_1, [2] int32 V_2, [3] char item) IL_0000: nop IL_0001: ldstr bytearray (11 62 2F 66 2D 4E FD 56 BA 4E ) // .b/f-N.V.N IL_0006: stloc.0 IL_0007: nop IL_0008: ldloc.0 IL_0009: stloc.1 IL_000a: ldc.i4.0 IL_000b: stloc.2 IL_000c: br.s IL_0023 IL_000e: ldloc.1 IL_000f: ldloc.2 IL_0010: callvirt instance char [mscorlib]System.String::get_Chars(int32) IL_0015: stloc.3 IL_0016: nop IL_0017: ldloc.3 IL_0018: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(char) IL_001d: nop IL_001e: nop IL_001f: ldloc.2 IL_0020: ldc.i4.1 IL_0021: add IL_0022: stloc.2 IL_0023: ldloc.2 IL_0024: ldloc.1 IL_0025: callvirt instance int32 [mscorlib]System.String::get_Length() IL_002a: blt.s IL_000e IL_002c: call int32 [mscorlib]System.Console::Read() IL_0031: pop IL_0032: ret } // end of method Program::Main
这里面也没有生成try-finally代码块，说明并不是所有的集合都会自动生成try-finally代码块的。
3）、我们继续测试一下Dictionary<TKey,TValue>，List<T>，Queue<T>，Stack<T>，ArrayList类型：
（1）、Dictionary<TKey,TValue>测试代码：
Dictionary<string, string> dictionary = new Dictionary<string, string>(); dictionary.Add("1", "11"); dictionary.Add("2", "22"); dictionary.Add("3", "33"); dictionary.Add("4", "44"); dictionary.Add("5", "55"); dictionary.Add("6", "66"); dictionary.Add("7", "77"); foreach (var item in dictionary) { Console.WriteLine(item.Key + "----" + item.Value); }
字典类型所生成IL代码如下：
.method private hidebysig static void Main(string[] args) cil managed { .entrypoint // 代码大小 209 (0xd1) .maxstack 3 .locals init ([0] class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string> dictionary, [1] valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2/Enumerator<string,string> V_1, [2] valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2<string,string> item) IL_0000: nop IL_0001: newobj instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::.ctor() IL_0006: stloc.0 IL_0007: ldloc.0 IL_0008: ldstr "1" IL_000d: ldstr "11" IL_0012: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::Add(!0, !1) IL_0017: nop IL_0018: ldloc.0 IL_0019: ldstr "2" IL_001e: ldstr "22" IL_0023: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::Add(!0, !1) IL_0028: nop IL_0029: ldloc.0 IL_002a: ldstr "3" IL_002f: ldstr "33" IL_0034: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::Add(!0, !1) IL_0039: nop IL_003a: ldloc.0 IL_003b: ldstr "4" IL_0040: ldstr "44" IL_0045: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::Add(!0, !1) IL_004a: nop IL_004b: ldloc.0 IL_004c: ldstr "5" IL_0051: ldstr "55" IL_0056: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::Add(!0, !1) IL_005b: nop IL_005c: ldloc.0 IL_005d: ldstr "6" IL_0062: ldstr "66" IL_0067: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::Add(!0, !1) IL_006c: nop IL_006d: ldloc.0 IL_006e: ldstr "7" IL_0073: ldstr "77" IL_0078: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::Add(!0, !1) IL_007d: nop IL_007e: nop IL_007f: ldloc.0 IL_0080: callvirt instance valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2/Enumerator<!0,!1> class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<string,string>::GetEnumerator() IL_0085: stloc.1 .try { IL_0086: br.s IL_00b0 IL_0088: ldloca.s V_1 IL_008a: call instance valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2<!0,!1> valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2/Enumerator<string,string>::get_Current() IL_008f: stloc.2 IL_0090: nop IL_0091: ldloca.s item IL_0093: call instance !0 valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2<string,string>::get_Key() IL_0098: ldstr "----" IL_009d: ldloca.s item IL_009f: call instance !1 valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.KeyValuePair`2<string,string>::get_Value() IL_00a4: call string [mscorlib]System.String::Concat(string, string, string) IL_00a9: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string) IL_00ae: nop IL_00af: nop IL_00b0: ldloca.s V_1 IL_00b2: call instance bool valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2/Enumerator<string,string>::MoveNext() IL_00b7: brtrue.s IL_0088 IL_00b9: leave.s IL_00ca } // end .try finally { IL_00bb: ldloca.s V_1 IL_00bd: constrained. valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2/Enumerator<string,string> IL_00c3: callvirt instance void [mscorlib]System.IDisposable::Dispose() IL_00c8: nop IL_00c9: endfinally } // end handler IL_00ca: call int32 [mscorlib]System.Console::Read() IL_00cf: pop IL_00d0: ret } // end of method Program::Main
哈哈哈，终于出现了，自动生成try-finally代码块，并且调用了Dispose方法。
（2）List<T>，Queue<T>，Stack<T>，ArrayList测试代码如下：
List<int> list = new List<int>() { 1, 2 }; foreach (var item in list) { Console.WriteLine(item); }
.method private hidebysig static void Main(string[] args) cil managed { .entrypoint // 代码大小 83 (0x53) .maxstack 3 .locals init ([0] class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1<int32> list, [1] valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator<int32> V_1, [2] int32 item) IL_0000: nop IL_0001: newobj instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1<int32>::.ctor() IL_0006: dup IL_0007: ldc.i4.1 IL_0008: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1<int32>::Add(!0) IL_000d: nop IL_000e: dup IL_000f: ldc.i4.2 IL_0010: callvirt instance void class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1<int32>::Add(!0) IL_0015: nop IL_0016: stloc.0 IL_0017: nop IL_0018: ldloc.0 IL_0019: callvirt instance valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator<!0> class [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1<int32>::GetEnumerator() IL_001e: stloc.1 .try { IL_001f: br.s IL_0032 IL_0021: ldloca.s V_1 IL_0023: call instance !0 valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator<int32>::get_Current() IL_0028: stloc.2 IL_0029: nop IL_002a: ldloc.2 IL_002b: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(int32) IL_0030: nop IL_0031: nop IL_0032: ldloca.s V_1 IL_0034: call instance bool valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator<int32>::MoveNext() IL_0039: brtrue.s IL_0021 IL_003b: leave.s IL_004c } // end .try finally { IL_003d: ldloca.s V_1 IL_003f: constrained. valuetype [mscorlib]System.Collections.Generic.List`1/Enumerator<int32> IL_0045: callvirt instance void [mscorlib]System.IDisposable::Dispose() IL_004a: nop IL_004b: endfinally } // end handler IL_004c: call int32 [mscorlib]System.Console::Read() IL_0051: pop IL_0052: ret } // end of method Program::Main
其他的代码我就不贴了，都生成了try-finally代码块，如果类型实现了IDisposable接口，也会调用Dispose方法。
2、我们再测试一下非线性集合是否会自动产生相关代码
我们测试一下HashSet<T>代码，看看效果怎么样。
HashSet<string> hash = new HashSet<string>(); hash.Add("1"); hash.Add("2"); hash.Add("2"); hash.Add("3"); hash.Add("4"); hash.Add("5"); foreach (var item in hash) { Console.WriteLine(item); }
运行效果图：
最后我们看看IL代码：
.method private hidebysig static void Main(string[] args) cil managed { .entrypoint // 代码大小 139 (0x8b) .maxstack 2 .locals init ([0] class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string> hash, [1] valuetype [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1/Enumerator<string> V_1, [2] string item) IL_0000: nop IL_0001: newobj instance void class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string>::.ctor() IL_0006: stloc.0 IL_0007: ldloc.0 IL_0008: ldstr "1" IL_000d: callvirt instance bool class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string>::Add(!0) IL_0012: pop IL_0013: ldloc.0 IL_0014: ldstr "2" IL_0019: callvirt instance bool class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string>::Add(!0) IL_001e: pop IL_001f: ldloc.0 IL_0020: ldstr "2" IL_0025: callvirt instance bool class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string>::Add(!0) IL_002a: pop IL_002b: ldloc.0 IL_002c: ldstr "3" IL_0031: callvirt instance bool class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string>::Add(!0) IL_0036: pop IL_0037: ldloc.0 IL_0038: ldstr "4" IL_003d: callvirt instance bool class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string>::Add(!0) IL_0042: pop IL_0043: ldloc.0 IL_0044: ldstr "5" IL_0049: callvirt instance bool class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string>::Add(!0) IL_004e: pop IL_004f: nop IL_0050: ldloc.0 IL_0051: callvirt instance valuetype [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1/Enumerator<!0> class [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1<string>::GetEnumerator() IL_0056: stloc.1 .try { IL_0057: br.s IL_006a IL_0059: ldloca.s V_1 IL_005b: call instance !0 valuetype [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1/Enumerator<string>::get_Current() IL_0060: stloc.2 IL_0061: nop IL_0062: ldloc.2 IL_0063: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string) IL_0068: nop IL_0069: nop IL_006a: ldloca.s V_1 IL_006c: call instance bool valuetype [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1/Enumerator<string>::MoveNext() IL_0071: brtrue.s IL_0059 IL_0073: leave.s IL_0084 } // end .try finally { IL_0075: ldloca.s V_1 IL_0077: constrained. valuetype [System.Core]System.Collections.Generic.HashSet`1/Enumerator<string> IL_007d: callvirt instance void [mscorlib]System.IDisposable::Dispose() IL_0082: nop IL_0083: endfinally } // end handler IL_0084: call int32 [mscorlib]System.Console::Read() IL_0089: pop IL_008a: ret } // end of method Program::Main
好了，总结一下吧，如果不涉及到修改集合元素，一般情况下使用Foreach比较好，在我测试的代码中，数组和String数据类型不会生成try-finally代码块，里面有一些出入而已，但是这并不影响Foreach的使用。所以我们在具体的编码过程中，尽量多的使用Foreach吧，没关系。
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